The history of hundreds of surnames
As early as more than 5,000 years ago, surnames were formed in China and gradually developed and expanded, continuing from generation to generation. Seventy percent of the hundreds of surnames originate from Luoyang Yanshi.
"Surname" is one word in modern Chinese, but before the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was a clear distinction between surname and surname. Surnames originate from matrilineal society, and the same surname indicates blood relationship from the same maternal line. Most of the earliest surnames in China started with "female", such as: Ji, Jiang, Yao, Si, Gui, Ying, etc., indicating that these were clan groups passed down by different grandmothers. The emergence of the surname after the surname is the result of identifying blood relationships based on the paternal line. This is only possible when the patriarchal system is established.
"Guoyu·Jinyu" records: "In the past, Shaodian married the Youyu family and gave birth to Huangdi and Yandi. The Yellow Emperor was born from Ji water, and the Yandi was born from Jiang water. The virtues vary with each other, so Huangdi is Ji and Yandi is Ji. Jiang, the two emperors used teachers to help each other, which is why they have different virtues."
Therefore, when we read "Huangdi, Xuanyuan's surname, Ji", and "Yandi, Lieshan's surname, Jiang". "surname", it can be understood that the founder of the Chinese nation and the two emperors Yan and Huang originally belonged to two tribes or tribal alliances organized according to matrilineal blood relations, one with the surname Jiang and the other with the surname Ji, and they each had their own surname to represent their fathers. The clan name of the leader of the patriarchal system is Lieshan, Xuanyuan. The situation where surnames and surnames are strictly distinguished but used simultaneously shows that matriarchy has given way to patriarchy, but the influence of matriarchal society still exists, and this influence did not gradually disappear until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
"Hundred Family Surnames" has a history of more than a thousand years and has been widely circulated in China since the Northern Song Dynasty in the 10th century AD.
Who created "Hundred Family Surnames"? When did it take shape? When will it be published? These questions remain a mystery to this day. According to the research of scholars with written records in the Ming and Qing dynasties, "Hundred Family Surnames" existed long before the Song Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, it was edited and bound into a volume by an unknown Confucian scholar located in the Wu and Yue regions (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province).
Lu You, the famous patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty (1125-1210 AD), first mentioned hundreds of surnames in his poem "Autumn Light Rain". The poet indicated in his annotation that he was inspired by two books, one is "Zha Zi" and the other is "Hundred Family Surnames". From this we can see that "Hundred Family Surnames" began to circulate long before the Song Dynasty.
The imperial surname of the Song Dynasty was 'Zhao', and the surname of the king of Wuyue Kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was 'Qian'. A scholar of the Song Dynasty believed that 'Sun' was the surname of the wives and concubines of the Song Dynasty royal family, and 'Li' was the surname of Nan. The surname of Empress Li, the ruler of the Tang Dynasty. This is the origin of the sequence of "Zhao Qian, Sun Li" in the opening sentence of "Hundred Family Surnames".
The earliest printed version of "Hundred Family Surnames" discovered so far was published in the Yuan Dynasty (early fourteenth century AD). It was based on the phonetic and stroke correspondence of Chinese characters and Mongolian characters. However, the Yuan Dynasty version was incomplete, and the long-circulated "Hundred Family Surnames" was not completely included until the Ming Dynasty. It records a total of 438 surnames, of which 408 are single surnames, consisting of 102 lines, and 38 are compound surnames, compiled into 15 lines. The last line is the end of the Hundred Family Surnames, which is the completion of the Hundred Family Surnames. It consists of 118 lines and has 472 characters.
In the late Qing Dynasty, another book about hundreds of family surnames appeared - "Zengguang Hundred Family Surnames". The book recorded 444 single surnames and 60 compound surnames, and the concluding sentence was "Preface to the Hundred Family Surnames" ".
The existing Qing Dynasty version of "Hundred Family Surnames" contains both text and pictures. In addition to recording the names of historical celebrities and their families at the top of each page, there is also his image next to it; the lower half of each page is A short sentence consisting of four characters or a surname reads very much like an ancient four-line poem.
In the past, there were several revisions of "Hundred Family Surnames", such as: "Huang Zhou Surname" revised in the late Ming Dynasty, "Yu Zhi Bai Family Surnames" revised in the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty, and "Hundred Family Surnames" revised in the Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty ( AD 1851-1861) "Three Parts of Hundred Family Surnames" revised by Ding Yan. A lot of effort has been put into the presentation format of these modified surnames, and each book has its own characteristics.
