geographically, the hutongs to the north of Qianmen are generally wide and well planned, while the hutongs to the south of Qianmen are generally narrow and poorly planned. Because in the Qing dynasty, the Qing government did not allow people from other places to live in the capital for safety, so foreigners lived in Qianmen and Chongwenmen, thus forming Qianmen Business District. Many foreigners are juren who come to Beijing to take the exam, so Liulichang Cultural Street is formed. There are many entertainment places in Tianqiao area, and Beijing theaters are also concentrated in Nancheng.
The place where ordinary people concentrate their activities in Beijing is in Shichahai area.
Because Beijing's hutongs are not concentrated and generally closed to traffic, it is tiring to visit, so this site has selected some photos of hutongs for understanding the general situation of hutongs.
"Qianshi Hutong" is the narrowest hutong in Beijing (left and bottom), which is located in the Jewelry Market Street outside Qianmen. In the past, this alley was full of money houses, so it was called Qianshi Hutong. The narrowest part of the hutong is only 8 cm wide. When two people meet, they can only cross sideways. Hutong is about thirty or forty meters long.
Old Beijing Hutong
Hutong is a major feature of Beijing. When a modern international metropolis rises from the ruins of hutong, people are worried: will hutong disappear? Probably because of this, someone picked up a seemingly old topic: How did Hutong become the name of the street? How was this word coined? Because new ideas have been put forward, I will talk about the old words again today.
1. "Hutong" was not Chinese at first
The word Hutong first appeared in Yuan Zaqu. In Guan Hanqing's "Single Knife Meeting", there is a saying of "fighting a bloody alley". In the Yuan drama "Salmon Island Zhang Sheng Boils the Sea", Zhang Yu asked Mei Xiang, "Where do you live?" Mei Xiang said, "My family lives in Zhuantaer Hutong." Zhuanta Hutong is located in Xisi South Street, and the place name has not changed. It is clearly stated in "Analysis of Jin Zhi" written by Yuan Xiong Mengxiang: "Hutong two-character dialect." Where is the dialect? It's from the Yuan Dynasty. Shen Bang, a Ming Dynasty man, further said in Miscellaneous Notes of Wan Department: Hutong primitive human language. Since it is a metalinguistic language, it can't be Chinese. In Yuan Dynasty, people were divided into four classes: Mongolians, Semu people, Han people and southerners. The so-called Han people refer to the Han people, Jurchen people, Khitan people and Korean people in the north. These four people are not the same nation and do not use the same language. Then "Yuan people's language" is definitely not "Nan people's language". As for Semu people, it includes more nationalities. Therefore, "Yuan people's language" can only be Mongolian.
2. Hutongs are closely related to wells
Some scholars believe that hutongs are transformed from "sudden caves"-wells. The author agrees with this view. Because from the reality of metropolis, the relationship between hutong and well is closer.
let's look at the formation of hutong. Most of the Yuan Dynasty was built from a wilderness. Its central axis is drawn by the water, and most palaces are built by the sea. Then other streets, squares and residential areas must take the location of wells into consideration when designing and planning. Or dig a well before building a house, or set aside the location of the well in advance before planning the layout of the courtyard. In either case, it is "a lane is formed by a well." Until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were wells in every hutong, which is beyond doubt. The causes of the names of Beijing Hutong are nothing more than the following: named after temples, named after offices and government agencies, named after construction sites and workshops, named after houses and names, named after markets and so on. However, the largest number is named after the well, and there have been ten "Jinger Hutong" alone; Plus big wells, small wells, east, west, north, south, front and back wells, dry wells, wet wells, sweet wells and bitter wells … no less than forty or fifty. This shows that hutong and well are closely related.
