China ancient architecture (I) palaces nbsp；; The main buildings in the ancient buildings in China include two types of buildings: temples and halls, in which temples are dedicated to palaces, rituals and religious buildings.
both the names of the hall and the temple appeared in the Zhou dynasty. The word "hall" appeared earlier, and its original intention was to refer to the part of the front of the building that was open to the outside world.
the left and right sides of the hall are orderly and sandwiched, and there are rooms and compartments on both sides of the room. Such a group of buildings are also collectively called halls, which generally refer to the dwelling buildings of emperors, princes, doctors and scholars.
The word "Dian" appeared late, and its original intention was the appearance of Kobuko. Used in buildings, indicating that they are tall and have a prominent position. Since the Han Dynasty, the hall generally refers to the main buildings in the government offices and the first houses, but the secondary buildings in palaces and temples can also be called halls, such as the "East-West Hall" in the palaces of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the lecture halls in Buddhist temples, and the Zhai Hall.
A temple and a hall can be divided into three basic parts: the steps, the house body and the roof. Among them, steps and roofs form the most obvious appearance features of China buildings.
Due to the restriction of feudal hierarchy, temples and halls are different in form and structure. The difference between the temple and the hall in the step approach appeared earlier: the hall only has steps; The temple not only has steps, but also features, that is, in addition to its own pedestal, there is a tall platform below as a base, which is connected by long steps.
temples are generally located in the center or main axis of buildings such as palaces, temples and royal gardens, and their planes are mostly rectangular, but also square, round and I-shaped. The scale of the space and components of the temple is often large, and the decoration practices are more particular.
As the main building in a mansion, office, house and garden, a hall has various plane forms, moderate volume, simple structural practices and decorative materials, and often shows more local characteristics. (2) The multi-storey buildings in the ancient buildings of China.
Buildings and pavilions were different in the early days. A building refers to a heavy house, and a pavilion refers to a building with an overhead lower part and a high hanging bottom.
Generally, the pavilion is nearly square in plane, with two floors, and it can sit on the same level, so it can occupy the main position in the building group. For example, there are pavilions in Buddhist temples, and Guanyin Pavilion in Dule Temple is an example. The buildings are narrow and curved, and often occupy a secondary position in the building groups, such as the Buddhist scriptures building in the Buddhist temple, the back building and the balcony building in the palace, etc., which are in the last row or the left and right compartments of the building groups.
the word "castle in the future" is interchangeable, and there is no strict distinction. Ancient pavilions have many architectural forms and uses. Tower appeared in the Warring States Period.
The towers in the Han Dynasty have reached three floors. Que Lou, Shi Lou, Wang Lou, etc. are all forms of pavilions that were widely used in Han Dynasty.
the emperor of the Han dynasty believed in the theory of immortal magic, and thought that building lofty pavilions could make immortals. After Buddhism was introduced into China, a large number of stupa buildings were also pavilions.
The wooden pagoda of Yongning Temple in Luoyang, Northern Wei Dynasty is "more than forty feet" high, and you can see it from a distance of hundreds of miles away. Built in Liao Dynasty, the Sakya Pagoda of Buddha Palace Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province is 67.31 meters high, and it is still the highest existing ancient wooden building in China.
Sightseeing buildings that can climb high and look far are often named after pavilions, such as Yellow Crane Tower and Tengwang Pavilion. Most of the ancient pavilions in China were made of wood, and there were many kinds of frames.
A tall building formed by overlapping squares in the shape of well field is called well-shaped. Single-storey buildings are overlapped layer by layer to form the whole building, weighing house type. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, a platform structure layer has been added between floors, the inner eaves of which form a dark floor and a floor, and the outer eaves of which are picked out to form a platform. This form is called flat sitting in the Song Dynasty.
the upper and lower columns of each floor are not connected, and the structural connection mode is complicated. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the pavilion structure has connected the wooden columns of each layer into long columns and overlapped with the beams to form a whole frame, which is called the column.
in addition, there are other variant forms of pavilion architecture. (III) Pavilion The small point-like buildings around the traditional buildings in China are open for people to stay and watch, and are also used as ceremonies, commonly known as pavilions, which appeared in the middle and late Northern and Southern Dynasties.
