Son of Su Xun. In the second year of Jiayou (1057), he was a scholar with his brother Su Zhe. After passing the examination, he was proficient in physical fitness and ranked third in the class. He was awarded the evaluation of Dali and signed the book for Fengxiang House Judge.
Among ancient Shanxi poets, Bai Juyi is the most famous. He is another great poet after Li Bai and Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty, and he is also known as the three great poets in the Tang Dynasty with Li Du.
Bai Juyi, a native of Taiyuan, was born in an official family. His great-grandfather, great-grandfather and grandfather are all officials. My father is a doctor in Chaofeng, a driver in Xiangzhou and a young girl in Dali. He is a gift to the servant of the minister of punishment. Because his ancestors were officials in Henan, he lived in Henan. Bai Juyi was born on the 20th day of the first month of the seventh year in Dali, Tang Daizong (AD 772), from Dongguofu, Xinzheng County, Henan Province. Wu Zonghui Chang died in Luoyang in August in the sixth year (846) at the age of 75.
When Bai Juyi was born, Li Bai had died 10 years, and Du Fu had died for 2 years. The times need great poets, and Bai Juyi came at the right time. He came from a scholarly family and was extremely clever since he was a child. He learned to write poetry at the age of five or six, and he could distinguish rhyme at the age of nine. In addition, his family and society gave him great stimulation and supervision. He studied very hard when he was young. Later, recalling the reading situation at that time, he said, "I study at night and sometimes I study poetry." I haven't slept for a long time, so that my mouth is sour and my elbow is sore. " When I was a teenager, I once lived a life of refuge, and I knew all aspects of society. These reasons made Bai Juyi an outstanding poet.
Shortly after Bai Juyi was born, a war broke out in Henan. Pu Town, where Li is located, is divided into more than ten states by Henan, and this kind of chaos seems to continue. Peng Cheng County magistrate promoted him to be Bai, a special bus driver in Xuzhou, and sent his son Bai Juyi south to avoid chaos. I have taken refuge from home since I was a child, and later I went to the north and south to prepare for hardship. So when he was 15 years old, he wrote a quatrain that recorded the true feelings at that time; "What do you want from your hometown? Li Yu in Wushan Bay, Chushui. Today, because you went to see your brother, I cried several lines in a book. " Later, there was the Seven Laws of Sending Brothers and Sisters, which was also well written and has been praised. The poem reads: "My fields and gardens were destroyed by the war, and my flesh and blood became the scum of the street ... * * * When you look at the bright moon, you should cry, because your heart is sick in five places." From these poems, we can see Bai Juyi's living conditions and psychological feelings at that time. The separation of his family's flesh and blood can also reflect the degree of social unrest and people's displacement at that time. Bai Juyi spent his boyhood in such an environment.
When Bai Juyi was 0/6 years old, he had written many good poems that could be handed down from generation to generation, the most famous of which was the five-character poem Farewell to the Ancient Grass. It is said that Bai Juyi came to Chang 'an for the first time to visit the old poet Gu Kuang. When Gu Kuang heard that his name was easy to live in, he joked, "Chang 'an is expensive, but it is not easy to live in it. "I read the poem" The Mountain Fire is Unfinished and the Spring Breeze is High "and praised it. It is not difficult to live in Chang 'an with such a style of writing. This poem really shows Bai Juyi's extraordinary talent.
Since arriving in Chang 'an, Gu Kuang has become famous for this. Bai Juyi sometimes lives in Chang 'an and sometimes in other places. He has been to Xuzhou, Xiangzhou, Hangzhou and other places, made friends with some poets and really started his career as a poet. At the age of 27, he took part in the provincial examination, was appreciated by Cui Yan, the secretariat of Xuanzhou, and was sent to Chang 'an for an examination the following year. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800), he was 29 years old, and he was the fourth and the first scholar. 365-year-old, 438+0, won the top prize in the exam, met Yuan Zhen and others at the same time, and became friends with Yuan Zhen from then on. In the spring of the age of 32, Bai Juyi was awarded the school book lang, which was regarded as a successful career. At the age of 33, he moved from Luoyang to the State of Qin, Bu Juwei, about a hundred miles away from Chang 'an. At the age of 35, he no longer worked as a school book lang, and was later named as a county captain in Zhouzhi. The following year, Zhouzhi County Commandant was transferred to Jinshi Examiner to supplement Jixian Academy. This winter, he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin. Just before and after he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin, he married his sister Yang Yuqing. In the third year of Yuanhe (808), he worshipped the left and collected the remains.