Even so, they cannot replace the original manuscripts, which reflects the profound influence of the original manuscripts on subsequent creations.
"Hundred Family Surnames" is not only widely circulated among the Han people, but its translations are also spread among ethnic minorities who have friendly relations with the Han people, such as: Mongolian subtitles "Hundred Family Surnames" and Jurchen subtitles "Baijia Surnames" surname. This shows the profound influence of Baijia surnames.
In the Chinese surname culture, "Hundred Family Surnames" is the longest popular and most widely circulated elementary education textbook in our country. Its writing and popularization preceded the Three Character Classic. "Hundred Family Surnames" was originally an elementary school textbook compiled by a scholar from Qiantang (Hangzhou) in the early Northern Song Dynasty. It compiled common surnames into four-character rhymes, much like a four-character poem. Although its content has no literary content, But it is easy to read, easy to learn and remember. According to research by Wang Mingqing, a scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty, the arrangement of the first few surnames in "Hundred Family Surnames" is very particular. For example, Zhao refers to Zhao and Song Dynasties. Since it is the surname of the monarch, it should be the first; followed by Qian, Qian is the surname of Wu Yue in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The surname of the king; Sun is the surname of the concubine of King Qian Chu at that time; Li is the surname of King Li of the Southern Tang Dynasty, etc. Together with the "Three-Character Classic" and "The Thousand-Character Classic", it has become a fixed teaching material in ancient Chinese Mongolian studies. Therefore, it has been passed down to this day and has a profound influence. Being familiar with it has been beneficial both in ancient times and today.
There are many forms of surname origins, and they are constantly developing. The situation of having the same surname but having different origins, or having different surnames having the same origin is very complicated. "Hundred Family Surnames" initially collected 411 surnames, which were later expanded to more than 500. However, according to relevant reports, experts who study surnames have been able to collect thousands of surnames, including uncommon surnames, from ancient and modern documents. As the years went by, new surnames continued to appear. For example, when naming a child, the two single-syllable surnames of both men and women are combined into a compound surname, which adds a new member to the "family" of the surname.
"Hundred Family Surnames" originally collected 411 surnames and was expanded to 504 surnames, including 444 single surnames and 60 compound surnames.
The Song of Hundred Family Surnames
Zhao Qian Sun Li Zhou Wu Zheng Wang Feng Chen Chu Wei Jiang Shen Han Yang Zhu Qin You Xu He Lu Shi Zhang
Kong Cao Yanhua Jin Wei Tao Jiang Qixie, Zou Yu, Bai Shuidou, Zhang Yunsu, Pan Gexi, Fan Penglang
Lu Weichang, Ma Miao, Fenghua, Fang Yu, Ren, Yuan Liufeng, Bao Shi, Tang, Fei Lian, Xue Lei, He Ni Tang
Teng Yin, Luo Bi, Hao Wu, An, Chang Le At that time, Fu Pi, Bian Qikang, Wu Yuyuan, Bu Gu, Meng Pinghuang
He Mu Xiaoyin, Yao Shaozhan, Wang Qi, Mao Yu, Di Mibei, Ming Zang Ji, Fu Chengdai, Tan Song Maopang
Xiong Jishu, Qu Xiang, Zhu Dongliang Du Ruan Lan Min Xi Ji Ma Qiang Jia Lu Lou Wei Jiang Tong Yan Guo
Mei Sheng Lin Diao Zhong Xu Qiu Luo Gao Xia Cai Tian Fan Hu Ling Huo Yu Wan Zhi Ke Zan Guan Lu Mo
Jingfang Qiu Miaoqian Jie Yingzong Ding Xuanben Deng Yu Danhang Hongbao Zhuzuo Shi Cui Jiniu Gong
Cheng Ji Xing Hua Pei Lu Rong Weng Xun Yang Yu Huizhen Qu's family was granted the title of Rui Yi Chu Jin Ji Bing Mi Song
Fu Wu Wu Jiao Ba Gong Mu Kui Valley Che Hou Mi Peng Quan Xi Ban Yang Qiu Zhong Yi Palace in Jing Section