"Pavilion" also refers to the ancient grass-roots administrative institutions, and it also has the form of hostel. Pavilions are generally set in scenic places where people can stop and watch, such as hills, watersides, city heads, bridges and gardens. There are also special-purpose pavilions, such as stele pavilions, well pavilions, sacrificial pavilions and bell pavilions.
besides square, rectangle, circle and polygon, there are many forms of pavilions, such as cross, chain, plum blossom and fan. The roof of the pavilion has a complex of points, hills, cones and other forms.
a large pavilion can be built with double eaves, or surrounded by buildings. The stele pavilion and well pavilion in the mausoleum and ancestral temple can be done very solemnly, such as the stele pavilion in the Ming Changling mausoleum.
Large pavilions can be made magnificent, such as Wanchun Pavilion in Jingshan, Beijing. Small pavilions can be made light and elegant, such as the triangle pavilion in Hangzhou.
different forms of pavilions can produce different artistic effects. Structural practice, the structure of the pavilion is mostly made of wood, but also made of brick and stone.
pavilions are mostly made of pyramidal roof and conical roofs. Pyramidal roof with four corners appeared in the Han Dynasty, and pyramidal roof with eight corners and conical top were found in the Ming wares of the Tang Dynasty.
The "pavilion and pavilion bucket tip" in Song Dynasty's "Building French Style" is similar to an umbrella frame. This practice can be seen in the gardens in the south of Qing Dynasty.
after the Ming and Qing dynasties, square pavilions mostly used corner beams, and multi-corner pavilions mostly used grilles, which were stacked one by one. The structure of the rectangular pavilion is basically the same as that of the building.
(4) Corridor A covered passage in ancient buildings in China, including cloisters and verandahs, whose basic functions are sun protection, rain protection and people taking a rest. Gallery is an important part that forms the features of ancient architecture in China.
The corridor under the eaves of the temple, as a transitional space between indoor and outdoor, is an important means to form the change of reality and rhythm in building modeling. The cloister surrounding the courtyard plays an important role in beautifying the pattern and volume of the courtyard space, and can cause different effects such as solemnity, liveliness, openness, profundity, occlusion and connectivity.
The veranda in the garden mainly divides the scenic spots, causes various spatial changes and increases the scenery. 2. classical Chinese spring rain pavilion
"xiyu pavilion" comes from the ancient Chinese view.
His poems are as follows: Preface Su Shi was a scholar at the age of 2 and was famous as the capital. Four years later, he took part in the system examination, was selected as "Jin Ce", was awarded the position of director, and signed the book as the judge of Fengxiangfu (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi).
in November of the sixth year of Jiaqing (161), Su Shi left Beijing for his post with full political enthusiasm and embarked on his official career. In the second year of Su Shi's arrival in Fengxiang, he began to build official houses and a pavilion in the north of the court as a resting place.
But there was no rain for a long time this spring, but when the pavilion was built, there was a heavy rain, and the officials and people were ecstatic. So Su Shi named this pavilion "Xiyu Pavilion".
It is by describing the reason why the pavilion was named that this story expresses his thoughts and feelings of having fun with the people. The original pavilion is named after the rain, and it is also happy.
if the ancients were happy, they would use famous things to show that they would never forget. Duke of Zhou got the grain to name his book; Hanwu is famous for its year; Uncle Sun Sheng's enemy, named after his son.
his joy is uneven, and he never forgets one of them. Give it to the next year of the hurricane, and then treat the official residence.
The pavilion is located in the north of the hall, and the pond is dug in the south to drain and plant trees as a resting place. It is the spring of the year, and the rain wheat is in the sun of Qishan, which accounts for years.
when it doesn't rain in the middle of the moon, the people are worried. In March, it is raining on the second base, and it is raining on the second base. People think that it is not enough.
it rained heavily in dingmao, and it stopped in three days. Officials celebrate in the court, merchants sing in the city, farmers linger in the wild, those who are worried are happy, those who are sick are cured, and our pavilion is suitable.
So he raised the wine on the pavilion and told it as a guest, saying, "It won't rain for five days?" Say, "If it doesn't rain for five days, there will be no wheat." "It doesn't rain for ten days?" Say, "If it doesn't rain for ten days, there will be no grain."
