Which language in the world has the most declensions? What are the cases?
It is said that Tabasaran, a Caucasian language, has more than forty declensions that are recorded in Guinness World Records What countries are there in the world and what languages ??do they speak?
There are 224 countries and regions in the world
Among them, there are 193 countries and 31 regions. Among them:
Asia (48 countries)
East Asia: China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan (5)
Southeast Asia: Philippines, Vietnam, Laos China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Indonesia,
East Timor (11)
South Asia: Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka , Maldives (7)
Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan (5)
West Asia: Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon , Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, Yemen, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cyprus (20)
Europe (43 countries/1 region)
Northern Europe: Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Faroe Islands (Denmark) (6)
Eastern Europe: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova (7)
Central Europe: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein (8)
Western Europe: United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Monaco (7)
Southern Europe: Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Slovenia, Croatia Ethiopia, Bosnia and Mezegovina
Italy, Vatican City, San Marino, Malta, Spain, Portugal, Andorra (16)
Africa (53 countries /6 regions)
North Africa: Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal) (8)
East Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Seychelles (10)
Central Africa: Chad, Central Africa, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo (ie: Congo (Brazzaville)), Democratic Republic of the Congo (ie: Congo (Kinshasa)), Santo Tou United States and Principe (8)
West Africa: Mauritania, Western Sahara (Note: Not independent, please see:), Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso , Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Lion Rock, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Canary Islands (West) (18)
South Africa: Zambia, Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius , Reunion (France), Saint Helena (English) (15) How many languages ??are there in the world, and what are they?
How many languages ??are there in the world?
Too many to name. Which language is spoken by the most people in the world? Is there Esperanto?
World languages Classification
How many languages ??are there in the world? One says there are more than 7,000 kinds, another says there are more than 5,000 kinds, another says there are more than 2,000 kinds, there is no definite conclusion. There are only more than 140 languages ??spoken by more than 1 million people. Among them, Chinese has the largest population, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's population. Therefore, Chinese is one of the six working languages ??designated by the United Nations, the other five languages ??are English, Russian, German, French and Spanish. Some languages ??are only spoken by thousands or even hundreds of people, such as the indigenous Indian languages ??in the Americas, the Oroqen and Hezhe languages ??in China.
There are generally two classification standards for world languages:
One is classification based on structure, that is, classification based on the characteristics of language structure.
1: Lexically attached language. When the words of this language are used in sentences, the word form does not express the form of grammatical relationships. Other words must be attached to the sentences to express the grammatical relationships. For example, time in Chinese must be expressed by adding words such as "now, yesterday, tomorrow".
2 alphabetical language. The main feature of this language is that it relies on word endings, suffixes and suffixes (using certain letter combinations) to produce grammatical forms and express various language relationships. For example, changes in gender, number, case, and position of words in English and Russian are all expressed by word endings and suffixes. Most Indo-European languages ??fall into this category.
3. Mixed type: both of the above. For example, in Japanese, the subject, adverbial, and object are represented by the letters \"が,に,を\" respectively, while the present tense and past tense are represented by the vocabulary \"ぁります, ぁりますした\".
The second is pedigree classification. Genealogical classification is to divide the world's languages ??into several language families based on the historical origins, geographical location, and kinship relationships of the languages. Within the language families, they are further divided into several language families, and below the language families, they are further divided into several language branches.
The world's languages ??are also classified in different ways. The more famous ones are:
1. Classification of Peking University, China
Xu Tongqiang and Hu Jicheng, professors of the Chinese Department of Peking University, China, classified the world's languages ??into 13 language families and 45 language families. The 13 language families are: Sino-Tibetan, Indo-European, Caucasian, Uralic, Altaic, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Semitic-African, and Niger-Kordofan Language family, Nilo-Saharan language family, Khoisan language family, North American Indian language family.
2. Genetic classification of Simon University in the UK
(1) Eurasian language family, including Sino-Tibetan language family and Indo-European language family.
(2) Pacific and African languages, including languages ??from other countries except Eurasian languages ??and North and South America.
(3). North American language family: North American indigenous Indian languages.
(4). South American language family: South American indigenous Indian language.