Ning Qiu Luan Bao Gan Zhu Li Rong Zu Wufu Liu Jing Zhan Shulong Ye Xingsi, Shao Gao, Li Jibo
Yin Su, Bai Huai, Pu Tai, Cong E, Soxian, Lai Zhuolin, Tu Mengchi, Qiao Yin, Xu Neng, Cang Shuang
Wen Xin Party, Zhai Tan, Gong Lao, Pang Ji Shen, Fu Du, Ran Zai Li Yong Quechu Sanggui Pu Niu Shouting
Bian Hu Yan Ji Jia Pu Shannong Wen Bie Zhuang Yan Chai Qu Yan Chong Mu Lian Ru Xi Huan Ai Yu Rong
Xiang Gu Yi Shen Ge Liao Yu Zhong Ji Juhengbudu Geng Manhong Kuang Guowen Kou Guanglu Quedong
Beat Shu Woli Wei Yue Kui Longshi Gong She Nie Chao Gou Ao Rong Lengzi Xin Kan Na Jian Raokong
Zeng Wansha is raising juxu, Fengchao, Guan Kuai, Xiang Xiang, Jinghong, traveling to Zhuquan, Lugai Yihuanggong
Wanqi Sima, official Ouyang Xiahou, Zhuge Wenren, Dongfang Helian, Huangfu Yuchi Gongyang
Tantai Gongye Zongzheng Puyang Chunyu Shanyu Taishu Shentu Gongsun Zhongsun Xuanyuan Linghu
Zhongli Yuwen Changsun Sun Murong Xian Yu Luqiu Situ Sikong Qi Guan Kou Jindu Ziche
Zhuansun Duanmu Wuma Gongxi Lacquer Carving Lezhengyang Si Gongliang Tuoba Jiagu Zaifu Guliang
Jin Chu Yan Fa Ruyan Tu Qin Duan Qian Baili Dongguo South Gate Huyan Guihai Sheep's tongue is microscopic
Yue After the situation of Shuai Feng Kang, there was Qinliangqiu, Zuoqiu, East Gate, West Gate, Shang Moushejibo rewarded Nangong
In the year of Moha Qiaoda, Aiyang Tong fifthly said blessings, and the surnames of hundreds of families ended
Hundreds of surnames The order of family surnames
According to a latest study supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, my country's new order of "one hundred family surnames" has been newly released.
The new order is:
Wang, Li, Zhang, Liu, Chen, Yang, Huang, Zhao, Zhou, Wu, Xu, Sun, Zhu, Ma, Hu, Guo, Lin, He, Gao, Liang, Zheng, Luo, Song, Xie, Tang, Han, Cao, Xu, Deng, Xiao, Feng, Zeng, Cheng, Cai, Peng, Pan, Yuan, Yu, Dong, Yu, Su, Ye, Lu, Wei, Jiang, Tian, ??Du, Ding, Shen, Jiang, Fan, Jiang, Fu, Zhong, Lu, Wang, Dai, Cui, Ren, Lu, Liao, Yao, Fang, Jin, Qiu, Xia, Tan, Wei, Jia, Zou, Shi, Xiong, Meng, Qin, Yan, Xue, Hou, Lei, Bai, Long, Duan, Hao, Kong, Shao, Shi, Mao, Chang, Wan, Gu, Lai, Wu, Kang, He, Yan, Yin, Qian, Shi, Niu, Hong, Gong, Qie.
The origin of “hundred family surnames”
1. A brief description of "Hundred Family Surnames".
When it comes to surnames, the one that people are most familiar with is naturally "Hundred Family Surnames". Because it, together with "Three Character Classic" and "Young Learning Qionglin", were included in the enlightenment books for children in the old days.
"Hundred Family Surnames" is named after "Hundred Family", with the actual collection of 408 single surnames. There are 30 compound surnames and a total of 438 surnames.
In the large family of the Chinese nation, there are more than 438 surnames, and even the number of Han surnames alone is more than this number. It is said that there are as many as 5,600 surnames found in documents. There are not only single surnames, compound surnames, but also three-character surnames. Four-character surnames and five-character surnames.
In addition, some ethnic groups have names but no surnames, such as the Dai people.
The surname "Hundred Family Surnames" begins with "Zhao" not because "Zhao" is the most common surname in the world, but because it was written by a Confucian scholar from Qiantang in the Song Dynasty. The emperor of the Song Dynasty was the Zhao family. "Zhao" naturally became "the first surname in the world"; if he was not ranked first, he would be guilty of "deceiving the emperor" and would cause trouble. In the Song Dynasty, the descendants of King Wu and Yue lived in Zhejiang, so, The surname "Qian" is ranked second, and Qian's concubine is named Sun. Taking advantage of the power of the Qian family, "Sun" is ranked third, probably because the royal family of the Southern Tang Dynasty is the Li family. .