3. Strange names originated from transliteration
The names of some hutongs in Beijing are strange because they cannot be explained in Chinese. However, if the names of these hutongs are in Mongolian, it will be easy to explain. Give a few examples: dung beetles Hutong, how ugly and ugly this name is! Why did the residents here have such a name in the first place? In fact, the name translated into Mongolian is "sweet well"! There is a "Mohe Hutong" in the DPRK, which means "well with a smell" in Mongolian. It is probably polluted. In addition, such as Gushao Hutong (or write hoop Hutong), bitter well; Juer Hutong or Juer Hutong, Shuangjing; Nianer Hutong or Nianer Hutong, fine well; Baer Hutong, Xiaojing; Maliang Hutong or Malang Hutong, a well for drinking water for livestock ...
There are many "Mao Hutong" in Beijing. "Maohutong" means bad well and broken well in Mongolian, and a surname is added in front of it, indicating that this bad well belongs to a private property. This is not far-fetched. There used to be a "Baihui Hutong" next to Baimao Hutong, which shows that it used to be the residence of Muslims with Bai surname. There used to be a "Zhujia Hutong" near "Zhumao Hutong", which shows that Zhu's family did live here. Near Yangmao Hutong is Yangmeizhu Xiejie.
It's not surprising that some pronunciations have been mispronounced for a long time: are there fewer Chinese place names mispronounced? However, it is true that some Mongolian place names are difficult to verify.
There should be no doubt that Hutong is a transliteration of Jing. However, it must be emphasized that hutong and well both had the meaning of "city" in the Yuan Dynasty, and Shaluo City can also be called Shaluo Hutong, which means Coral City. In ancient Chinese, there was a word "market", "a well makes a city". In the era of the Yuan Dynasty, hutong and well also had the meaning of "street", and the bell tower of "Analysis of Tianjin Records" said: "The building has the number of eight corners and four wells, and the streets covering the east, west, north and south are the widest." The meaning is clear, "well" equals the street.
Jingwozi in old Beijing. In the era when there was no running water, Beijing residents mainly relied on wells for drinking water. If the general residents don't have private wells, they have to go to public wells to draw water. The unicycle in the picture is designed to deliver water to others. Welcome tourists from all over the world to visit!
9 Beijing xici 1 Beijing Eight Hutong 11 Beijing Hutong Culture 12 Beijing Hutong Map 13 Beijing Hutong Photo 14 Beijing Hutong Feng Xuemei 15 Beijing Famous Hutong 16 Beijing Hutong Picture 17 Beijing Shijia Hutong Primary School 18 Beijing Hutong 19 Beijing Hutong Xia Yan 2 Beijing Juer Hutong 21 Beijing Fuxue Hutong Primary School 22 Beijing Hutong Day Tour 23 Beijing Hutong Teaching Plan 24 Beijing Hutong Tour Company 25 Beijing Mutton Hutong. With 26 Beijing Hutong Tourism 27 Beijing Xiajia Hutong 28 Beijing Lishi Hutong 29 Beijing Drug Trafficking Hutong 3 Beijing Hutong Information 31 People in Beijing xici 32 Qianmen Hutong Beijing 33 Beijing Slender Hutong 34 Beijing Hutong Accompaniment 35 Beijing E Long xici Net 36 Tricycle 37 Beijing Fuxue Hutong Primary School 38 Beijing Hutong Guitar Score 39 Beijing Prose Hutong 4 Beijing Hutong Houhai 41 Beijing Hutong Company 42 Beijing Hutong Renovation 43 Ming Dynasty Beijing Hutong 44 Beijing Hutong History 45 Beijing Hutong Photo 46 Beijing Hutong Picture 47 Beijing Hutong Introduction 48 Beijing Hutong Picture 49 Beijing Pure Land Hutong 5 Beijing Hutong Inquiry 51 Beijing Hutong Girl 52 Beijing Door Frame Hutong 53 Beijing Hutong flash54 About Beijing Hutong 55 The disappearance of Beijing Hutong 56 Beijing Brick Pagoda Hutong 57 Beijing Hutong Characteristics 58 Beijing Hutong Culture Public Division 59 Beijing Hutong Photo 6 Beijing Hutong Legend 61 Beijing Hutong Poetry 62 Beijing Hutong Primary School 63 Beijing Houhai Hutong Tour 64 Beijing Eight Hutong Names 65 Beijing Hutong Accommodation 66 Beijing Dongcheng District Dry Hutong 67 Beijing Xirongxian Hutong 68 Beijing Hutong Paper 69 Beijing Hutong Sightseeing 7 Beijing's Widest Hutong 71 Beijing's Narrowest Hutong 72 Beijing