3. Australian National Standard Language Classification
Nordic language family, 5 language families, 16 language branches
Southern European language family, 5 language families, 16 language groups Branch
Eastern European language family, 7 language families, 25 language branches
Southwest Asian and North African language family, 3 language families, 21 language branches
South Asian language family, 5 language families, 16 language branches
Southeast Asian language family, 3 language families, 23 languages
East Asian language family, 4 language families, 15 language branches
Australian dialect family, 8 language families, 56 language branches
Other language families, 7 language families, 41 language branches
4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA) College) classification (completely by region)
African languages: North African, Afrikaans, East African, West African
Asian languages: North Asian, Austroasiatic, East Asian, West Asian Language family, Central Asian language family, Southeast Asian language family
Austro-Pacific language family: Australia and the Pacific Islands.
North American language family: the languages ??of North America, including indigenous Indian languages.
South American languages: languages ??of various countries in South America, including indigenous Indian languages.
European language family: Germanic language family, including English, German, Dutch, and the major languages ??of Scandinavia. The Latin language family includes French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. Slavic languages ??include Russian, Bulgarian, Polish, etc. The Baltic language family includes Latvian and Lithuanian.
The above classification methods all have the same shortcoming, that is, they do not include artificial international languages ????in the classification. In today's world, where man-made international languages ??have become so common, this is really a shame.
Based on the above, a more reasonable classification method should be:
1. Indo-European language family
Indo-European language family is the largest language family, divided into Germanic, Latin, Slavic, Baltic, Indian, Iranian, and other language families.
In the world, except for Asia (excluding South Asian countries), most countries on all continents use Indo-European languages ??as their mother tongue or official language. There are approximately 4 billion users, accounting for 70% of the world's population.
The Indo-European language family can be divided into:
Latin family: including French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian.
Germanic language family: including English, German, Dutch, and the major languages ??of Scandinavia.
Slavic languages: Russian, Bulgarian, Polish, Serbian, etc.
The Baltic language family includes Latvian and Lithuanian.
The Indian language family includes Sanskrit, Hindi, Pali, and the Dravidian branch (languages ??in southern India all belong to this branch).
The Iranian language family includes Persian, Afghani, etc.
Caucasian language family The languages ??of this language family are distributed in the Caucasus area. The main languages ????are Georgian, Chechen, etc.
The Uralic language family is divided into the Finnish and Ugric branches. The former includes Finnish, Estonian, etc., and the latter includes Hungarian, Mansi, etc.
2: The Sino-Tibetan language family is the second largest language family after the Indo-European language family. There are approximately 1.5 billion users. It is divided into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman, Zhuang-Don, Miao-Yao and other language families, including Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Karen, Zhuang, Miao, Yao, etc. It also includes various Altai language families, such as the Western Altaic language family and the East Altaic language family. The former includes the Turkic languages ????and the Chuvash language in the former Soviet Union, and the latter includes Mongolian and Evenki language in the former Soviet Union.
Three: Afro-Pacific languages: including languages ??from other countries except Eurasian languages ??and North and South America. This language is used by countries in Africa and the Pacific.
Nilo-Saharan language family: mainly languages ??spoken in northern and western Africa,
Niger-Congo language family: mainly languages ??spoken in central Africa, such as Niger, Congo, Sri Lanka Vasily etc.
Khoisan language family: mainly languages ??spoken in southern and eastern Africa, including Hottentot (Namibia), Bushman (South Africa, etc.), Sandawi (Tanzania, etc.) Nia, etc.).
Semitic-Hamitic language family (Semitic-Hamitic language family). Mainly used in the Middle East. Divided into Semitic and Hamic languages. The former includes Hebrew, Arabic, etc., and the latter includes ancient Egyptian, Hausa, etc.
Austronesian language family: Mainly includes the languages ??of Southeast Asia and Pacific island countries, such as Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Fijian, Maori, etc.
Native American Indian languages ??of North and South America. Such as Mayan, Eskimo-Aleut, etc.
Australian Aboriginal language.
4. Artificial International Languages
The differences in languages ??between countries have become an insurmountable obstacle for people to communicate with each other. Since ancient times, people have longed for a unified language. Especially in today's information age, it is even more necessary to have an internationally accepted language to enable people to communicate with each other. The first man-made language to gain greater international influence was Volapuk, created by German patriarch Schleyer in 1879. In 1887, the Polish Zamenhof created Esperanto. Mondlango. In addition to Volapuk, Datong and Esperanto, other man-made languages ??with greater influence include: Ido, Oidental, Novial, and Intringua (Interlingua), Glosa (Glosa), European Union language (Atlango), etc.