2. The origin of 16 kinds of "hundred family surnames"
The first one is based on the totem worship of the ancestors.
Experts and scholars believe that some of my country's surnames evolved from totems, such as bear, horse, cow, sheep, dragon, phoenix, mountain, water, flower, leaf, etc. But unfortunately, this is just some speculation. Due to the long history and no prehistoric evidence, it is unknown which surnames originated from totem worship, because today's surnames such as "Bear", "Horse", "Ox", "Dragon" and "Hua" are not included in the history books. The origin can be found in legends and legends, but it has no connection with totems. Huang Di and Chi You fought in the wilderness of Zhuolu, and he led "Xiong, Hei, Xiu, Pi, Tiger" and so on. These "bear, 罴, 鲅, 貔, tiger" may be the names of the totem clans. However, it is difficult to find out which of the names of these clans were passed down and became the surnames of their descendants.
The well-documented "Guoyu·Jinyu" records: "In the past, Shaodian married the Youyu family and gave birth to Huangdi and Yandi. The Yellow Emperor was born from Ji water, and the Yandi was born from Jiang water. The virtues vary according to the merits, so the Yellow Emperor She is Ji, and Emperor Yan is Jiang. The two emperors used their teachers to help each other, which is why they have different virtues." , got the surname Jiang
Huangdi (Xuanyuan clan) was the son of Shaodian. He got the surname Ji because he grew up on the shore of Jishui.
Although Youjiang (Cheba) and Qiang (Qiang) have the same rhyme but different sounds, their sounds are very similar. And both words have the prefix "sheep". One is from sheep and from woman, the other is from sheep and from man. Judging from the composition of the word "Qiang", Qiang means "sheep people". In late ancient times, the Qiang people lived in northern my country, and their tribe or clan's totem may be a sheep. The Jiang clan is a branch of the Qiang clan. Perhaps due to phonetic errors, "Qiang" was changed to "Jiang", or perhaps due to the maternal influence of the matrilineal clan, the "man" under the sheep became the "female" under the sheep. . It was no accident that Emperor Yan took "Jiang" as his surname. Emperor Yan was the leader of a branch of the ancient Qiang tribe. A branch of the ancient Qiang Rong tribe headed by Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang who originally lived in the Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai areas merged with Dongyi and other tribes in the process of marching eastward to the Central Plains, and became the Huaxia tribe, the predecessor of the Han nationality.
The second type is to use the surname of the ancestor's name.
In the Spring and Autumn Period (Zian), King Ling of Zhou had a son named "Prince Nian Fu" ("Nian Fu" should be his name, and "Prince" indicates his identity, such as "Gongzi" and Gongsun). ) The descendants of Nianfu took the character "Nian" in their names as their surnames.
Xiong (Xiong) One of the five ancient emperors was Zhuan Xiang (Naoxu family, Ji surname), and his descendants were Chongli. He served as a fire official during the emperor's reign and was given the title of "Zhu Rong" by the emperor. When the Gong clan of the Han Dynasty rebelled, Zhu Rong was ordered to put down the rebellion. Kuang Rong was convicted of this and was killed by Emperor Yu. After Zhu Rong's death, his younger brother Wu Hui served as the Huoguan and still called him Zhu Rong. Wu Hui had a son, Lu Zhong, who married the leader of the Gui Fang clan. His younger sister was married to Ni, and she gave birth to eight sons, the sixth of whom was named Ji Lian.
Niu: After Zhengzi in the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was Niu Wen, who was named Sikou. " is the surname.
Yu: It comes from the surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the younger brother of Song Xianggong was "Sima Ziyu" (Sima is an official position, and Ziyu is his given name). Later generations named him Yuzhong "Yu" is the surname.
Jing: In the Spring and Autumn Period, Jing Bo, a senior official in the Yu State, took his surname as "Jing". After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Yu State, Jing Bo's descendant Jing Xi fled. Entering Thailand. Duke Mu of Qin named Jing Xi as his official, and he was granted the title of "Bai Sui".
Mu: In ancient times, the Yellow Emperor took "Li Mu" as his prime minister. Limu's descendants take their surname as "Mu".
