Where did volleyball originate?

Inventor-American Morgan (there is no distinction between modern volleyball and ancient volleyball, and volleyball originated from the United States) (1) The "small net" was born, and the "flying ball" took off in the United States at the end of the 19th century. With the rise of the fourth industrial revolution marked by electric power technology, the economy developed rapidly, the labor productivity was greatly improved, the life of workers was improved, and people's lifestyles changed dramatically. Schools have included sports in the curriculum, women have gained more freedom of activities, community parks and entertainment programs have attracted cities, the improvement of traffic has made it possible for people to participate in sports activities, and the increase of publications has spread sports information. Rich time and money make people more and more interested in recreational activities and sports activities. In 1891, American james naismith invented basketball at Springfield College. Four years later, William G. Morgan, a graduate of Springfield College, just one year out of college in Holyoke City, Massachusetts, USA, only 1 miles away from where basketball was invented, took up the job of sports director of YMCA in Holyoke City. At work, he found that basketball is too intense for people who often sit in offices and older people. They don't want to run and collide out of breath on the court. They need a new sport to meet their needs of both sweating and being physically and mentally relaxed without being too tired. Morgan, a proud disciple of james naismith, lived up to people's and teachers' hopes. According to people's needs, he hung a tennis net in the gymnasium and used basketball courage to play back and forth over the net. Some techniques of tennis and handball are used in the play, and the rules are similar to baseball. It consists of 9 innings, and winning three points in a row is one inning. The number of players on both sides is not limited, but they must be equal. Morgan gave this form of exercise an interesting name "Mintonette", which means "small net". The activity of "Little Nets" meets the entertainment and sports needs of middle-aged people and is welcomed by people. As a result, volleyball has developed from the game of playing basketball. In 1896, the sports guidance meeting of the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA was held in Holyoke City. During the conference, the earliest "small net" competition in history was held, with five people from each team, and the captains of the two teams were the mayor of Holyoke, Kuran, and the fire chief, Lynch. Dr. A·T· hals, who watched the performance with great interest, felt that the meaning of the word "small net" was still unfinished, and proposed to change "Mintonette" to "Volleyball" to mean "flying ball in the air". This proposal vividly summarizes the nature of volleyball and is unanimously agreed by the participants. From then on, volleyball-a "flying ball" began to take off. (2) Basketball is lightly floating, and the pieces of leather are glued and formed. Basketball was originally used on the volleyball court. But basketball is too heavy and heavy to play, which hurts people's wrists and hurts their fingers easily. Basketball is not good, Morgan tries football again. But football has the same defects. So, Morgan took the basketball bladder out of the basketball, and the bladder was light and floating after being inflated, which was much better than basketball and football. But the bladder is too light to control the direction. Morgan found a large sporting goods company in the United States at that time and asked them to design a ball made of soft cowhide, which won't hurt your fingers and run away when you hit it. In this way, Spalding Company made the first batch of volleyball according to the design requirements of massage roots. The weight of the ball is 255g ~ 34g, the circumference is 63.5 ~ 68.6cm, and the rubber bladder is covered with leather sleeve or canvas sleeve, which is similar to the present volleyball. The weight and size of volleyball today evolved from this. In 1897, the United States first published 1 volleyball rules, which stipulated that the ball was a rubber bladder covered with leather or canvas, with a circumference of 63.5-68.6 cm and a weight of 34 grams. In 1947, when the FIVB was founded, the first international volleyball rules stipulated that the weight of volleyball was 25-3g, the circumference was 65-68.5cm, and the air pressure was .52-.58kg/cm2. Since then, block leather sewing has replaced leather cover or cloth cover, and gluing technology has replaced sewing technology, finally forming the present volleyball: the shell is made of soft leather, and the bladder is made of rubber or similar materials. (3) If the air pressure is too high, the ball will sink to death, and deflation and decompression will easily hit the weight of 25-3g, and the air pressure of .52-.58kg/cm2 will make the volleyball feel heavy, and there will be many interruptions in the game due to the high speed of the ball, especially the emergence of the cushion technique, which will make the arm hitting the ball just like hitting the stone with the arm. As a result, the FIVB constantly revised the rules to reduce the pressure of the ball. After the air pressure of the ball was reduced from .52 ~ .58 kg/cm2 to .48 ~ .52 kg/cm2, the ball was changed to: weight 26 ~ 28 g, circumference 65 ~ 67 cm, and air pressure .4 ~ .45 kg/cm2 in the regulations implemented on January 1, 1982. This provision was extended until 1996. However, with the development of volleyball skills and tactics and the improvement of volleyball players' physical fitness, the interruption in volleyball matches has also increased. According to the survey conducted by the FIVB Popularization Promotion Committee in 1995, the dead ball time accounts for 2/3 in volleyball matches. This greatly affects the appreciation of volleyball matches. In the survey of the most popular events by the FIVB Popularization Promotion Committee in 1995, volleyball ranked sixth after football, basketball, racing, track and field and skiing. This is far from the goal of FIVB to push volleyball into the first sport in the world. One of the main reasons for too many dead balls in volleyball match is that the ball speed is too fast. Therefore, under the leadership of its chairman, Professor Ma Qiwei of Beijing Sport University in China, the FIVB Rules Committee began to study the influence of balls