Introduction to Esperanto
Esperanto was created by the Polish Zamenhof in 1887, and its roots mainly come from Latin. It has a history of more than 100 years. Esperanto is easy to learn because its structure is simple, logical and regular. Compared to other languages, it takes a fraction of the time to learn Esperanto to achieve the same level of fluency. Esperanto is an international language. The reason why Esperanto is more international than French, English, Japanese, etc. is that it breaks the barriers of different countries and cultures and has a neutral status.
Esperanto is not affiliated with any race, country or religion. It allows people from different places to have a fair conversation. It will not give that party an advantage in the conversation just because their lingua franca is the mother tongue of either party.
Introduction to Datong Language
Among the artificial international languages, Datong Language was founded relatively late. However, precisely because it was founded relatively late, it can absorb the advantages of national languages ??and artificial international languages ??of various countries and abandon them. Its shortcomings make it the most reasonable language. Mondlango was pioneered by Chinese scholar Mr. He Yafu and is an international auxiliary language. Datong language is based on Esperanto and English, and also absorbs some Chinese factors in terms of grammar. Datong language uses the most common Latin alphabet in the world. As long as you learn the pronunciation and spelling rules of the 26 letters, you can read and write any word. All words are pronounced and spelled exactly the same. The vocabulary of Datong language is mainly derived from English and international roots, plus prefixes and suffixes, making it a language with strong word formation skills and easy to learn and remember. Grammar: The part of speech is expressed by the end of the word, and the changes are simple and regular. The basic word order is "subject + predicate + object", which is the same as the basic word order of Chinese and English. English is currently the most common language in the world. In addition to the Commonwealth countries, there are also North American countries, plus South Asian countries, with a population of more than 1.4 billion. In addition, there are many people who know English in every country, especially intellectuals. International scientific and technological trade exchanges are currently based on English, so it is very wise to use English as the basis, and it is easier to be accepted by people around the world. Which language is spoken by the most people in the world? Which__________number of people in the world?
Which__language__does_the_largest_______number of people in the world?
Which language is spoken by the most people in the world?
It should be Chinese. The large population is its characteristic. Which language in the world has the longest history
The origins of language are as old as the origins of human beings. However, human beings have recorded language materials in writing for only a few thousand years, and we have almost no idea of ??what was said in the tens of thousands of years before that. Therefore, all explanations about the origin of language so far are nothing more than assumptions. Some people put forward the "exclamation theory", which believes that language originates from interjections expressing emotions; some people put forward the "labor shout theory", which believes that language originates from shouts during heavy labor; some people put forward the "imitation theory", which believes that language originates from the understanding of nature. Imitation of original sounds; some people have proposed the "Dada theory", which believes that language originated from the tongue movements and gestures of "Dada" sounds; others have proposed the "singing theory", which believes that language originated from unclear hymns in primitive rituals. etc. None of these hypotheses can be verified by facts, so no one among the scientists is convinced. In order to avoid such fruitless debates from happening again, a foreign language society explicitly stipulates in its charter that no one who joins the society can talk about the origin of language.
Most experts in our country accept the origin of language from Marxism and believe that "labor creates language." When our ancestors fought against natural disasters in production and labor, they needed to work together and cooperate with each other. Naturally, they needed to use some kind of signal to unify everyone's actions. If various signals are marked by a certain sound, they become the original language. We can imagine a group of people lifting wood together. In order to unify the timing and direction of exerting force, don't we always shout "Hey yo, hi yo"? This "Hiyo, Hiyo" may not have any specific meaning at first, but as time goes by, when people hear this chant, they will naturally think of the meaning of "carrying things", so "Hiyo, Hiyo" becomes became the original language. Of course, there are two important conditions for the production of language, which are the complexity of the vocal organs and brain thinking. Labor enables apes to walk upright and makes their vocal organs conducive to making a variety of sounds; at the same time, it makes hands come into contact with various things more frequently, stimulates brain function and promotes the development of thinking.