Zhong: In ancient times, the son of Zhu Rong's younger brother Wu Hui (later also called Zhu Rong's) was called "Lu Zhong". Among the descendants of Lu Zhong, some have their surnames based on the character "Zhong" in their ancestor's name.
Chang: In ancient times, the Yellow Emperor once regarded "Chang Xian" as his prime minister. Chang Xian's descendants took the character "Chang" as their surname.
Kong: From the surname Zi. King Wu of Zhou Dynasty granted Shang Weizi a title in the Song Dynasty. After Weiyu's death, his younger brother Zhongyan inherited the fiefdom. After Zhong Yan, there was Fu Fu He, Fu Fu He, and his great-great-grandson named Jia, named Kong Fu. Mu Jinfu, the son of Kong's father, took the "Kong" in his father's character as his surname and settled in the state of Lu.
Lian: Zhuan Xiang’s great-grandson was named Lian, and his descendants took the surname “Lian” from the ancestral character.
Le: Comes from the surname Zi. The son of Duke Dai of Song Dynasty, Gongzi, was named Lefu, and his descendants took the "Le" character in their ancestor's "Lefu" as their surname.
Pi: There was a doctor named Fan Zhongpi in the Zhou Dynasty, and his descendants took the "Pi" character in their ancestor's name as their surname.
Gao: Because of the surname Jiang. Duke Wen of Qi is as tall as his son. Later generations took the "Gao" character in "Gongzi Gao" as their surname.
The third type is to use the name of the land and the country as the surname.
Song: Comes from the surname Zi. According to the "Book of Tang - Genealogy List of Prime Ministers", after Zhou Pingping denounced the Wukang rebellion in the 10th century BC, Wei Ziqi, the concubine brother of King Zhou of Shang, was granted the title of Song Dynasty. , established its capital in Shangqiu (in the south of present-day Shangqiu County, Henan Province). In 286 BC, the Song State was destroyed by the Qi State. Their descendants took the original country name "Song" as their surname.
Zhao: Zaofu, a descendant of Boyi, trained horses and drove horses. King Mu of Zhou often traveled around various places in the carriage driven by Cepheus. When something happened in the court, Cepheus would use his skillful driving skills to drive the carriage back in time. Because of his meritorious service in driving horses, Zaofu was granted land in Zhao (North Zhao Cheng, Hongdong County, Shanxi Province) by King Mu of Zhou Dynasty, and his descendants took "Zhao" as their surname.
Wu: Comes from the surname Ji. King Wu of Zhou granted Zhong Yong's great-grandson Yu Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) and established the Kingdom of Wu. His descendants took the country's name as their surname.
Zheng: From the surname Ji. In the Zhou Dynasty, he was less than a friend of Zheng (east of Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province) and established the Zheng Kingdom. The descendants of friends take "Zheng" as their surname.
Chen: After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he granted the title of Shun’s descendant Guiman to Chen (Huaiyang, Henan). After Guiman's death, he was posthumously named Chen Hugong. His descendants took "Chen" as their surname.
Wei: From the surname Ji. King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty named his uncle Mo and his uncle Wei, and established the Wei Kingdom with his uncle Kang and his grandson.
Jiang: From the surname Ji. Zhou Gongqie's son Qian Boling was granted the title of Chiang (Chiang Ji in the northeast of Gushi County, Henan Province) and established the Chiang Kingdom. He later took the country's surname.
Shen: It comes from the surname Ji. The son of King Wen of Zhou was bribed to be granted the title of Yu Shen (north of Pingyu County, Henan Province), and established the Shen State, and later took the country's surname.
Han: Comes from the surname Ji. The youngest son of King Wu of Zhou was granted the title of Han (northeast of Hejin County, Shanxi Province), and was later destroyed by the Jin Kingdom. Uncle Huan's son Wan was granted the title of Han. Wan's descendants bear the surname Han.
Qin: Comes from the surname Ying. After Boyi there was Ying Feizi. Not good at raising good horses, Zhou. King Xiao made Feiyu a vassal state in Qingu (southwest of Tianshui, Gansu Province) for his achievements in raising horses. Yongfeizi's grandson Qin Zhong was promoted to a prince because of his meritorious service. Qin unified the world and established the Qin Dynasty. After the fall of Qin, his descendants took Qin as their surname.
Xu: From the surname Jiang, a descendant of the Shennong family. King Wu of Zhou granted Uncle Wen to Xu and established the Xu Kingdom. Later, the surname was changed to the name of the country.
