H1N1 virus
H1N1 is a virus in the Orthomyxoviridae family. Its hosts are birds and some mammals. All subtypes of the H1N1 virus have been isolated from wild birds, but the disease is rare. Some H1N1 viruses cause severe disease mostly in poultry but rarely in humans. However, through the spread and mutation of birds and mammals, this may lead to epidemics or widespread spread of human influenza.
In the same series as H1N1 are H5N1, H7N2, H1N7, H7N3, H13N6, H5N9, H11N6, H3N8, H9N2, H5N2, H4N8, H10N7, H2N2, H8N4, H14N5, H6N5, H12N5 and so on.
Variants
Variants sometimes change depending on the host. There are mainly the following types:
*Bird flu
*Human flu
*Swine flu
*Horse flu
*Dog influenza
It is also sometimes named after its lethality in poultry, especially chickens:
*Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)
< p>*Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (Avian Flu), also known as: Fatal Flu or Avian Flu DeathThe H1N1 is marked based on an H number (type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (type of neuraminidase). Each subtype of avian influenza virus has mutated into various strains with different pathogenic profiles; some are pathogenic to one species but others are not pathogenic to multiple species. The most well-known strains went extinct.
The H1N1 virus is a negative, single-stranded, segmented RNA virus. There are 16 different HA antigens (H1 to H16) and 9 different applicable antigens (N1 to N9)
Heredity
Its viral structure is in the form of spherical or filamentous . Clinical isolates that have undergone limited assay procedures and tissue culture have more filamentous than spherical particles, but mainly consist of spherical particles.
The H1N1 virus genome contains 8 monomers (unpaired) RNA chain codes for 11 proteins (HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, NS1, NEP, PA, PB1, PB1-F2, PB2). The total genome size is 13588. The segmented nature of the genome allows the entire gene to be present simultaneously in different viral vectors in cells. The eight RNA parts are:
* HA encodes the hemagglutinin that infects the host organism. Influenza virus buds from apical surface polarized epithelial cells (such as bronchial epithelial cells) into the luminal lung and is therefore usually pneumotropic. The reason is that the tryptase-like enzymes of HA are limited to the lungs. However, the 2004 H5 and H7 subtypes of avian influenza virus allow the virus to grow in other organs faster than infecting the lungs.
*NA neuraminidase.
*NP nucleoprotein.
*M matrix protein.
* Two distinct non-structural proteins of NS (NS1 and NEP).
*PA RNA polymerase.
* PB1 RNA polymerase and PB1-F2 generation protein.
* PB2 RNA polymerase.
The synthesis of RNA and nuclear proteins occurs in the nucleus, and the synthesis of proteins occurs in the cytoplasm. The viral core leaves the cell nucleus and transplants to the cell membrane, plaques viral transmembrane proteins (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase protein and M2) and a basic layer of supply M1 protein, and through these additions, complete the release of the enveloped virus into the cell external fluid.
In 1998, an H3N2 subtype h1n1 strain was isolated from North Carolina, USA. Its HA, NA and PB1 genes are human influenza virus genes, and M, NP and NS genes are swine influenza virus genes. PB2 and PA genes are avian influenza virus genes [10]. In 1978, the H1N2h1n1 outbreak in Japan was a new subtype resulting from the recombination of H1N1 and H3N2 genes [11]. H9N2 influenza virus was isolated from Shandong pigs in China, and analysis may be the result of recombination of chicken and duck influenza viruses [10].
After the H9N2 subtype influenza virus was first isolated from pigs in 1998, research showed that through partial sequence analysis, it was found that the pig-derived H9N2 subtype was highly homologous to the avian influenza virus isolated in China. Cross-infection and transmission between SI and human influenza can also occur. In 1978, H3N2 subtype h1n1 was isolated from a pig herd in Taiwan. Through sequencing, it was found that this virus had recombination of human influenza virus and SI virus gene fragments [12].
Due to the greater immune pressure on h1n1, amino acid changes in the eight gene segments have continued to accumulate, and its antigenic variation is obvious. In an isolated geographical environment, h1n1 can persist and maintain relative genetic stability [13-14].
Pigs, as "mixers" of influenza viruses, play an important role in the process of influenza viruses crossing species barriers to infect new hosts. Since porcine epithelial cells have sialic acid 2,6-galactopyranoside and sialic acid 2,3-galactopyranoside, human influenza virus can bind to the former, and avian influenza virus can bind to the latter. Therefore, porcine epithelial cells can be Human influenza virus and avian influenza virus infection, and become a living vector for genetic recombination between strains [15-16].