Li Jifu, the prime minister at that time, was dissatisfied with Niu Monks, Confucians and others who criticized the failure of state affairs. Bai Juyi, who was newly appointed as a scavenger, went as far as "On the Human System" and said that he was arbitrarily relegated, so he offended Li Stepfather and Li Deyu and his son, and unfortunately fell into the whirlpool of political struggle at that time. Bai Juyi was always pushed out by Li Deyu in the decades-long struggle between Niu and Li, which determined that his life's official career was not smooth. During his ear-picking, he did his duty and repeatedly dissatisfied the emperor or the powerful minister.
In April of the 6th year of Yuanhe (8 1 1), Bai Juyi settled in Wei Village due to his mother's death, and his beloved daughter Jin Luanzi also died in this year. Bai Juyi has lived in Weiwei village for more than three years, suffering from poverty and illness, and his good friend Yuan Zhen often takes out money to help him tide over the difficulties. In the winter of the ninth year of Yuanhe (8 14), he was named "Dr. Zuo Zan", but later he asked for the urgent arrest of the person who stabbed Wu. As a result, he was hated by the Prime Minister, demoted to the state secretariat, and later demoted to Jiangzhou Sima by Wang Ya, the official of Zhongshu. This continuous relegation is a great blow and lesson to Bai Juyi, which has greatly changed his thoughts. In order to avoid disaster and suspicion, in Jiangzhou, he "stopped speaking frankly" and "the world stopped speaking". He called himself "a man who has fallen to the ends of the earth", and he traveled and wrote poems as his career, longing for Tao Yuanming, hoping to become a recluse poet, convert to Buddhism and try to get rid of Buddhism. In short, being demoted to Jiangzhou Sima is a major turning point in Bai Juyi's life.
Bai Juyi lived in Jiangzhou for four years, then moved to Zhongzhou, and was recalled in Yuanhe fifteen years. Xianzong collapsed, and Mu Zong succeeded to the throne, and he was named the Chinese Book Scheeren. Later, he paid a visit to Dr. Shang Shu, learned the imperial edict, sent the doctor away, and transferred to Zhu Guo. Bai Juyi's spirit is heavy and exciting. In the poem, he said, "If you get water, you can get fish, and riding a crane can also be spiritual." However, due to the fierce factional disputes at that time, he was not only powerless, but also "worried all the time" and marveled at "the danger of a trap under the high position". Soon I was disappointed again. Afraid of being a victim of power again, he dared not stay in North Korea for a long time, so he asked to go abroad. In the second year of Changqing (822), he went out to be the secretariat of Hangzhou, avoiding the court that was cruelly wooed by his cronies. Since then, his thoughts have been further depressed. The poem said: "Who knows that fame and fortune are exhausted, and there is no peace." "Dare to speak slowly and be safe." Let it go, let it go, it's a little forgotten. In order to get rid of the troubles of life, Bai Juyi indulged himself with prostitutes, music, poetry and wine. He went whoring and drinking until his later years. Tibetan prostitutes began to have fun in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and were common in the Tang Dynasty, especially Bai Juyi. There are more than a dozen prostitutes whose names are known from his poems. Alcoholic, according to him, "only drunk is the hometown", "often drunk, not awake all day." Song people counted Bai Juyi's poems and said that he had "2,800 poems and 900 drinkers." So it's all escapism and self-anesthesia. He further sought spiritual support from Buddhism, sought a way of liberation, and anesthetized and comforted himself with the negative thoughts of Buddhism. Bai Juyi, who was recorded in Biography of Monks in the Great Song Dynasty, paid a visit to the monks, asked about Buddhism and discussed with them the magical use of Buddhism, mostly after leaving Hangzhou. Bai Juyi then fasted and sat in the Dojo. From then on, he became a good Buddha and often fasted for three months, that is, sitting in the Dojo at home in January, May and September. Therefore, Bai Juyi is also a representative of ancient literati who worships Buddhism and is philosophical, and many people in the past dynasties admire him. In fact, his worship of Buddha is not really to serve the Buddha, but to relieve his troubles and seek liberation. It was a passive resistance to society, a retreat, and a helpless choice under the social environment at that time. It is caused by career bumps and disappointments. After the pain, I devoted myself to releasing my family. Bai Juyi's Biography of Mr. Zuiyin in his later years expressed himself in Baiyun: "Sex is addicted to alcohol, piano and obscene language. All drinkers, piano friends and poetry friends swim with them, and after swimming, they live in their hearts and release their homes. " We can see that he likes to drink in front of the Buddha. He even doubted whether there was a Buddha. At the same time, I learned alchemy. Strictly speaking, Bai Juyi is not a true Buddhist believer. At the same time, his worship of Buddhism is also for fitness reasons. That's why he sometimes sits in the Dojo while fasting, thinking about prostitutes and drinking wine.