What does the original language just created look like? Now we can only be sure that it has a sound and meaning, and there is no way to know anything else
Human beings have always been interested in the origin of language from ancient times to the present, and have proposed various explanations.
It turns out that when human social science was not developed, people chose religion to explain the origin of language. The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates once asserted that God has given names to all things and living beings on earth, so words are sacred things that can communicate with gods and are full of magical power. The ancient Western view believed that language was created by God. Both the Genesis chapter in the Old Testament and the Revelation of John in the New Testament talk about the birth of language, and mention that God gave Adam the supreme power to name all things.
Even some ancient emperors were extremely interested in the emergence of human language. A king of ancient Egypt once took an unexpected approach to discover what the first human language was. Once, when a child was born, he ordered a shepherd to put the child in the wilderness, and ordered him not to say anything to the child. He also had to take care of the child while tending the sheep, and waited until the child said the first word. Come report. More than a year later, the child said his first word bekos. The king immediately summoned scholars to study the origin of the word, and later found that it meant bread in Virginia. The king believed that the earliest word spoken by humans was bread.
However, due to the lack of admissible evidence for studying language before the emergence of writing, the question of the origin of language is actually just a conjecture. In the 1830s, a world conference on language was held in France. A resolution was made at the meeting that all speculations about the origin of language from Socrates and Plato to the present day were empty talk, and it was required that discussions about the origin of language be banned in the future. question. This resolution has been influential until now. Many modern linguists pay little attention to the origin of language and rarely study it.
However, a resolution cannot quench human curiosity, and it is always an unsolved problem for human linguists. In 1934, Turkey held a national linguistics conference to study what the world's first word was. Experts at the meeting half guessed and half compared, and proposed that sun was the earliest word that humans could speak. The specific process of reaching the conclusion is unclear due to lack of records.
There have always been divergent opinions about the origin of language, and the debate over what was the first word spoken by humans has never ceased.
What exactly led to the emergence of language? This is a matter of opinion. At present, there are four major theoretical explanation languages. The first view is that human language comes from imitation. For example, when ancient humans saw a dog barking in the wilderness, they imitated the barking of a dog and called it "woof". Later, they gradually used the "woof" sound to refer to dogs. The second view is the "ding-dong theory" that emerged in the early 19th century, that is, the naturalistic theory. This theory believes that everything in the world has an essence, and when the essence makes a sound, there will be an echo. This echo creates many words, such as ball in English, b stands for elasticity, and all stands for a round object. The third view is the familiar Marxist theory of the origin of language, which believes that labor creates language, and the original language developed from chants during labor. The fourth view proposes that language arises from emotion. Under the impact of emotions such as anger and happiness, strong air currents pass through the vocal cords to produce language. It is also believed that the sounds produced by the basic human emotions of joy, anger, sorrow, and joy form the most basic vocabulary.
The debate over the earliest words spoken by humans has never died down. An American linguist believes that the earliest language to appear is nouns, which should be the things that are most commonly contacted in life, such as various foods; the second should be adjectives, such as things that describe the characteristics of flowers, plants, and trees; the third is the call language, Refers to words used to call and express instructions. These words related to communication are closely related to human survival. From a cognitive perspective, this statement asserts that the birth of language should be related to human survival and social development, and it does have a certain scientific basis.
Some experts also studied it physiologically. They found that m, b and p are easier to pronounce. Words starting with these letters are the easiest words for humans to pronounce. Even when babies have no teeth, The sounds of m, b, and p are all easy to pronounce. If these sounds are connected with the first things they come into contact with, the earliest words will be born.
At present, there is no research on which word comes first, b, p or m, but it is true that words starting with m occupy an important position in Western languages. Take English as an example. There are many words related to m. A large number of words that describe the source of life, nurturing, care, essence, behavior, memory, food, character, etc. all start with m.
Although the world's languages ??are diverse, their initial origins are surprisingly consistent.
Why do many languages ??in the world show internal consistency? "Human language ability is intrinsic and is not acquired. What is acquired is the ability to organize complex language. For example, when a child wants to feed, the first sounds he pronounces are ma-ma and papa. In Indo-European languages, mama means The earliest word refers to ***. In addition, the sound produced by humans when they taste food is also related to the m sound. There are many words derived from m, which indeed shows that the origin of human vocabulary is closely related to m."