Because h1n1 can directly infect people, causing human illness or death, its public health significance is becoming increasingly significant. Strengthening research on h1n1 is of far-reaching significance in reducing world economic losses and improving human health.
[Edit this paragraph] A detailed introduction to the epidemic situation
H is called hemagglutinin and N is called neuraminidase. They are both glycoproteins and are distributed in the virus. surface. H has 1-15 subtypes and N has 1-9 subtypes (in the case of A viruses). Due to the different combinations of H and N, the virus has different virulence and transmission speed.
The 1918-1920 Pandemic. This epidemic first occurred in the eastern United States in January 1918, and became popular among the French army in April 1918. It then spread rapidly and affected the whole world. The pandemic has been called the largest plague in human history, with the total number of deaths estimated to be around 20 million. Regarding the pathogen of this pandemic, according to serological traceability, it is believed to be caused by the swine Hsw1N1 (H1N1) influenza virus.
On April 25, 2009, an outbreak of swine flu was suddenly reported in Mexico.
U.S. government officials said on the 28th that they are considering changing the name of the currently raging influenza epidemic because "swine flu" will cause people to misunderstand that the outbreaks in Mexico, the United States and other countries are related to the consumption of pork. related.
The Associated Press reported that this virus is actually a mixture that combines the characteristics of swine influenza virus, human influenza virus and avian influenza virus. U.S. officials believe that although the swine flu virus played a certain role, it is not accurate to simply name the current influenza "swine flu". Instead, it will have a serious impact on the export of North American pork and pork products.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says you cannot get swine flu from eating pork, and the virus may now be spread between people.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that the swine flu was renamed "Influenza A (H1N1)" because the virus was not spread by pigs.
Swine influenza virus (SIV) is an orthomyxovirus that can cause endemic influenza in pigs. The viruses currently isolated in laboratories are mostly identified as influenza C viruses or one of the subspecies of influenza A viruses. Type A influenza virus under an electron microscope. There are many different varieties of swine flu, including: H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2 and H2N3 subtypes of influenza A virus can cause swine flu infection.
The current outbreak of swine flu in Mexico is a respiratory infectious disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus. Preliminary research has detected that the virus is type A influenza virus and carries the H1N1 subtype swine influenza virus strain. , which contains DNA gene fragments of three influenza viruses: avian influenza, swine influenza and human influenza, and has characteristics of Asian swine flu and African swine flu viruses.
Reuters reported, citing the research results of American scientists, that the new influenza virus was called swine flu because scientists had detected the H1N1 subtype swine influenza virus strain in patients, but this new influenza Viruses have viral hybrid properties.
The World Health Organization stated that the virus causing swine flu this time was a new virus produced by the "shuffle effect" of avian influenza and human influenza. When different viruses meet, they exchange genes and mutate into new hybrid viruses, so humans lack immunity to them. This will make the scope and subsequent impact of the swine flu epidemic difficult to estimate. However, the aggressiveness of the virus, individual differences in human immunity and the comprehensive resistance humans have acquired from fighting various influenzas are all decisive factors in determining the status of this epidemic.
According to US records, human infection with H1N1 swine flu virus epidemics occurred in 1976 and 1988, resulting in two deaths.
2. What are the symptoms of swine flu?
The cross-species nature of influenza viruses can also cause humans to be infected with swine influenza viruses. The symptoms are similar to those of ordinary influenza, but the severity is very different. It usually presents with a sudden fever above 38 degrees, cough, headache, joint pain, nasal congestion, general fatigue and loss of appetite. Some people infected with the virus also experience symptoms such as runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. In some previously discovered cases, swine flu has also caused pneumonia, respiratory failure, and chronic deterioration in health. Some patients experience no discomfort at all, while others can be fatal. Professor Yuen Guoyong from the Department of Microbiology of the University of Hong Kong pointed out that swine flu mainly poses a greater threat to people with weak immunity. Therefore, as long as you stay healthy and continue to exercise, people do not need to worry too much.
3. How does swine flu spread?
Mexicans wear masks when taking the subway.
The spread of swine flu between groups is mainly through the coughs and sneezes of infected people. Infections are more likely to occur in densely populated environments. More and more evidence shows that trace amounts of the virus can remain on desktops, Telephones or other flat surfaces, and then spread through contact between fingers and eyes, nose, and mouth. Therefore, try to avoid physical contact, including shaking hands, kissing, having a meal, etc. You can also become infected if you come into contact with something that has the swine flu virus on it and then touch your nose and mouth. An infected person may infect other people before symptoms appear, and symptoms usually occur within a week or more after infection. Children are contagious for a longer period of time.