"No wheat, no grain, hungry at the age of 2, prison lawsuits are flourishing, and thieves are arrogant. Then my second and third sons and I, although we want to travel well to enjoy this pavilion, can we get it? Today, we will not leave the people behind, but we will give them rain at the beginning of drought.
Those who make me and Ersanzi get along with each other and enjoy this pavilion are all given by the rain. Can it be forgotten? " Not only is the pavilion famous, but it is also sung, saying, "It makes the sky rain beads, and those who are cold can't think of it;" It makes the sky rain jade, and the hungry must not think of it as millet.
if it rains for three days, who can help? People say satrap. If you don't have a satrap, you will be the son of heaven.
the son of heaven says otherwise, it belongs to the creation. Creations don't think they are successful, so they return to space.
space is invisible, and it's hard to get a name. I am famous for my pavilion. "
note 1: note 2: Zhou Chengwang's half-brother, Tang Shu, got a different grain. This kind of grain is two grains born on different fields, but they are combined into one ear.
So I gave it to Cheng Wang, and Cheng Wang gave it to Duke Zhou. After the Duke of Zhou received the grain, he wrote a piece of Jiahe.
Jiahe has been lost, and there is only one title left in Shangshu. (Book of History Zhou Shu Wei Zi's Life) 3 Ding: According to Records of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, in May of the first year of Yuan Ding (116 BC), it was treasured in Fenshui, so it was changed to the first year of Yuan Ding.
Textual Research on TongJian holds that Debaoding should be in Yuanding for four years, and the year number of Yuanding was later changed. 4 Uncle Sun Sheng's enemy was named after his son: in the eleventh year of Lu Wengong, Bei Di kept the country from attacking Lu, and Lu Wengong sent uncle Sun Dechen to defend the enemy, defeated the country's monarch, Qiaoru, and named his son Qiaoru to show his merits.
5 Fufeng: Fengxiang House, now Fengxiang House in Shaanxi. Su Shi was a judge of Fengxiang House, and he took office in the sixth year of Jiayou (AD 161).
6 next year: the second year. 7 Rain Wheat: Wheat in the world.
Qishan, now Qishan county, Shaanxi province. Zhan, divination.
years, years into. There is a year, which means a bumper harvest.
in the spring of the drought year in the article, wheat fell in the air to the south of Qishan, which was thought to be a sign of good harvest after divination. (In ancient times, the south of the mountain was called Yang, and the north of the mountain was called Yin) 8 Mi: Man.
the next month, the whole month. Rain, rain.
Fang 9: Right, right now. 1 b: the second day of April; Jia Zi, April 11th; Ding Mao, April 14th.
Biàn: happy, joyful. 12 to: preposition, therefore.
the object is omitted here. Genus 13 (zhǔ): The same as' exhorting', urging wine.
being a guest means pouring wine for guests. 14 recommendation: heavy.
recommend hunger and suffer from famine repeatedly. 15 Youyou: the rhyme is continuous, and it is leisurely.
16 creation: creator. 17: Nouns are used as verbs and named.
18 governance: construction. It happens that this pavilion is named after rain to commemorate a festive event.
in ancient times, when there was a happy event, it was used to name things, indicating that they would never forget. When the Duke of Zhou got the rice grain from the Emperor, he used "Golden Harvest" as the title of his article. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty got Baoding, he called it Yuan Ding. Uncle Sun Dechen defeated the enemy Qiaoru, so he used Qiaoru as his son's name.
Their happy events are different in size, but they mean the same thing. I didn't start building official residence until the second year of Fufeng. I built a pavilion in the north of the hall, dug a pond in the south, drew running water, planted trees and used it as a resting place.
in the spring of this year, it rained wheat in the south of Qishan, and I thought it would be a good year. However, it didn't rain for a whole month, so the people were worried.
On March 1st, it rained, and it rained again on Jiazi Day. People thought it was not enough. It rained heavily again on Dingmao Day, and it didn't stop for three days. Officials celebrate together in the yard, businessmen sing together in the market, farmers laugh together in the field, so the sad people are happy, the sick people are cured, and my pavilion happens to be created.