Hutong Cafe 73 Beijing Eight Hutong Buildings 74 Beijing Hutong Origin 75 Beijing Hutong M P3 Download 76 Beijing Dongtangzi Hutong 77 Hutong's Beijing Baby 78 Beijing Shijia Hutong No.51 79 Beijing Hutong's Cultural Connotation 8 Beijing Xinghua Hutong No.46 81 Beijing Shanlao Hutong 82 Beijing Mianhua Hutong Cotton Candy 83 Beijing Xicheng Zhengjue Hutong 84 Beijing Yizhong Baochao Hutong 85 Beijing Hutong ppt86 Beijing Architecture Name Hutong 87 Beijing Hutong Viewing Chart 88 Beijing Hutong Public Welfare Lecture 89 Beijing Hutong Jingge 9 Beijing Hutong Viewing Chart 91 Beijing Xisi Tower Brick Hutong 92 Beijing Courtyard Hutong Primary School 93 Beijing Folk Digital Museum > A comprehensive view of hutongs
When we walk into modern Beijing, people are often not interested in the rows of high-rise buildings and wide roads extending in all directions, but in the winding small hutongs and warm and beautiful quadrangles.
Therefore, it is no exaggeration for some people to call the ancient capital culture "Hutong Culture" and "Siheyuan Culture".
How many hutongs are there in Beijing? According to documents, there were thousands of them in Ming Dynasty, including more than 9 in inner cities and more than 3 in outer cities. It grew to more than 1,8 in the Qing Dynasty and more than 1,9 in the Republic of China. At the beginning of the founding of New China, there were more than 2,55 statistics. Later, some old names were merged and some were newly named; Since the reform and opening up, with the development of economy and urban construction, some buildings have been demolished and rebuilt. Up to now, there are more than 4, street names in Beijing.
in order to protect the style of the ancient capital and maintain the traditional characteristics, Beijing has designated more than 2 hutongs as historical and cultural protection zones, such as Nanluoguxiang and Xisibei No.1 to No.8, which are designated as quadrangle bungalow protection zones.
"Hutong" is a small street, which is called "Lane" in Shanghai (south). After the Ming Dynasty, it was officially standardized as "Hutong". In the past, it was generally believed that "Hutong" was a transliteration of Mongolian towns or a loan word of Mongolian "water well", because there must be water sources (wells) where there are residential settlements, and the urban area of Beijing has been distributed in residential areas with wells as the center for a long time. In the past, Beijing was composed of millions of quadrangles, large and small, back to back, face to face, side by side and orderly. In order to facilitate access, it is necessary to set aside passages between each row of courtyards, thus forming hutongs.
As soon as each hutong is formed, people will naturally give it a name. Once this name is accepted by most people and opened, it truly represents the orientation of this hutong in the whole city and becomes an indispensable symbol in people's communication and other activities. This is the practical reference function of hutong names. Since the name of hutong began to form in Yuan Dynasty, it has always been passed down by people orally. As for writing it on the signboard and hanging it on the alley mouth, it was only after the Republic of China.
Although the hutongs in Beijing look all-encompassing, There are rivers, lakes and seas (Dajiang Hutong, Hebochang Hutong, Tuanjiehu and Haibin Hutong), mountains, rivers, the sun and the moon (Patterned Mountain Hutong, Chuandian Hutong, Pickup Hutong and Moonlight Hutong), people's surnames (Zhang Zizhong Road, Jiajiahutong), market commodities (Caishikou Hutong and Yinwan Hutong), factories and workshops (grinding mills and paint hutongs), flowers, plants, fish and insects (flowers). Empty factory), chicken, duck and fish (chicken feet alley, duck shop, fresh fish mouth, meat market street), etc., are numerous and confusing, but if you analyze them carefully, they still have their own internal laws. The names of hutongs, streets and lanes are mostly determined by official agencies of government offices, temples, warehouses and workshops, bridges, rivers, market trade, commodity utensils, people's surnames, scenery and people's feelings, and many of them are still in use today.
