According to the composition of kidney calculi, it can be divided into calcium-containing stones (calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate or their mixture), uric acid stones, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) stones and cystine stones. Cystine stones are rare, and in most cases they are autosomal recessive genetic diseases. Struvite is caused by bacteria in the urinary system, which grows rapidly, is easy to relapse and may even be life-threatening, so it is commonly known as "stone cancer"; Uric acid stones are uncommon and are usually caused by excessive uric acid excretion or urine concentration. Calcium-containing stones are the most common and complicated (this paper will not discuss calcium-containing kidney calculi formed by complex mechanisms, such as Barthes syndrome and distal renal tubular acidosis).
We all know that if the content of solute in solution exceeds its solubility, some solute will form crystals. In the kidney, too, supersaturated free ions in urine can spontaneously form crystals, which is the first step to produce kidney calculi. The saturation state of free ions in urine is regulated by many factors, such as the concentration of ions in urine, the pH value of urine and other substances mixed in urine. Increased urinary calcium excretion (such as hypercalcemia caused by diseases, drugs or genetic factors) and improper urine concentration (such as explicit or implicit water loss, especially excessive sweating) can increase urinary ion concentration; Citric acid in urine can form a soluble complex with calcium to avoid calcium supersaturation, while oxalic acid in urine regulates calcium ion in the opposite direction, as do the metabolites of protein.
After the ions in urine aggregate with each other or form crystals on the surface of uric acid and other foreign bodies (that is, the second step of kidney calculi production), they still need to further aggregate to form stones. Generally speaking, it takes longer for crystals to aggregate to form stones than for urine to pass through renal tubules. Therefore, it is the most crucial step for kidney calculi to "nail" himself in the kidney to gain more crystallization time (that is, "renal calcium deposition"). Acute and chronic nephropathy (such as chronic glomerulonephritis), some drugs, hypercalcemia, hypercapnia, hyperoxaluria, etc. all have an important influence on this step, and promote the final formation of kidney calculi.
It is worth mentioning that in addition to hypercalciuria caused by secondary diseases, genetic factors (increased urinary calcium excretion caused by polygene inheritance or autosomal dominant inheritance), drugs and even excessive supplementation of calcium and vitamin D are the main causes of hypercalciuria. Therefore, most doctors suggest supplementing the calcium needed by the body as much as possible through diet. If you really need to take calcium or vitamin D, you must also pay attention to the minimum dose and the shortest course of treatment under the guidance of a doctor, so as not to promote the formation of kidney calculi.
Kidney calculi's Coping Strategies
It is very important for all kidney calculi patients, no matter what type of kidney calculi, to adjust their eating habits! Because it can prevent the further formation of kidney calculi and the recurrence of kidney calculi, thus alleviating the symptoms caused by kidney calculi. The dietary habit requirements of patients with kidney calculi vary with different types of stones, but they can be summarized as follows:
(1) increase drinking water, increase urine volume, prevent urine concentration. Under normal circumstances, drinking water should make the urine volume reach 2 ~ 2.5L per day.
(2) Reduce sodium intake, because excessive sodium intake will increase sodium excretion in urine, which will lead to a large increase in calcium excretion;
(3) Reduce the intake of animal protein (preferably per kilogram of body weight per day 1g of animal protein), which can not only provide conditions for the formation of urinary calcium crystals, but also promote urinary calcium excretion;
(4) If the level of oxalic acid in urine increases, reduce the intake of foods containing too much oxalic acid, such as nuts, berries, green leafy vegetables, chocolate, tea, beans, tofu, beer, etc. At the same time, it is best to drink milk at meals to reduce the absorption of oxalic acid;
⑤ If uric acid level in urine rises, reduce the intake of food containing too much purine, including animal viscera, fish, shellfish and meat.
If all or most of the patients' kidney calculi is caused by hypercalciuria, it is very helpful to start diuretic (potassium supplement at the same time) treatment under the guidance of a doctor, and the price is low. Patients with low citric acid content in urine can also consider supplementing potassium citrate or eating food rich in citrate. Patients with struvite often need to take out the stones by invasive means at an early stage, and at the same time, they should be treated with antibiotics for a long time to minimize the recurrence.
Question 2: Why do young people get kidney calculi easily? 1, unreasonable diet
Unreasonable diet is mainly caused by kidney calculi patients often eating foods with high fat and protein content. Often eat foods with high sugar content. These unreasonable diets will create conditions for the formation of kidney calculi.
2. Drink too little water
Some people don't pay attention to drinking water, or wait until they are thirsty. At this time, the body is seriously short of water and the kidneys cannot be washed clean. Increase the chances of kidney calculi's formation.
3. Living habits
Some people often use drinks instead of drinking water. Drinking drinks frequently, especially cola and other drinks, will increase the urine concentration, lead to the increase of calcium content in urine, and increase the risk of kidney calculi.
First of all, I would like to suggest that patients take Chinese medicine for conditioning. The better one in this respect is Tan Yun Zhen Ji H Shikan, which can remove urethral stones. Secondly, patients must pay attention to conditioning in their daily lives, which is also the key to kidney calculi's attention.