Lu: From the surname Jiang, a descendant of the Shennong family. Pingyi served as the official in charge of ceremonies during the Yao period, and assisted Dayu in flood control. He was granted the title of Lu for his merits, and later took the name of the country as his surname.
Qi: The fiefdom of Sun Lin's father, a doctor of the Wei Kingdom, was Weiyi (Northeast of Dongfeng, Ruyang County, Henan). Sun
Lin’s father’s grandson took his surname from Yi.
Xie: King Xuan of Zhou granted his uncle's surname Shenhou to Xie (south of Tang County, Henan). One of Shenhou's descendants took their fiefdom as their surname. .
Zou: In the Zhou Dynasty, Cao took his fiefdom to Zhu, and in the Warring States Period, the name of the country was changed to Zou. One of his descendants took the country's name as their surname.
Bo: From the Baihuang clan. Among the Baihuang clan, there was Bai Zhao, who was the master of Emperor Yan, and another who was also the master of Emperor Ku. His descendants were granted the surname of Yubai (southeast of Wuyang County, Henan Province), and later as a fief.
Zhang: From the surname Jiang.
Qi Taigong granted his concubine Ziguo (east of Dongping County, Shandong Province). The descendants of the concubine of the Grand Duke of Qi who were granted the title of Zhang, went to Yi to take the surname Zhang.
Su: Fan, the youngest son of Zhuanxu's descendant, was granted the title of Kunwu, and the descendants of Fan's concubine were granted the title of Su (Wen County, Henan). Later, he took the country's name as his surname.
Pan: The fifteenth son of King Wen of Zhou was named Gao. He was granted the title Bi and was called Bi Gonggao. Hua Gong Gao Youshu was granted the title of Pan, and later took the title of "Feng Di" as his surname.
Ge: Out of winning nature. After Zhuanxu, he was granted the title of Yuge (northeast of Ningling County, Henan Province). Later, he took the fief as his surname.
Fan: During the reign of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty, there was a doctor named Du Bo. His son Du Xian came to Jin State and was appointed as a scholar. He took his official name as his surname.
Peng: Qian Keng, the third son of Lu Zhong, a descendant of Zhuanxu, was granted the title Peng (a native of Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province) and was named the Great Peng family. Later generations took Peng as their surname.
Lu: From the surname Ji. Zhou Gongdan's son Qian Boqin was granted the title of Lu (in the Qufu area of ??Shandong Province) and founded the Lu Kingdom. The descendants who are afraid of food take the name of the country.
Wei: Out of tired Webster. The Xinwei family lived in Xinwei (southeast of Huaxian County, Henan Province) in the Xia Dynasty. They were princes along the way and established the Xinwei State, also known as the Wei State. The descendants of Wei Jun took Guo as their surname.
Miao: Chu ordered Yin Douzhi and Emperor Ben fled to Jin. Received the title of Miaoyi (southwest of Jiyuan County, Henan Province). Benhuang was also known as Miao Benhuang, and his descendants took Miao as their surname.
Ren: Because of the Xiong family. Huangdi's son Yuyang was granted the title of Ren, and Yuyang founded the country with Ren. Later, the country was named after his surname.
Liu: Duke Xiao of Lu had a son named Yu Zhan. His grandson Wuhai was named after his grandfather and was called Zhan Wuhai. Zhan Wuhai's son is called Zhan Shang. Zhanqin's fiefdom was Liuxia. After his death, he was named Hui. Therefore, they were both called Liu Xiahui, and their descendants took the first character of the fiefdom "Liuxia" as their surname.
The fourth type is based on occupation or official position as the surname.
Situ: An official name in ancient times. It is said that it was established during the time of Yao and Shun and continued until the Qin and Han Dynasties. Some people with this official position as their surname have the compound surname "Situ."
Sikong: It is said that this official position was established in ancient times and was responsible for the construction of major water conservancy projects in the world. During the reign of Emperor Yao, Dayu's official position was Sikong. Among the descendants of Dayu, some people took this as their surname.
Sima: The official position established in ancient times is military chief. Some descendants of people who were officials and horses have this official as their surname.
The fifth type is to take the name of a mountain or river as a surname.
Qiao: Because of the Xiong family. After the death of Huangdi, he was buried in Qiaoshan. Among the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, there were those who guarded the mausoleum, so they took the name of the mausoleum mountain: "Qiao" as their surname, and later generations named it "Qiao".