Although he was passive, a prostitute, an alcoholic and a Buddhist, he played an important role in caring for the sufferings of the people in Hangzhou. The most famous is to build a lake embankment in Hangzhou to store water and irrigate the fields. In memory of him, people built a dam named "Bai Causeway". In addition, they dug six wells in the city for people to drink.
In May of the 4th year of Changqing (824), his term in Hangzhou expired. Except prince Zuo bastard, Shi Dongdu. So, he lives in Luoyang Road. I have been an official for 20 years, but I can't get enough money to buy a house, so I have to pay it back with two horses. This shows that he is an honest official. In the second year, except for Suzhou secretariat, he was only in Suzhou secretariat for more than a year, and was exempted from county affairs due to illness. Liu Yuxi went to the state secretariat, and Liu returned to Luoyang with Bai. A year later, Bai Juyi was transferred to the position of assistant minister of punishments and named Jinyang Gongjun. At the age of 58, that is, in the spring of the third year of Daiwa (829), Bai Juyi said that he was ill and refused to come back. Since then, I have never returned, except for Henan Yin, seeking to avoid illness. At the age of 64, he refused to worship except in the same state, changed to a prince of Shaofu, and divided the company into the east capital. Due to negative emotions and health reasons, he doesn't want to be an official anymore. At the age of 60, his son Ali died, which was another blow to the poet. At the age of 73, he opened eight stone beaches in Longmen to facilitate boat trips. He died at the age of 75.
Judging from Bai Juyi's official career, although he is mostly an official, he is always in a state of anxiety and anger. As a poet, his achievements are remarkable, which can be said to be known to both the government and the public, even to women and children. Probably because of his wandering when he was young, he was demoted several times later, and he became an immortal poet because of his extensive experience and deep understanding of society.
Bai Juyi's poems, as I said before, have been well written since childhood. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, the sentence "wildfire spring breeze" became a famous sentence through the ages. The most famous narrative poem "Song of Eternal Sorrow" is a masterpiece of China's ancient poetry, which was written when he served as the zhouzhi county Order at the age of 35. The poem is based on the story of Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, which is circulated among the people. It is fictional and vividly written. It is vivid and touching, and is regarded by critics as a masterpiece of long poems in the Tang Dynasty, which occupies a prominent position in the history of China's poetry. In this poem, he dared to criticize Tang Xuanzong's debauchery. There are even such languages as "the emperor of China, eager to shake the beauty of an empire" and "the emperor, from then on, gave up his early hearing". The affectionate description of them is both ironic and full of pity. Speaking of the situation in Where Are You Going, the pen is quite emotional. The whole poem rises from the twists and turns of the story, full of emotion and complexity, which gives people great appeal.
At the age of 45, he wrote a long poem, Preface to Pipa, which was also highly praised by people. After he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima, he said goodbye to his friends in Jiangtou, Xunyang. At the farewell banquet on the ship, he suddenly heard the sound of playing the piano on the neighboring ship and invited him to move the ship. He was very sad. It turned out that he was an old singer who lived alone in an empty boat, and he was also infinitely sad, relying on the piano to express his bitterness. After listening to her life story, Bai Juyi was not only deeply sympathetic, but also thought of her own misfortune, which led to the feeling that "we are both unfortunate-we will meet at the end of the day." We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? ",and make this long poem comparable to" everlasting regret ". In front of me, I described the living conditions and tragic life experiences of geisha, and then I wrote, "I left the capital for here a year ago, and now I am a sick exile here in Jiujiang." Finally, I said, "But who among them cried the most? , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet. " "Sima Qing", so it has become an allusion. This poem has many advantages in artistic techniques, with meticulous description and harmonious syllables, especially the paragraph describing the sound of pipa, which is really amazing. The most important thing is the sincerity of feelings. These two long poems are priceless treasures left by Bai Juyi to future generations.