Recently, new swine flu virus outbreaks have occurred in Mexico, the United States and other places. There are more than 4,000 suspected cases in Mexico, 152 people may have died from swine flu, and 50 people have been confirmed to be infected in the United States. NetEase Discovery will help you learn about swine flu.
4. How to prevent swine flu?
Mexico City requires citizens to stay at least 1.8 meters away from each other in public places.
One of the characteristics of this swine flu virus is that it is highly aggressive towards young adults. Most of the confirmed dead in Mexico are between the ages of 25 and 45. Health experts caution that it's difficult to prevent the spread of influenza after an outbreak, but common sense can help individuals protect themselves. They pointed out that the first priority is to wash hands. Alcohol-based hand soap or foam disinfectant is also very effective in killing bacteria or viruses. Richard Besser, acting director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), said: "Cover your coughs or sneezes and wash your hands frequently."
Will eating pork spread swine flu? Generally speaking, as long as the current H1N1 does not mutate, it can be killed by heating it to 71°C, so citizens do not need to worry blindly.
Because the antigens of the H1N1 subtype swine influenza virus are very different from the human H1N1 virus, seasonal influenza vaccines cannot provide protection for humans. To prevent infection, the following measures should be taken:
Keep your hands clean and wash them correctly. If there is no obvious dirt, alcohol hand rub can be used for disinfection.
Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth with hands.
Cover your mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing.
Do not spit anywhere. If you do spit, wrap the secretions and dispose of them in a covered trash can.
When you have symptoms of respiratory infection or fever, you should wear a mask and seek medical advice as soon as possible.
Do not go to work or school if you have flu symptoms.
If you develop fever or flu-like symptoms during travel or after returning, you should seek medical treatment immediately and inform the doctor of your travel history.
5. Is there a vaccine to prevent swine flu? Can swine flu be cured?
Currently, no vaccine has been developed against the swine flu virus. Because the H1N1 swine influenza virus is different from the H1N1 human influenza virus, existing influenza vaccines cannot protect against the H1N1 swine influenza virus. But four drugs that treat seasonal flu can prevent swine flu: amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir. Although they are all effective drugs for treating influenza, recent viral characteristics detected in swine flu patients indicate that it has become resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. Therefore, oseltamivir and zanamivir will be more effective in treatment and prevention.
6. Will it spread on a large scale?
For the first time since the H5N1 avian influenza spread in Hong Kong in 1997, the World Health Organization (hereinafter referred to as WHO) raised the influenza warning level from level three to level four. This means that the world must take urgent measures to deal with the challenges caused by swine flu.
The World Health Organization has raised the influenza warning from level three to level four this time, which has meant a qualitative change in the assessment of the risk of influenza. Because according to its classification, warnings from level one to level three only require member states to take preparedness measures, including strengthening capacity building and emergency preparedness measures; but if it reaches level four to level six, all countries are required to enter an emergency response state. and take necessary prevention and control measures.
In nature, influenza viruses have been circulating among animals, including birds and pigs. Although in theory, all these influenzas have a risk of infecting humans, as long as they do not pose a real risk to humans, the warning level is set to Level 1.
In the Level 2 warning stage, domestic or wild animals have caused human infections, posing a potential pandemic threat.
At the third level warning stage, influenza viruses from animals or viruses after reassortment of animal and human influenza have caused sporadic or small-scale (family-level) infections in humans; however, their overall human-to-human transmission ability , cannot be sustained yet. At the beginning of this year, the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza, which had sporadic cases in many places in China, is at this stage.
Pregnant women fell ill and died after coming into contact with sick pigs. In 1976, a swine flu epidemic occurred at a US military base in New Jersey. One soldier died of the illness and four other soldiers were hospitalized due to pneumonia. At first, experts worried that the virus was a variant of the "Spanish flu" that had killed millions of people, but fortunately the virus did not spread beyond the base.