< p> Some people believe that children's language learning process is a living specimen for studying language learning by ancient humans. How much content can be referenced? Professor Zhu believes that human language has already been produced when modern babies learn language, and parents who often come into contact with them have already mastered language. This is completely different from the language produced by primitive humans in the wilderness. Sociolinguistics proves that the rule of language creation is two or three words at the beginning and then more and more words. The laws of modern language cannot prove how language came into being. So far, all the materials on children's language learning cannot explain the origin of human language.Moreover, parents’ joking expressions will affect babies. Even if they can talk about mother, it is the result of education. Even if a mother deliberately stopped talking to her baby and waited for the child to speak its first word, it would be difficult to authenticate the origin of human language. Because children in the house will hear the language communicated between their parents, and humans are born to imitate, the baby may hear fragments of words, so it cannot be proven that the first word he speaks is the first word spoken by ancient humans.
Some experts say that by comparing the sounds made by orangutans with human language, they hope to restore the situation when humans learn language, but these efforts have failed. Professor Zhu pointed out that primates can make 9 kinds of sounds, all of which are related to survival, but are not language. Humans may have dozens of ways to say there is danger ahead, but orangutans can only make "ah" sounds, and they can only repeat them. Human studies of language have tried to teach orangutans to speak to see if there are innate factors for mastering language. It was found that orangutans do not have the ability to learn language, proving that language ability is unique to humans. It is natural to want to find clues about the origin of human language from orangutans. It didn't work either.
The earliest human words were most likely produced in temperate regions, and the words originally spoken by ancient humans in various regions should have the same meaning.
How was human language born? In what era was it born? What was the first word spoken by our ancestors? After a long period of exploration, is everything still just a mystery?
What is gratifying is that in the study of Lithuanian, which is considered the ancestor of Indo-European languages, experts found that the earliest words include "wolf", "tree" and words for production tools . These are confirmed in other languages, but the words to express tropical climate situations do not exist. This shows that the Indo-European languages ??were first produced in the temperate zone, and that the earliest words of human beings were also produced in the temperate zone.
The emergence of words is closely related to society. The words that are most inseparable from human life are most likely to be the first words born. Although the geographical environment and pronunciation may be different in various countries and regions around the world, the meaning of the first pronunciation of the word should be similar and should be related to food and housing. This is determined by the social nature of language. To completely get rid of speculation and clarify the mystery of the origin of human language, we need newer evidence and the joint efforts of experts in linguistics, archaeology, anthropology and other fields.
(Reposted from 360 Q&A) How many languages ??are there in the world? Which ones are there? (All)
5000-7000 kinds
Do you want to write them all down? What are the fighting styles in the world?
Chinese Jeet Kune Do (created by Bruce Lee) ) Japanese ninjutsu, Chinese martial arts, Japanese karate, Japanese aikido, Japanese judo, Korean taekwondo, Muay Thai, Western boxing, French kicking, Israeli Krav Maga, Burmese boxing, Brazilian jiujitsu, Brazilian Capoville Fighting, what kinds of sugar are there in the world?
Sugar cubes, chocolate, Swiss candies, fruit candies, assorted candies, milk candies, peanut candies, sesame candies, corn candies, mint candies, lollipops, marshmallows, pastry candies, gummy candies, Toffee, coconut candy, popping candy.
Arrow categories: Green Arrow, Yellow Arrow, White Arrow, Coffee, Green Arrow and Green Tea.
Yida category: Yida blueberry, Yida lemon, Yida mint, Yida watermelon.
Bottled xylitols: Yida mint, Yida strawberry, Yida papaya, Langyi, Yida herbal, Yida white.
Classification of sugars
1. Monosaccharides (Monosaharide): Sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler forms. They can be divided into three-carbon sugars and four-carbon sugars according to the number of carbon atoms. Sugar, five-carbon sugar, six-carbon sugar, seven-carbon sugar, eight-carbon sugar, etc.
Glucose: A hydrolyzate from starch, sucrose, maltose and lactose. It is the most important sugar used by tissues. Due to high blood sugar, diabetic patients will also have a higher concentration of sugar in their urine, which is commonly known as glycosuria.
2. Disaharide: refers to those that can produce two molecules of the same or different monosaccharides after hydrolysis, such as sucrose, lactose and maltose.