2. Systematic taxonomy of bacteria and archaea:
1) Taxonomic status of bacteria and archaea:
From high to low: (Domain ), Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
Note: There is no kingdom in the taxonomy of bacteria and archaea!
3. How to name it?
The naming of species (bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, insects, etc.) in biology is based on Latin (or a combination of Latin and Greek) grammatical rules, and there are already written specifications. . For the naming of prokaryotic species, a special committee has also announced the corresponding naming rules, namely: International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.
2.1 Naming of species:
2.1.1 When naming, based on potential new species: ① Isolation source (such as soil, intestinal tract , human or animal origin, location of isolation, etc.); ② Morphological characteristics (such as: shape (spherical, rod-shaped, arc-shaped, wire-shaped)); ③ Cell size (such as: pointed at both ends, or rod-shaped), flagellum characteristics); ④ Colony morphology and texture (colony size, colony color); ⑥ growth speed; ⑦ whether pigments are produced; ⑧ whether to use specific carbon or nitrogen sources and other characteristics to name; ⑨ non-specific naming: such as naming it after a person or animal.
2.1.2 Species naming examples:
①According to the source of isolation: Blautia hominis Blautia hominis Subbacteria (human); Blautia intestini enterogenous Blautia bacteria (intestine intestinal); ②According to morphological and color characteristics: Blautia recta Straight rod Blautia bacteria (rectus straight); Blautia lenta slow-growing Blautia wangii (lentus slow, lazy); Blautia rubra red Blautia (ruber red); ③Personal and place names: Blautia wangii Wangii; Blautia beijingensis Beijing Blautia ;
2.1.3 How to translate and understand the complete species name (genus + species name):
2.1.3.1 Translation: the species name should be used as an adjective Generic names are translated and understood as nouns. For example: Roseburia (Roseburia or Roche) faecis (fecal) = fecal origin Roseburia;
2.2 Naming of genus:
2.2.1 When naming, the potential new genus is based on: ① source of isolation (such as soil, intestine, human or animal source, location of isolation, etc.); ② morphological characteristics (such as: shape (globose, globular, Rod-shaped, arc-shaped, thread-shaped); ③ cell size (such as: pointed at both ends, or rod-shaped), flagellum characteristics); ④ colony shape and texture (colony size, colony color); ⑥ growth speed; ⑦ whether pigment is produced; ⑧ whether Named using properties such as a specific carbon or nitrogen source.
2.2.2 Examples of naming of genus:
① Source of isolation (Humibacillus: soil ( humus) rod (bacillus=rod); Intestinibacter: enter (intestine) rod (bacter); Indibacter: Indian bacterium, indi=india India, bacter=rod rod); ②Shape and color Characteristics, etc. (such as: Rhodococcus: rhodon=the rose, rose, coccus spherical, rhodococcus); ③ combination of growth speed and cell characteristics: Lentibacillus: lentus (slow), bacillus=rod (rod (shaped)); ④ Personal names and place names: personal names (Zunongwangia); place names (Sinobacter, Sinae Chinese, sina Chinese, bacter = rod-shaped, Sinobacter); ⑤ Other physical and chemical properties: Butyratibacter produced Butyric acid bacterium, butyratum=butyrate, bacter=rod-shaped, butyric acid bacterium;
2.2 Naming of families:
< p>Naming is relatively simple for potential new subjects that have already been defined. For example: we identify an isolate as a potential novel genus (assuming: we name this genus: Xiaomingia), and it is phylogenetically close to the original family (neighbor). If the genera in the family are obviously different, then define it as a new family. At this time: take this new genus as the type genus of the family, and add Xiaomingia based on the name of the type genus. The upper family logo is suffixed with aceae to generate the name of the new family: Xiaomingiaeae (Xiaomingiaeae);
3.1 Gender of the species name (positive Masculine, negative Feminine, neutral Neuter)
Similar to many other languages ??(such as Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arabic, etc.), Latin also distinguishes the gender of words, namely: masculine, feminine, neuter. Specifically speaking: words with very clear gender (directly related to women/females) can be directly identified as feminine, such as amica (girlfriend); while words directly related to men/males can be directly identified as masculine. Such as: mustaceus (beard); there are also some words that are gender-neutral, such as Bacterium, bacteria.
3.1.1 The unity of gender of nouns and adjectives:
Other words describing masculine words (such as adjectives, verbs) also have Gender, that is to say, unified before and after.
For example: bellus (beautiful, feminine); bella (beautiful, masculine); bellum (beautiful, neutral)
3.1. 2. The distinction between masculine and feminine (only the regular feminine and masculine words at the end are discussed here, and those with inherent gender are directly ignored):
1) Masculine endings: us, i, o, e, os, is,er,io,ax,es
2) Feminine ending: as, a, ia, ea
3) Neutral ending: um, im, ii
3.1.3 Naming new species (note: species names are all lowercase, italics!):
3.1.3.1 Use Adjective species name: lentus slow, (yang/yin/medium: lentus/lenta/lentum)
1) Ruminococcus lentus: slow-growing Ruminococcus (literal translation: slow-growing Ruminococcus)
p>2) Pasteuria lenta: slow-growing Pasteurella (literal translation: slow-growing Pasteurella)
3) Halobacterium lentum: slow-growing halophilic bacteria (literal translation: slow-growing Pasteurella) slow halophilic bacteria)
3.1.3.2 Use place names to name species: For example, isolated in Nanjing
1) Ruminococcus nanjingensis: Ruminococcus nanjing
2) Pasteuria nanjingensis: Pasteurella nanjing
3) Halobacterium nanjingensis: Halobacterium nanjing
3.1.3.3 Use color to name species: For example, white
1) Ruminococcus albus: Ruminococcus alba
2) Pasteuria alba: Pasteurella alba
3 ) Halobacterium album: white halophilic bacteria
3.1.3.4 Use personal names to give species names: For example, John's
1) Ruminococcus johnii: Ruminococcus johnii Cocci
2) Pasteuria johnii: Pasteurella johnii
3) Halobacterium johnii: Halobacterium johnii
Note: For the above names of people and places For a detailed explanation of the naming rules, please refer to the corresponding explanation in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.
3.1.4 Naming a new genus (note: capitalize the first letter of the genus name, italics!):
3.1.4.1 As common Use a person’s name to name: Weng
1) Wengia lenta: Brachyphylla lenta, changes in specific parts of speech (ie: changes at the end, please refer to the above change rules)
p>
3.1.4.2 Use compound words to name: Lentus (slow) + coccus (spherical) = lenticoccus, Bradycoccus
1) lenticoccus albus: white Bradycoccus
3.2 Common mistakes in species naming:
1) Yin and masculine are not unified: for example, lenticoccus (masculine) alba (feminine)
2 ) Repeated naming: For example, if a word has been used as the scientific genus name (genus name) of a certain organism (microorganism, animal, plant, etc.), this word cannot be used repeatedly to name a new genus; in addition, if a species If a name has already been used, it cannot be reused; however, if a name is only used to name a species, you can use the genus format of the word to name a new genus, such as: Pasteuria johnii, johnii was used as the name of the species, and then we created Johnia, named the new genus Johnia (Johnella genus) with this, and then named a new species Johnia alba (white Jones). , although it can be done, it is not recommended. After all, the original intention of scientific nomenclature is to eliminate confusion (less chaotic!)
4. Some related learning resources :