Among Bai Juyi's other poems, satirical poems written in his early days are highly appraised and praised, especially Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu. Bai Juyi, who has just entered the official career, reflects the sufferings of people's livelihood and cries for justice. His courage of "being ignorant of current affairs and keeping secrets" is very admirable. Qin Zhongyin has 65,438+00 songs, the first one is like a sword. The heavy wife accused the government of offering surplus grain and harming the people. "Take my silk and buy my immediate pet." "Being light and fat" describes that the dignitaries attending the banquet are full of energy and rich in food and wine. Finally, "there is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and people in Quzhou eat people!" Song and Dance is about the happy life of ministers who like to drink in broad daylight and sing and dance in the middle of the night. The conclusion is "I didn't know there were death row inmates who froze to death in the township prison!" " "Buy Flowers" is about rich people bidding for peony in Chang 'an, boasting of luxury. Finally, it says, "A bouquet of dark flowers is a blessing to ten families." Marriage proposal sympathizes with the poor woman who can't get married, the injured friend laments the miserable life in the land of hardship, and the injured house satirizes the giant Daxing Gai Lou, costing "millions". "No Officer" mocked those greedy people who refused to retire in their eighties and nineties. "Maid Li" expressed dissatisfaction with falsely praising some people for not erecting a monument for a good official. Wuxian expressed regret that many people didn't understand traditional culture at that time. It can be seen that they are all critics, whippers and grumblers, which is a powerful exposure to the dark politics of Dezong Zhenyuan to Xian Zongyuan and their early days, hurting the ruling class. No wonder "when you smell Qin Zhongyin, those powerful and close people will look at each other and change color." Bai Juyi is also conceited about his Qin Zhongyin. He said in a poem titled "15" after compiling his collection of poems: "One" Long Hate "has a unique style, and ten" Qin Yin "are close to the sound."
"New Yuefu" and "Qin Zhongyin" are about the same period, which is another important group of poems in Bai satirical poems, with 50 poems, which are about the relationship between Gaozu's martial arts and Yuanhe. The time span is larger and the content is wider than Qin Zhongyin. Bai said his Yuefu poem in "Zhi Zhi": "I am also a disciple of the monarch, why am I depressed? You can't cry. Every article has no empty words, and every sentence should be standardized. One's work is extremely dangerous to others, but a poet's words are very painful. If you don't have a high rhythm, don't complain. Pushing songs makes people sick. I hope the emperor knows. " It can be said that he wrote the declaration of New Yuefu, which is also the best interpretation of New Yuefu. Famous works, such as Selling Charcoal Weng, Du Lingcuo, Hyun Si, and Xinfeng Folding Arm Weng, are novellas of New Yuefu. Each poem has a clear and strong central idea, that is, it is stated in the preface that it is "bitter palace", "hurting farmers", "greedy for female labor", "worrying about sericulture expenses", "mourning for the cold", "abstaining from seeking immortality" and "corrupt officials" and so on. These poems have a clear distinction between love and hate. Apart from satire, there are also praises. These poems fully explain what Bai Juyi opposes and praises, and are the true expression of the author's mind. In his Preface to New Yuefu, he clearly declared that these poems were "written for the monarch, ministers, people, things and things, not for writing." It's true ",claiming that what he wrote is a real event, and it also shows the fighting spirit of a young and middle-aged poet to help the poor and help the evil. In terms of poetic style, he inherited the fine traditions of The Book of Songs, Yuefu classical poems and Du Fu's poems, and adopted the free syntax of folk songs at that time, forming his own creative style.
In a word, Bai Juyi's Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu are the most combative works of all his poems. Together with Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa, they are the essence of Bai Juyi's poems and the most valuable parts of China's ancient poems.
Bai Juyi classified his poems into four categories. Besides satirical poems, there are leisure poems, sentimental poems and miscellaneous poems, most of which are well written. Generally speaking, early poetry is more valuable than later poetry. It is a pity that his later poems no longer have the edge of youth because of the cold world.