So I held a banquet in the pavilion to persuade the guests to drink and told them about it. I asked them, "Can it not rain for five days?" They replied,' If it doesn't rain for five days, wheat won't grow. "and asked," is it okay if it doesn't rain for ten days? " They replied, "If it doesn't rain for ten days, you can't raise live rice."
"Without wheat and rice, the years are naturally wasted, there are more lawsuits and thieves are rampant. So even if you and I want to play and have fun on this pavilion, is it possible to do it? Now God doesn't abandon the people here. It rains as soon as there is a drought, so that I can play and enjoy the music with you in this pavilion, thanks to the gift of this rain! Can this be forgotten again? " After using it to name the pavilion, I went on to sing about it.
The lyrics say: "If there is a pearl in the world, people who suffer from cold can't take it as a short coat; If there is white jade in the world, hungry people can't take it as food. It rained for three days. Whose strength is this? The people say it's the satrap, and the satrap says it doesn't have this power.
thanks to the son of heaven, who also denied it. Return. 3. How to write the ancient prose of the starry sky pavilion
1. Silver candle Qiu Guang painted a cold screen, and a small fan fluttered on the firefly. The night in day order is as cool as water. Sit and watch the morning glory and the weaver star.
2. See the fishing lamp in the dark of the moon, and the fireflies are lonely. Slight wind and waves, scattered as a river star.
3. The crane is alive, and Philip Burkart is empty. Some people are on the autumn water, leaning on the staff in the moonlight. Yushu night dew, the Milky Way Wan Lifeng. Wandering with infinite meaning, late coming out of the cage.
4. It's cold in winter, and the north wind is miserable. Worry knows the night is long, and the audience is admired. Three or five moons are full, and four or five toads are missing. There are guests coming from far, bringing me a letter. The letter first said that he often missed me, and said it had been separated for a long time. The letter in the bosom of the sleeve, has been three years of writing still indelible. I love you with all my heart, I'm afraid you don't understand it.
5. The autumn wind is bleak, the weather is cool, the vegetation is shaken and exposed to frost, and the flock of geese leave for the south. I miss you and your guests, and I feel heartbroken. I miss my hometown, so why should stay for a long time send it to the other party? My humble concubine kept her room alone, and she was afraid to forget her worries, so she didn't feel her clothes stained with tears. A short song can't be long. The bright moon shines on my bed, and the stars flow west to night is still young. Petunia and Weaver Girl look at each other from a distance. Why should I limit the river beam?
6, the snow shines on the mountain city, and the jade refers to the cold, and the Qiang tube complains about the building. There are several plum blossoms in the south of the Yangtze River, and people are already spotted in the end of the world. Stars are dotted, and the moon is round. Go back to the river and enter the cup and plate. There are 3, romantic poems in Hanlin, and I sent them to Wu Ji for tears.
7. The mica screen has a deep candle shadow, and the long river gradually falls and the stars sink. Chang' e I must regret that I had eaten the elixir at the beginning, now alone, blue sky, and night and night. 4. How to call the railing of the ancient pavilion
Bed
Bed is used to describe the well bed or railing, which was first seen in the "King of Huainan" in the early Han Dynasty; There is "the back garden is dug with silver as a bed, and the golden vase is filled with cold slurry." After the Tang dynasty, it was used more; In Li Shangyin's Fu Ping Shao Hou, there is a saying, "Don't accept gold bullets and throw them out of the forest, but cherish the silver bed at the well head." In Su Weidao's "Yong Jing", there are "exquisite jade sills, clear and clear silver beds." In Li Bai's "Answering the King's Twelve Cold Nights and Drinking Alone", there is a saying that "the bosom is white on the night of wine, and the jade bed is full of ice." In Li He's Song of Digging Well in the Back Garden, there is "the windlass on the well turns upwards", and in Du Fu's poem "Visiting the Xuanyuan Emperor Temple in the North of Luocheng in Winter", there is a kite blowing a jade column, and the well is frozen with silver. Well beds or railings can neither sit nor lie, but can only play the role of protection and support at most. How can it be associated with the bed? This will start with the wall; Make a wall according to the wall of Shuo Wen Jie Zi. "Wall, through all also. From the increasing voice.