1951July 8th. China People's Liberation Army No.6 East Beijing Automobile Manufacturing and Distribution Factory (hereinafter referred to as No.6 Auto Parts Factory) successfully completed the trial production of the first batch of five military heavy motorcycles (see figure 1) by imitating German Schindler K500 motorcycles under extremely difficult conditions of poor equipment, backward technology and no motorcycle technology. On July 3 1, Zhu De, Commander-in-Chief of China People's Liberation Army, and Nie, Acting Chief of General Staff, visited the newly manufactured motorcycles (see Figure 2). On August 3rd, Acting Chief of General Staff Marshal Nie named and awarded the "Jinggangshan" motorcycle on behalf of the Central Military Commission at the celebration meeting. At the celebration meeting, I announced that "in order to celebrate the 24th anniversary of the founding of our army and always remember the heroic struggle of Jinggangshan, I specially named the military heavy motorcycle produced by the Sixth Automobile Manufacturing and Distribution Factory of China People's Liberation Army as Jinggangshan", which marked the growing strength of our army. From then on, the first "Jinggangshan" brand motorcycle in New China was born. The birth of Jinggangshan brand motorcycle has written a brilliant page in the history of motorcycle development in China. The painstaking efforts and sweat of the predecessors who created the history of motorcycles in China have gone through such hardships, and their immortal feats will remain in our hearts forever.
Before liberation, there was no motorcycle industry in China. After the founding of New China, the first thing to do is to strengthen the technical force, so we hired 1943 Zhang, an engineer who graduated from National Southwest Associated University (Tsinghua University), as the technical director, and recruited technical personnel from all over the country, such as technical backbones such as Gao Keli, Gao, Li, Li and Li, and some motorcycle technicians who know the performance and structure of motorcycles. Subsequently, we bought some famous European and American cars from Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai: 166 Cannon, Oulai, Shengli, Harry and Japanese Daliu Motorcycle, and made long-distance road comparison tests and vehicle technical performance analysis. According to the domestic road conditions and the requirements of the military at that time, combined with the technology and equipment capabilities of the Sixth Automobile Factory, we finally decided to choose K5(D) from Germany. The car was equipped with German troops during World War II. After long-term test, it is durable, low center of gravity, convenient to drive, simple in structure and low in technical difficulty, and suitable for production in auto parts factory.
After the prototype was selected, the technicians used the factory for nearly three months to complete the mapping of the prototype at the end of 1950 and 12, and * * * completed 542 product drawings and 85 sets of process equipment and mold drawings. In the process of surveying and mapping design, technicians have encountered many difficulties, such as the lack of necessary mechanical design calculation data and technical standards for reference. When they encounter precision machining parts such as bevel gears, the calculation is very laborious, so they burn the midnight oil and calculate repeatedly by hand and abacus. When they encounter parts with complex surfaces such as oil tanks and no measuring equipment, they make multiple sections, find points in the sections, measure them bit by bit, and draw curved surfaces. After the product drawings are designed, it is more difficult to organize trial production and small batch production. At that time, the national economy was there; During the recovery period, everything was in full swing, the scars of the war had not healed, and the war to resist US aggression and aid Korea had fled, which made the young Republic of * * * very difficult. There is no basic industry, no motorcycle parts manufacturer, and even the minimum supply of raw materials is very scarce. Many raw materials such as thin steel plates and seamless steel belts need to be manufactured by themselves. To organize production, we must implement the standard "small but complete" production mode. Of the 838 parts of Jinggangshan brand motorcycles, only a few parts such as rolling bearings, brake pads, chains, generators, tires and electrical instruments are purchased and outsourced, and the remaining 750 parts are manufactured by No.6 Automobile Parts Factory, with a self-made rate of 90%. Most of the machinery and equipment in the factory are worn-out lathes, milling machines and drilling machines. Most of the parts can't be processed, and they are all made by workers and technicians. For the processing of spiral bevel gears on engines, without gear processing equipment, gear experts came to Zhuang Chao engineers to design and manufacture special indexing fixtures and install them on universal milling machines for processing. The front and rear rims are molded, and there is no special rolling mill with large tonnage. They use simple cast iron to draw the die, then roll the steel strip into a circle and butt weld it. Several holes l with high precision in the crankcase are not machined by coordinate boring machine, so the template is used to find the right holes one by one on the lathe for rounding; There is no special machine tool for machining gears, cams, pistons, etc. All samples are used as templates for copying and milling on ordinary machine tools; The casting is directly cast with the sample as the mold, and then hand-formed. All the rice nuggets are shaped by hand, then coated with thick paint pad mud, polished with sand skin and then colored by hand; The spline shaft, carburetor and other precision parts in the engine are all processed by Sun, a senior mechanic, with superb fitter skills to overcome one difficulty after another. The fit clearance between cylinder and piston is strict, and the material performance is high. They collect similar waste cylinders and pistons, smelt them, conduct road tests one by one, and prepare them one by one. Crankshaft connecting rod and other key assembly parts need to be tested for action and static balance. Without balance testing equipment, they will be tested one by one by local methods ... countless unimaginable difficulties have been overcome by workers and technicians. In the absence of special equipment, technical transformation was carried out from L 1, and the worn-out ordinary machine tools were transformed into special planes capable of processing motorcycle parts, such as transforming the old lathe into a gearbox lathe and a special plane for processing left and right crankcase covers; Transform the old vertical drilling machine into a cylinder honing machine and a "double copying lathe" for piston outer diameter, etc ... When encountering technical problems, the employees of the whole factory put forward more than 200 rationalization suggestions in the "fault finding" activity, which improved the production efficiency and product quality.
In order to expand the scale of motorcycle production, in June, 5438+095 1 10, the General Logistics Department of the Military Commission instructed Nanjing No.3 Automobile Manufacturing and Distribution Factory (predecessor of Nanjing Automobile Factory, gun repair shop before liberation) to cooperate with Beijing No.6 Automobile Parts Factory to produce "Jinggangshan" brand motorcycles. Nanjing Auto Parts Factory No.3 is responsible for manufacturing engines, fuel tanks, front forks and vehicle tools, while Beijing Auto Parts Factory No.6 is responsible for manufacturing frames, transmission parts, front and rear wheels, brakes, cushions and gearboxes. Both factories undertake the task of motorcycle pawn assembly. By the end of 1953, the annual output has exceeded 1000.
1954, in order to meet the needs of military operations, the factory added sidecars according to the Soviet M72 model, trial-produced sidecars (see Figure 3), and put them into mass production. After 1955, due to the change of jeep production and factory affiliation, 1 stopped the production of special purpose vehicles. From June 195 1. By the end of 1954, a total of 3,248 motorcycles of 176l "Jinggangshan" brand and 1487 side tricycle were produced.
"The road is slow, Xiu Yuan, I want to go up and down!" The achievements of the predecessors who promoted the motorcycle history in China have created the youth and dreams of the new Chinese people, and inspired generations of "motorcyclists" to continue to struggle for this. Although the road ahead is still bumpy, the dream of becoming a motorcycle power will surely come true.