As a great poet and brilliant poet, Bai Juyi's creative talents are various. His poems are diverse not only in artistic form, but also in ideological content and artistic style. One of the greatest characteristics of white poetry is that the language is easy to understand, but at the same time it has undergone a lot of artistic processing. In the poetry circle, there is a story, and an old woman is also explaining white poetry. In "Tang Yin Tong Qian" written by Hu Zhenheng, a poetic theorist in the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Wenqian, a poet in the Song Dynasty, once saw the record of Bai Juyi's manuscript, saying that "the original work is not lost, but the first work is lost", which shows that Bai Juyi is diligent in writing and proofreading poems. The artistic level of his poems is the result of the author's efforts.
When Bai Juyi was alive, his poems spread widely and had great influence, which made him very proud. Bai Juyi said in "Nine Books with Yuan": "From Chang 'an to Jiangxi for three or four thousand miles, there are often poets in rural schools, Buddhist temples, anti-tourism and boating; At the mouth of the earth, monks, widows, virgins, there are always servants who recite poems. "Yuan Zhen also said Bai Juyi's poem," In the past twenty years, provinces, temples, posts and walls have been banned without books, and ministers, concubines and horses have no discomfort. As for those who sell Moeller Street in the market, or take it as wine and tea, it is everywhere. "A person's poetry has such a social effect in contemporary times, which is rare in ancient times. Not only that, Bai Juyi's poems gained great international reputation and numerous foreign readers at that time, and were circulated and created in Japan, Silla (now Korea), South Japan (now Vietnam) and other countries. According to historical records, at that time, Emperor Emei of Japan copied many poems of Bai Juyi and secretly recited them in his secret house. King Khitan personally translated the white poems into Khitan characters and ordered the ministers to read them aloud.
It goes without saying that Bai Juyi's poems have a great and far-reaching influence on later poems, and white poems will always be loved by people all over the world and spread through the ages.
His father, Su Xun, was the "Sue" mentioned in The Amethyst at the age of 27. Su Xun got angry late, but he worked hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's hard work, Su Shi would not have been able to get a good tutor since he was a child, let alone "learn the history of general classics, which belongs to thousands of words every day", let alone have a future literary master.
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), 21-year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination in the imperial court. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites, won the appreciation of Ouyang Xiu, the examiner, with an article on loyalty to punishment, and became a scholar in high school.
In the sixth year of Jiayou, Su Shi took the Chinese secondary school exam, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", got the third grade, and signed a book for the judge in Dali. Later, his father died in Bianjing, and Ding returned to his hometown. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed.
Su Shi has been away from Beijing for several years, and great changes have taken place in North Korea. After Zongshen ascended the throne, he appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new country Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.
On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people, so he disagreed with Prime Minister Wang Anshi and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter of opposition. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general.
Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After his term, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places.
This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, someone deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi arrived in Huzhou for less than three months, and was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law, which is known as Wutai Poetry Case.
Su Shi was in prison 103 days, almost on the verge of being beheaded. Thanks to the national policy of not killing ministers during Mao's reign in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi escaped.
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to Yong Lian of Huangzhou Regiment (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is quite humble, and at this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this prison. In his spare time, he leads his family to reclaim wasteland and farms to help make a living. The nickname "Dongpo lay man" was given to him at this moment.
In the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong, Su Shi left Huangzhou for Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away.
Zhezong ascended the throne, the high queen mother listened to politics, the new party forces fell, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as prime minister. So Su Shi was recalled to North Korea as a doctor by the Ministry of Rites in 1998. In the first half of the month, I was promoted to the residence of Sheren, and after three months, I was promoted to the position of Sheren in Zhongshu, so I was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Hanlin.
As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor.
So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he went to Hangzhou as a prefect again after a long absence of 16 years. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam beside the West Lake with dredged silt, which is the famous "Su Causeway".
Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in his sixth year in Yuan You, he was recalled to North Korea. But he was soon released to Yingzhou because of political disagreement. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), the new party came to power again. He was demoted to Huizhou resettlement, and later he was demoted to another family in Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province) and Changhua Army resettlement on the charge of "ridiculing the first dynasty". Hui Zong acceded to the throne, transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, and served as deputy special envoy and Yongzhou for resettlement. In the third year (1 10 1), Fu Yuan was pardoned and restored to the classical style. On his way back to the North, he died in Changzhou, posthumous title. At the age of 66.
Su Shi's literary and artistic achievements
Su Shi's literary view comes down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating statutes and releasing wonderful ideas". He believes that composition should be "like running water, with no definite quality at first, but always do what you should do and always stop where you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, rich body" ("Thank the teacher's book"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is concise and smooth, and it is unrestrained. Shi Dehong's Postscript Dongpo (Left and Right) Chi Ji said: "His writing style is like water, and his waves are naturally written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu, both called "Ou Su", are one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
After Su Shi was promoted wholeheartedly, Huang Tingjian and Qin Guan went out of his door.