[Edit this paragraph] Epidemic prevention and control
1. Swine flu whole virus inactivated vaccines (SLV inactivated vaccines)
Among the swine flu vaccines that have been developed , the most mature technology and used for production are mainly H1NI and H3N2 subtype monovalent or bivalent swine influenza whole virus inactivated vaccines. Most of them are oil-adjuvanted vaccines, and the inactivating agent generally uses formaldehyde or BEI. It is reported that the inactivated swine influenza vaccine can effectively protect weaned piglets and breeding pigs against SI, reduce the incidence rate by 30% to 70%, and reduce the mortality rate by 60% to 87%. Currently, this type of vaccine has been commercialized in many European and American countries, such as Intervet’s End-FLUence (with Imugen) and End-FLUence (with Microsol Diluvac Forte), Pfizer’s FluSure, and Schering Plough Animal Health’s MaxiVac -FIu, MaxiVac Excell 3 and more.
Domestic South China Agricultural University, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute and other units have also done a lot of work in the development of swine influenza oil emulsion inactivated vaccine. Their research results show that the H1 subtype prepared after cultivating domestically isolated strains; the unit price of 91H3 subtype and The Hl antibody titer of the bivalent swine flu oil emulsion inactivated vaccine can reach over 1:160 3 weeks after one immunization, the HI antibody level exceeds 1:400 4 weeks after immunization, and the NHI antibody titer can still remain at 12 weeks after immunization. 1:100 or above, exceeding the antibody positive standard of 1:80. If the second vaccination is carried out, the HI antibody level will be higher, and the effective protection period can reach more than 6 months, which can fully meet the epidemic prevention needs of pigs of various ages. At present, these vaccines have passed clinical testing and are applying for new veterinary drug certificates. It is believed that commercialized domestic vaccines will be launched on the market in the near future.
Although the swine influenza whole virus inactivated vaccine has the advantages of safety, high efficiency, low production cost, and long duration of effective antibodies, it also has the disadvantages of slow antibody production, weak ability to induce cellular immunity, and stress response. Strong and so on are not enough. In particular, most vaccine seed viruses come from popular strains. Once the virus leaks during the vaccine preparation process, it can easily cause environmental pollution and induce new epidemics. To this end, scientists are continuing to explore and develop new swine flu vaccines.
2. SLV subunit vaccines (SLV subunit vaccines)
Subunit vaccine is a vaccine made by obtaining the main immunogenic protein of the pathogen through physical and chemical methods or genetic engineering methods. , it can effectively avoid biosafety risks caused by using whole pathogens to produce vaccines, and is conducive to improving the concentration and purity of active ingredients in vaccines, as well as developing multivalent and multi-linked vaccines. Subunit vaccines that have been successfully developed include foot-and-mouth disease virus VPI subunit vaccine, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ribosome subunit vaccine, various bacterial exotoxin subunit vaccines, hepatitis B virus surface antigen subunit vaccine, etc. So far, the development of human influenza vaccines has gone through three stages. The first-generation vaccine is a whole-virus inactivated vaccine, the second-generation is a half-split vaccine, and the third-generation is a fully-split virus subunit vaccine. Compared with the first two generations of vaccines, the third generation of vaccines further removes macromolecular proteins and pyrogens from viral components that have little to do with immune function and have a stress effect on the body, and incorporates hemagglutinin (hemagglutinin), the main immune antigen of the influenza virus. HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are concentrated, so this vaccine has little stress on the body. After vaccination, the antibodies rise quickly and last for a long time. It has a good immune effect and higher biological safety. At present, the third-generation fully split influenza virus subunit vaccine has been fully used in the population in many countries. But for swine flu, the production cost of this subunit vaccine is too expensive, and it is unlikely to become a mainstream immune product in the short term. Instead, people are focusing more on the fourth-generation genetically engineered subunit vaccines.
There are many methods for constructing swine influenza virus subunit genetic engineering vaccines, among which the more commonly reported ones include:
1) Using prokaryotic expression system (E. coli system) or eukaryotic expression system The expression system (yeast system) expresses the HA gene and NA gene of the popular strain of swine influenza virus in vitro, and then harvests, concentrates and purifies the target protein, and then further prepares the vaccine for immunity. The advantages of this method are that the preparation process is simple, the yield of the target protein is large, and the main components can be quantitatively configured. However, since proteins expressed in vitro are difficult to maintain or restore the spatial structure of natural proteins, the protein purification process is complex and costly, and the overall immune effect is not as good as that of traditional whole-virus inactivated vaccines. Therefore, the process of this type of vaccine needs to be further improved. .