Ginger: From the Shennong family. Emperor Yan's Shennong family lived on the shores of Jiangshui (a tributary of the Wei River), so they took their surname from the river. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the feudal states of Qi, Shen, Lu, and Xu all had the surname Jiang.
The sixth type is based on the place of residence. The location is the surname.
Dongguo: comes from the surname Jiang. Guo is a wall built on the outside of the city in ancient times. Dongguo is the descendant of Duke Huan of Qi. There was a man who lived in the area east of Linzi City and was called Dongguo Doctor, and later generations took Dong as his surname.
Dongmen: From the surname of Ji, Duke Zhuang of Lu named him Gongzi Sui, whose given name was Xiangzhong. , lived near the east gate of Qufu City, and was known as Dongmen Xiangzhong.
Ximen: In the Spring and Autumn Period, both Qi and Zheng had noble officials living near the west gate of the capital. They were called Ximen, and some descendants took Ximen as their surname.
The seventh type was named after the tribe.
Huyan: During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Huyan tribe entered the Central Plains; Later, their Sinicized descendants took the original tribal name and added the "Chinese" "Huyan" as their surname.
Murong: During the Three Kingdoms period, the leader of the Xianbei tribe, Mo Huba, led his tribe to move to western Liaoning, and later to the north of Jicheng. (In Changli County, Hebei Province). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Mo Huba took "Murong" as the name of his tribe. Later, the people of the Murong tribe took Murong as their surname.
Yuwen: The Xianbei people called "Yu". , Yuwen means "son of heaven". The Yuwen clan was a member of the Xianbei tribe. The people of this tribe later took their tribal name as their surname.
Wanqi: Wanqi was originally the name of the Xianbei tribe.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Wanqi tribe entered the Central Plains and later adopted the tribe's surname.
The eighth type. Taking the vision at birth as his surname.
武: When the son of King Zhou Hu was born, his palm print showed the seal character "武". From this, King Ping of Zhou gave him the surname Wu.
The ninth type uses a posthumous title as the surname.
The so-called "shuo" is the title given to emperors, nobles, ministers, etc. after their death based on their deeds during their lifetime.
Mu: Because of the surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there was Duke Mu of the Song Dynasty, and his descendants had his posthumous name "Mu" as their surname.
Article: The surname Ji comes out. In the late Shang Dynasty, Ji Li, the leader of the Zhou clan, died. He wept after Ji Lu and was later named Xibo by him. After Xibosi died of illness, he succeeded King Wu of Zhou and completed the great cause of destroying Shang and established the Zhou Dynasty. King Wu later said that his father was King Wen of Zhou. Among the concubines of King Wen, some had their posthumous names as their surnames. As soon as the surname Gui came out. Tianwen, the grandson of King Wei of Qi, was named Mengchangjun. Lord Mengchang fled the chaos to the state of Wei. After his death, he was given the posthumous title Wenyu, and his descendants adopted his posthumous title "Wen" as their surname.
Kang: Zhou Gongqie's younger brother and uncle were granted land in Wei. After his death, he was named "waste", so he was also called Wei Kangshu. Wei Kang had a concubine who took his posthumous title as his surname.
The tenth type is a surname changed to avoid disaster, hatred, taboo and suspicion.
Gui: from the Jiong family. In the Han Dynasty, Jiong Heng had four sons. When there was trouble at home, the four sons fled, and one of them took refuge in Youzhou. Changed his surname to Gui.
Tian: One son has a fake surname. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Chen Wan, the son of Chen Li, fled to avoid disaster. He did not want to take the name of his country and changed his surname to "Tian". In the Ming Dynasty, King Zhu Di of Yan raised an army in the name of Huang Yucheng and others to overthrow Emperor Jianwen. Huang Yucheng's descendants changed their surname to Tian to avoid disaster.
The eleventh type is the surname given by the emperor.
Jin: Shaohao, who was revered as the Great Emperor of the West, was called Jintian because the West in the Five Elements Theory belongs to gold. His descendants had Jin as their surname. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, King Xiudun of the Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave him the surname Jin and the name Jin Rishan.
Liu: It comes from Tao Yong. After Yao, there was Liu Lei, who became the Du family of Tang Dynasty in the Zhou Dynasty. She Xi served as an official in the Jin Dynasty: he was a Shishi, also known as the Shi clan. Later, he was changed from the Shang clan to the Liu clan. Since Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, the surname Liu became a common surname in China. Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty changed Xiang Bo's surname to "Liu" because of his help in the past.