There are about 4,000 existing Su poems, which have a wide range of contents and diverse styles, but they are mainly bold and unconstrained, with changeable brushwork and romantic color, which has opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Xie Tiao's "The Original Poetry" said: "The realm of Su Shi's poetry has never existed in ancient and modern times, and everything in the world has been inspired by God." Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "It is a spectacular sight for a generation to take literature as poetry and go from Changli to Dongpo Yida. ..... Especially out of reach, born with a healthy pen, as cold as a sad pear, cut it together quickly. There is a hidden meaning that must be achieved, and there is no difficulty in showing it. Therefore, after Li and Du, it is a big family, not as good as Li and Du Chu. "
There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi, which break through the narrow theme of writing about love and parting between men and women and have a wide range of social contents. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of China Ci. He extended the spirit of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of Ci, swept away the traditional style of Ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and created an unconstrained Ci school that kept pace with the graceful school, expanded the theme of Ci, enriched the artistic conception of Ci, broke through the boundary between poetry and poetry, and made great contributions to the innovative development of Ci. His representative works include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, which created the first example of unconstrained ci, and was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "The word reaches Dongpo, which is aboveboard, like poetry, prose and wonders of heaven and earth."
Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Zeng studied under the famous artists of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and worshipped Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became a family of his own. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong also learned from him in the Qing Dynasty, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in Valley Collection: "Those who are good at books in this dynasty should take (Su) as the first."
Su Shi draws ink and bamboo in his paintings, drawing lessons from the same style of writing (that is, writing is capable), which is more concise than writing and has the potential to dance. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top. I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " He is also good at making ancient trees and strange stones. Mi Fei also said: "Use dead trees as branches and bend them for no reason;" The stone is hard and strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in his chest. " It can be seen that his paintings are very strange and he wants to send them far away. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, attaching importance to the spirit likeness, advocating the feelings outside the painting, painting should be entrusted, opposing the similarity of forms and the limitation of procedures, advocating the unity, artistry and freshness of poetry and painting, and clearly putting forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem, Cliff Ode, Thank the Teacher's Paper and several essays in Sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor. The surviving paintings are "Ancient Wood and Strange Stone"; The Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Scroll discovered in recent years is also his work.
In Song Dynasty, Su Shi made great achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy and painting. He is a rare literary genius in the history of China.
Su Shi's chronicle
The first year of Renzong's heyday in the Northern Song Dynasty-the eighth year of Jiayou (1023- 1064)
1036 Su Shi was born
1054 Marry Wang Fu
1057 Zhongshi Stone; Mother's funeral; Filial piety (1057.4- 1059.6)
1059 family to Kyoto
106 1 Judge Ren Fengxiang
The first year of Yingzong Zhiping-four years (1064- 1068)
1064 Museum of Professional History
1065 wife's funeral
1066 father's funeral; Filial piety (1066.4-2068.7)
The first year of Zongshen Xining-the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1068- 1086)
Marry Wang Runzhi.
1069 back to Beijing; Office history museum
107 1 any supervision; As an ordinary judge in Hangzhou
1074 ren mizhou satrap
1076 was appointed as Xuzhou satrap.
1079 as Huzhou satrap; Be put in prison
1080 Exile in Huangzhou
1084 to Changzhou
1085 to Dengzhou; Ren Dengzhou satrap; To Kyoto; Ren Zhongshu Scheeren
Zhezong (1086- 1 100) was in power during the reign of Yuan You (1085- 1093).
1086 imperial edict with the knowledge of Hanlin bachelor.
1089, Governor of Hangzhou and Commander of the West Zhejiang Military Region.
109 1 is the official minister; To Kyoto; Ren Yingzhou satrap
1092 as Yangzhou satrap; Department of War History; Minister of rites
1093 wife's funeral; The queen mother died; Adjust the county magistrate; Commander of Hebei Military Region
1094 to Huizhou; Exile Huizhou
1097 to Hainan; Exile in Danzhou, Hainan
Hui Zong (110/-kloc-0/126) was the empress dowager (1 100).
1 10 1 return to the north; Go to Changzhou; stop
1 126 The Northern Song Dynasty perished.