2) Clone the swine influenza virus immunogen (HA and NA) genes alone or in tandem with genes encoding cytokines (interleukin-6, gamma interferon, etc.) into eukaryotic expression plasmids, and then Recombinant DNA plasmids are introduced into body cells, expressed endogenously in the body and presented to the immune system, inducing the host to produce a specific immune response and exerting a protective effect. This is the so-called DNA vaccine. Research results show that DNA vaccines that rely solely on swine influenza virus HA gene immunity are not ideal (low levels of specific antibodies and poor virus protection). If the cells express some cytokines with immunomodulatory effects, or use DNA vaccines And then boosting immunity with conventional inactivated vaccines can significantly improve the level of immune protection.
But overall, the immune effect of this type of DNA vaccine is unreliable and reproducible. Compared with traditional whole-virus inactivated vaccines, there is still a certain gap. It will take a long time to go from the laboratory stage to the development of finished products.
3) Live vector genetically engineered subunit vaccine. At present, this is a vaccine that people have high hopes for and may be commercialized. Those used as vectors include human adenovirus 5 (HAd5), porcine adenovirus 3 (PAV3), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), baculovirus, etc. Among them, the more mature research is the swine influenza subunit genetic engineering vaccine using adenovirus as a vector. For example, some products developed by South China Agricultural University and other units have entered the stage of genetically modified safety evaluation and clinical trials, and the development prospects are expected to be good. Adenovirus vectors have many advantages: ① The adenovirus particles are relatively stable, the frequency of viral genome rearrangement is low, and they can be effectively replicated in packaging cells; ② The safety is good, and the integration of adenovirus and host genes has not yet been found; ③ The adenovirus genome is relatively small It is large (about 36kb) and has a large capacity for foreign genes (it has been confirmed that the insertion capacity of foreign DNA can reach 7.5kb); ④ In addition to multiplying in the intestines and respiratory tract, adenovirus can also infect liver cells and vascular endothelial cells. , vascular smooth muscle cells, glial cells and other somatic cells, and adenovirus infection does not have strict requirements on whether the recipient cells are in the dividing phase; ⑤ Adenovirus vectors can easily transfer foreign genes directly into target cells, so that It obtains effective expression. Research has confirmed that after 2 weeks of immunization of 40-day-old experimental pigs with a recombinant adenovirus vaccine (2×109TCID) carrying the H1N1 subtype swine influenza virus HA S~HNA gene, the Hl antibody level exceeded 1:160, which can effectively resist the same subtype of swine influenza virus. attack by virulent strains of swine influenza. While people are constantly developing new live vector genetically engineered vaccines, they are also working hard to solve problems such as antigen concentration, secondary immunity being interfered by primary immune antibodies, and some pigs being allergic to cell vaccines. It is hoped that this type of vaccine will be widely available in the near future. Application, as a supplement to traditional whole virus inactivated vaccines.
3 Chinese medicine treats swine flu
Swine flu, as a type of influenza, can be treated with traditional Chinese medicine theories and methods. From the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine, influenza is the feeling of external evil spirits. If the clear channel of the lung meridian is closed, the lung qi will not decline, and the person will inevitably suffer from runny nose, fever, aversion to wind, aversion to cold, headache and body pain, etc. The method is suitable for spreading, such as Guizhi Decoction, Ephedra Decoction, Pueraria lobata Decoction and so on. If it is not treated in time, it will turn into internal injury, causing the kidney yang to decline and the yin and cold to grow internally. The kidney collaterals are connected to the lungs, and the yang of the heart and lungs is insufficient, and the body fluid cannot be absorbed, and the nose will be clear. The patient must have no symptoms of external infection and will be sleepy and inactive. Shen, or sneezing non-stop, or cold feet, the method is suitable to support Yang, such as Sini Decoction, Baitong Decoction, Fengsui Dan, Ephedra, Aconite Asarum Decoction, Jianggui Decoction and so on.
Traditional Chinese medicine emphasizes syndrome differentiation and treatment, and treats different types of influenza separately. There is a trick: if you see sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, but no other symptoms, it is a cold due to internal cold. No matter how serious it is, take four doses. Ni Decoction and Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction will be effective, and the disease will be cured without leaving any sequelae. If you take other cold medicines, they are bound to be ineffective, and may aggravate the pathogenic factors and turn into serious diseases such as lung and kidney.
Therefore, taking drugs to treat the flu while treating external symptoms will not be very effective. Moreover, the yin evil will be trapped in the body, and it will definitely break out in a certain period of time. The current treatment methods of traditional Chinese and Western medicine all have the effect of converging Yin evil again. After repeated accumulation, it will eventually cause respiratory diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, pharyngitis, and tracheitis.