Zheng: From the surname Ji. King Zhou Li's youngest son was granted the title of Zheng, and some of his descendants took the country's surname. Ma Sanbao, an eunuch in the Ming Dynasty, was given the surname Zheng by Emperor Yongle for his meritorious service. Therefore, Ma Sanbao changed his surname to "Zheng He".
The twelfth type uses numerals, ranking order and heavenly stems and earthly branches as surnames.
Wan Shanzi’s surname is Ji. Bi Gonggao, the son of King Wen of Zhou, was later named Bi Wan. Some of Bi Wan's descendants took the "Wan" character in their ancestor's name as their surname.
C: Also written as Bing. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Bing Yu, a senior official of the Jin Dynasty, was granted the title of Bing (east of Chengwu County, Henan Province); later he took Bing (Bing) as his surname.
Thirteenth type, minority Han people change their surnames.
Yuan: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Yuan Gen, the official of the Wei State, took Yuan as his surname. In addition, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted the sinicization of the Xianbei people, causing the Xianbei people to switch to Hanyan, speak Chinese, and change the "Tuoba clan" to "Yuan clan."
Among the minority people with Han surnames, there are also the famous father and son Li Keyong and Li Cunxu. Li Keyong was the son of Zhu Ye Chixin, the leader of the Shatuo tribe. He once led Shatuo Wen to help the Tang Dynasty defeat Huangchao Chang'an, served as the governor of Hedong, and was promoted to the king of Jin. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Li Cunxu, whose surname was "Li", raised an army and established the Later Tang Dynasty.
In the fourteenth category, Han people change their surnames to ethnic minority surnames.
During the Liao, Xia, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, a large number of Han people converted to ethnic minorities.
The fifteenth category is the surnames of some ethnic minorities.
The Manchu people have the Mukun organization, which originated from the surname society and is the grassroots kinship organization that constitutes the Manchu society. A mukun consists of one or several families. The same Mu Kun has only one surname; several Mu Kuns from the same clan have several Han surnames. For example, the five mukuns of the Wuya clan have the surnames Wu, Mu, Bao, Huang, and Shao respectively; the four mukuns of the Ningguta clan have the surnames of Liu and Ning; and the mukuns of the Xitala clan (Living in today's Yongling Town, Xinbin County) took Tu as his surname, and Mu Kun, who lived in Shengjing, took Zhu as his surname.
The Zhuang people’s descent is calculated through the patriline, and children take their father’s surname.
After the daughter is born, a double surname must be added, that is, the husband's surname comes first and the father's surname comes last. For example, if her husband's surname is Mo and her father's surname is Luo, she will be called "Mo Luo". This name is the same as the old custom of the Han people (Zhang Wang's family, Li Yang's family, etc.
The sixteenth type is a surname that is easy to mispronounce.
Because Chinese characters have many polyphonic characters and The ancient pronunciation has changed, so some surnames are easily mispronounced. For example, Wanqi is pronounced as Moqi (Moqi), which is often mispronounced as "Wanshou".
The pronunciation of Wanqi is OU. ) is often pronounced as "区" (qu)
Hei, pronounced as He (He), and often mispronounced as "黑" (hei)
Gai, pronounced as He. Ge (ge) is often pronounced as "gai"
Chaben means to examine or examine, and is pronounced chá, but as a surname, it should be pronounced zhā. It is the real name of the famous martial arts novelist Mr. Jin Yong. It is Zha Liangyong.
When it means to teach or teach, it is pronounced jiāo, but when it is used as a surname, it should be pronounced jiào.
The original meaning of ren is trust, responsibility, and anything. When pronouncing it as a surname, the representative figure is Comrade Ren Bishi.
When referring to the meaning of once and never, it is pronounced as céng, but as a surname, it is pronounced as "zēng" in ancient times. Zeng Gong, one of the "Eight Great Masters", Zeng Guofan, a famous minister in the Qing Dynasty, and now Hong Kong Chief Executive Tsang Yam-kuan.
Miao originally means repair. If it is used to pronounce móu when "preparing for a rainy day", but when used as a surname, it is pronounced Miào, the representative figure is Miao Suyun, a famous female court painter in the late Qing Dynasty.
Sheng originally means light, pronounced as shèng, such as Guangsheng Group, a large enterprise in Guangdong Province, but it is pronounced as chéng.