with different air pressures on their flight speed and its application effect in competitions in 1995. The experimental study found an interesting phenomenon that even scientists can't explain at present: when the air pressure of the ball is .3 kg/cm2, the ball speed is the slowest and the players feel the best under the same hitting conditions. When the air pressure of the ball increases or decreases, the ball speed is faster than .3 kg/cm2. The match test in the world-class strong men's volleyball team also shows that the defense success rate is 54% when playing with the ball with current air pressure, and 73% when playing with the ball with .3 kg/cm2, which is 19% higher. This means that the defense is helped, the dead ball rate is reduced, and the excitement of the game is increased. According to the above experimental results, in August 1996, the Atlanta Congress of the International Volleyball Federation passed the revision of the rules of volleyball competition from 1997 to 2, and the new rules were implemented from January 1, 1997. The new rules stipulate that volleyball is made of soft leather with rubber or similar material inside, with a weight of 26-28g, a circumference of 65-67cm and an air pressure of .3-.325kg/cm2. (4) With the spread of "religion" and the appearance of volleyball sailing with "war", it spread to all countries in the world through the communication activities of the church and the military and war activities of the American army. Volleyball spread to Asia earlier. Through the spread of YMCA, volleyball was introduced to India in 19; Introduced to China in 195; Introduced to Japan in 198; It was introduced to the Philippines in 191. When volleyball was introduced to Asia, the rules were still in an incomplete stage. When the American missionary Tu Brown introduced volleyball to the Philippines in 191, he saw that Asian countries often played volleyball outdoors and had a large population. Considering that more people could participate in volleyball, he introduced volleyball with 16 players for serving. With the adoption of the first Far East Games in 1913, this 16-player system spread to Asian countries. In this way, all Asian countries have experienced the process of 16-player, 12-player and 9-player volleyball, and it was not until the 195s that 6-player volleyball was introduced. Up to now, nine-a-side volleyball matches can be seen in Asian countries. With the activities of the YMCA, volleyball entered some countries in America in the early 2th century. In 19, Canada became the first country to play volleyball outside the United States. Then volleyball was introduced to South American countries. Introduced to Cuba in 195; Introduced to Puerto Rico in 199; Introduced to Uruguay in 1912; It was introduced to Brazil in 1917. In American countries, people used to regard volleyball as a pastime and didn't pay attention to its competitive nature. It was not until it was listed as an Olympic event in 1964 that the cold reception of volleyball in America was improved. During the First World War (1914-1919) and in the years after the First World War, volleyball was included in the training plan of the US military training camp and extended to military camps in the United States and abroad. Thousands of volleyball and nets were sent to American soldiers. At the same time, it was also given as a gift to the allied sports officials. In this way, volleyball spread to the European continent and the Mediterranean coast with the military activities of the American army. Introduced to Britain in 1914; In 1917, it was introduced to France, Italy and Russia; It was introduced to Yugoslavia in 1918; It was introduced to Czechoslovakia and Poland in 1919; It was introduced to Germany in 1922. It is worth mentioning that in 1919, the United States sent troops to distribute 16, volleyball to its troops and allied forces, which greatly stimulated the development of volleyball in Europe. In 1925, the Central Committee of the CPC Central Committee of the former Soviet Union headed by Stalin approved volleyball as a mass sport, and put forward the call of "Volleyball for Millions", which quickly popularized and developed volleyball in the former Soviet Union. After World War II, volleyball was also developed in eastern European countries under the influence of Soviet soldiers. (V) "Hualibo" was passed down, and "Team Ball" was named "Volleyball". In China, the history of volleyball can be traced back to the early 2th century. As a cultural and educational sport, with the invasion of imperialist intellectuals into our country, American missionaries brought volleyball teams in when they preached. In 195, volleyball was first promoted in Nanwu Middle School in Guangzhou and Huangren College in Hong Kong, and later mainly through the YMCA Sports Department and overseas students. Foreigners spread through teaching, games, training classes and performances, and volleyball has been gradually developed in some schools in some cities in China. According to Volleyball's transliteration, people call the flying ball in the air "Hualibo". In this way, "Hualibo" appeared on the land of China. In May 1913, the first Far East Games was held in Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Volleyball was not set up at the conference, but the addition of this trophy was decided by the host in order to win more gold medals before the game. On the opening day, only one country signed up, so China was encouraged to participate. At that time, Brown Gray, an American who was the general manager of the China team, agreed to the request of the Philippine team, temporarily selected people from the track and field and football teams, rushed into battle, and kicked his head. As a result, he lost two games in a row with a score of : 2. This is the earliest international volleyball match that China participated in. At the Second National Games of Old China held in Beijing in 1914, volleyball was listed as a formal event for men, and "Hualibei" was renamed as "team ball", which means team competition. In 1921, there was a women's volleyball competition for the first time in the 8th Guangdong Games in old China. Before the Fourth National Games in old China in 193, the "team ball" was renamed as "volleyball" according to the research of the All-China Sports Association and the two characteristics that the ball was shuttled back and forth to verbally attack in the air and the participants stood in rows. Since then, the name and form of volleyball has spread in China and has been used ever since.