Treatment of influenza by traditional Chinese medicine is completely different from Western medicine. There is no need to consider the causative virus, but syndrome differentiation and treatment based on the specific symptoms of the patient. Therefore, whether it is swine flu or other types of influenza, traditional Chinese medicine can use the same method. Methods are used for treatment, and the premise of treatment is syndrome differentiation.
The onset time and region of influenza or plague have fixed rules to follow. Since influenza and plague both have "warm" and "dry" characteristics, they generally occur in spring and autumn or at the turn of the seasons. Therefore, epidemics in spring mostly start in the south and gradually develop northward as the temperature rises; while epidemics in autumn mostly start in the north and gradually develop southward as the temperature decreases. This is also the reason why influenza viruses (or endemic viruses) mutate with changes in climate temperature and human body temperature.
At the same time, the areas where influenza and plague occur are often closely related to local living habits (erosive lifestyle) and medical fashion (abuse of tonics, cold medicines or antibiotics). For example, plagues in poultry are mainly caused by factors such as castration and confinement, feeding with hormone-containing feed, stimulating large-scale egg production, etc., which greatly weaken the resistance of poultry and livestock [1], making it difficult to resist the plague. The reason why humans are infected with the plague is also due to lack of vitality and low immunity caused by lack of exercise, improper diet, and excessive sexual intercourse.
In short, with the rapid advancement of biotechnology, the development of swine flu vaccines will continue to advance, and new vaccines will be safer and more effective. However, it must be emphasized that the prevention and control of swine influenza must not rely solely on vaccine immunity. The key is to strengthen daily feeding and management, biosecurity protection and comprehensive epidemic prevention measures.
[Edit this paragraph] Items needed to prevent influenza
Recently, the Shanghai Pharmaceutical Commercial Industry Association partially released a product reference for the prevention and treatment of influenza A (H1N1):
Lotion : Hand sanitizer, soap, etc.
Disinfectant: "84", formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, potassium permanganate, ethylene oxide, peracetic acid, various air disinfectants, etc.
Protective equipment: masks, thermometers
Preventive and antiviral drugs: amantadine, rimantadine, viretin, ribavirin, etc.
Treatment (1) Symptomatic support.
Suspected and confirmed patients should be treated in local isolation, with emphasis on early treatment.
At present, comprehensive symptomatic and supportive treatment is mainly used for human infection with swine influenza. Pay attention to rest, drink more water, pay attention to nutrition, and closely observe changes in the condition; the first 48 hours after the onset of illness is the best treatment period. For those with high fever and obvious clinical symptoms, chest X-rays and blood gas checks should be taken.
(2) Drug treatment.
1. Antiviral treatment: Antiviral drugs should be used as early as possible, and oseltamivir (Tamiflu) can be tried. Tamiflu is a neuraminidase inhibitor that may have an inhibitory effect on swine influenza virus. The dose is 75 mg/d, and the treatment course is 5 days. It should be used with caution in children. Viruses isolated from recent swine influenza virus infections in the United States were sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir and resistant to amantadine and rimantadine.
2. Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be used if a bacterial infection occurs.
(3) TCM syndrome differentiation treatment.
1. The poison attacks Fei Wei.
Symptoms: fever, chills, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, and cough.
Treatment method: clear away heat and detoxify, clear the lungs and eliminate evil.
Reference prescriptions: Ephedra, almond, gypsum, bupleurum, skullcap, burdock, Qianghuo, licorice.
Commonly used Chinese patent medicines: Lianhua Qingwen capsules, Yinhuang preparations, and Shuanghuanglian oral preparations.
2. The poison attacks the lungs and stomach.
Symptoms: fever, aversion to cold, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, head, body, and muscle aches.
Treatment method: clear away heat and detoxify, neutralize dampness.
Reference prescriptions: Pueraria lobata, Scutellaria baicalensis, Coptis chinensis, Atractylodes lancea, Agastache rugosa, Ginger Pinellia, Perilla leaf, Magnolia officinalis.
Commonly used Chinese patent medicines: Pueraria lobata Qinlian pellets, Huoxiang Zhengqi preparations, etc.
3. Poison chokes the camp.
Symptoms: high fever, cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath, irritability, and even coma and delirium.
Treatment method: Qingqi Liangying.
Reference prescriptions: Ephedra, almond, Trichosanthes trichosanthes, raw rhubarb, raw gypsum, red peony root, buffalo horn.
If necessary, Angong Niuhuang Pills and Tanreqing, Xuebijing, Qingkailing, Xingnaojing Injection, etc. can be used.