In Beijing, hutongs, large and small, criss-cross, weaving into a colorful capital. Hutongs are deep. There are countless warm homes in the depths of hutongs, which is the fundamental reason why Beijingers have special feelings for hutongs.
Beijing Folk Digital Museum.
The origin of the name of Beijing Hutong
After decades of construction after liberation, the urban area of Beijing has more than tripled compared with that at the beginning of liberation. The area of newly built houses is equivalent to the construction of 1 old Beijing cities.
How many hutongs are there in Beijing? According to documents, there were thousands of them in Ming Dynasty, including more than 9 in inner cities and more than 3 in outer cities. It grew to more than 1,8 in the Qing Dynasty and more than 1,9 in the Republic of China. At the beginning of the founding of New China, there were more than 2,55 statistics. Later, some old names were merged and some were newly named; Since the reform and opening up, with the development of economy and urban construction, some buildings have been demolished and rebuilt. Up to now, there are more than 4, street names in Beijing.
in order to protect the style of the ancient capital and maintain the traditional characteristics, Beijing has designated more than 2 hutongs as historical and cultural protection zones, such as Nanluoguxiang and Xisibei No.1 to No.8, which are designated as quadrangle bungalow protection zones.
The old Beijing hutongs formed since the Yuan Dynasty are in a checkerboard pattern. The formation and development of hutong also left traces of historical changes in its name and reflected social customs.
"Hutong" is a small street, which is called "Lane" in Shanghai (south). After the Ming Dynasty, it was officially standardized as "Hutong". In the past, it was generally believed that "Hutong" was a transliteration of Mongolian towns or a loan word of Mongolian "water well", because there must be water sources (wells) where there are residential settlements, and Beijing urban area has a long history of distributing residential areas with wells as the center. Recently, Beijing Evening News published a new textual research article, arguing that "Hutong" is not a Mongolian word for "Shuijing", but a Chinese word.
As soon as each hutong is formed, people will naturally give it a name. Once this name is accepted by most people and opened, it truly represents the orientation of this hutong in the whole city and becomes an indispensable symbol in people's communication and other activities. This is the practical reference function of hutong names.
Since the name of Hutong began to form in Yuan Dynasty, it has always been passed down by people orally. As for writing it on a signboard and hanging it on the mouth of Hutong, it was only after the Republic of China.
Although the hutongs in Beijing look all-encompassing, There are rivers, lakes and seas (Dajiang Hutong, Hebochang Hutong, Tuanjiehu and Haibin Hutong), mountains, rivers, the sun and the moon (Patterned Mountain Hutong, Chuandian Hutong, Pickup Hutong and Moonlight Hutong), people's surnames (Zhang Zizhong Road, Jiajiahutong), market commodities (Caishikou Hutong and Yinwan Hutong), factories and workshops (grinding mills and paint hutongs), flowers, plants, fish and insects (flowers). Empty factory), chicken, duck and fish (chicken feet alley, duck shop, fresh fish mouth, meat market street), etc., are numerous and confusing, but if you analyze them carefully, they still have their own internal laws.
The names of hutongs, streets and lanes are mostly determined by official offices, temples, warehouses, workshops, bridges, rivers, fairs, commodities, surnames of people, scenery and people's feelings, and many of them are still in use today.
1. Named after the image symbol
Therefore, many hutongs are named after an obvious image symbol, which also shows that Beijingers are honest, straightforward and funny. Like wide hutongs, people call them "wide streets" when they read smoothly, "narrow lanes" when they read smoothly, "oblique streets" when they read obliquely, and "Badaowan" when they read zigzag.