Question 3: What kind of constitution is easy to get stones, and who is the easiest to get kidney calculi?
It must be said that kidney calculi is a very common disease, and the incidence rate in industrialized countries is as high as 6%~ 12%, and it is still rising year by year. Kidney calculi is usually formed in renal tubule and kidney system (not uncommon in ureter and bladder). It looks unremarkable, but it will bring severe and painful symptoms to patients, and it is more likely to lead to renal insufficiency for obese patients. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent kidney calculi by changing bad habits in life.
Generally speaking, men are more common in kidney calculi patients, about 2~4 times as many as women. The peak age of onset in kidney calculi is 30-40 years old, and the prevalence rate will increase with age until 70 years old. Geographical location will also have an interesting impact on kidney calculi. For example, in the United States, the incidence of kidney calculi is gradually decreasing from south to north and from east to west, which may be related to the fact that residents in the southeast are exposed to more sunlight, which leads to sweating, which leads to the production of vitamin D and the increase of urine concentration.
Of course, some drugs also play an important role in the formation of kidney calculi. Calcium, vitamin D, some diuretics, corticosteroids and other drugs can interfere with people's calcium balance regulation mechanism, increase urinary calcium and form stones; The influence of acetazolamide (a drug for treating pulmonary edema and glaucoma) on the renal environment can form an environment that promotes the production of stones; However, some antiviral drugs (such as acyclovir and indinavir) can be directly deposited in the kidney to participate in the formation of stones or directly become stones.
Question 4: Who is easy to win kidney calculi in kidney calculi? The high-risk population is generally the following population.
1. Among the high-risk population in kidney calculi, there are blind calcium supplements: it is a common high-risk population in kidney calculi. Calcium supplementation is very important for human nutritional needs, but blind calcium supplementation will be counterproductive and lead to diseases.
2. There are people who drink less water among the high-risk groups in kidney calculi: However, many people don't have a correct understanding of water. They drink when they are thirsty, and don't touch a drop if they are not thirsty. Drink more water and urinate more, which will help to discharge tiny urinary stones.
3. There are obese people in high-risk groups in kidney calculi: Obese people are prone to kidney calculi, and the incidence rate is five times higher than that of normal people. In fact, the root cause is high intake of fat and cholesterol, and lack of activity leads to the deposition and formation of kidney calculi.
4. High-risk groups in kidney calculi include people who don't eat breakfast: not eating in the morning will lead to the decrease of cholic acid content and bile concentration, and excessive secretion of glycoprotein, which will easily make bile particles aggregate and form kidney calculi.
Question 5: Who can get stones easily? With the improvement of living standard, the complication rate of calculus increases year by year, and everyone may suffer from calculus, but calculus still prefers certain groups.
The following people are prone to stones:
1. For people with kidney calculi in the past, the recurrence rate of kidney calculi is as high as 50% within five years.
2. The elderly who lie in the hospital bed for a long time or after fracture are prone to the increase of blood calcium, which in turn leads to the increase of urine calcium and the formation of kidney calculi.
3, hyperhidrosis, excessive evaporation of human sweat, so that urine is concentrated, easy to form stones, especially in summer.
4. Patients with chronic metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity, have a higher risk of kidney calculi than healthy people.
5, disease factors lead to hypercalcemia or hypercalcemia, such as hyperparathyroidism, gout, fracture, paralysis, osteolytic bone tumor, etc. , will increase urinary calcium, easy to form kidney calculi.
6, urinary tract obstruction, due to urine stagnation, urinary tract infection, prone to kidney calculi.
At the same time, some occupations are also high-risk groups:
1, office white collar
Office workers are sedentary and less active, and substances such as urate are easy to precipitate. In addition, it may be because office workers have relatively high economic income, consume more milk protein in their diet, and catabolism will also produce high blood uric acid, which is the main component of stone formation.
2. Driver
Due to work reasons, drivers can't replenish water in time, and sometimes it's not convenient to go to the toilet. If they habitually do not drink water and hold their urine for a long time, stones may form.
3. Smokers and drinkers
Smoking has no direct effect on the formation of stones, but a large number of smoking will cause metabolic changes in the body, leading to changes in urine composition, thus inducing the formation of stones. The wort brewed by beer contains acidic substances such as calcium, oxalic acid and purine nucleotide. Their interaction can increase uric acid in human body and become an important inducement for the formation of kidney calculi.
Step 4 skip breakfast
The short-term effect of skipping breakfast may affect the morning state, but skipping breakfast for a long time may lead to gallstones. Because the stomach is empty in the morning, bile secretion, as one of the digestive juices, decreases, which increases the bile concentration in the gallbladder and greatly increases the incidence of gallstones.
Question 6: Which physique people are easy to get stones? In damp heat constitution, people with qi deficiency are prone to get lithiasis. Avoid excessive fatigue in daily life, avoid staying up late, combine work and rest, and avoid eating fatty fried barbecue foods, so that it is not easy to get sick with stones.