capital, population (ten thousand), area (square kilometers)
Australia, Canberra, 1,83,7,682,3
Nauru, Aaron, 1.1,21.1
Palau, kroll, 2,458
Papua New Guinea, Merz. 462 84
Samoa, Apia 17,2,934
Fiji, Suva 8.9,18,272
Solomon Islands, Honiara 4.4,28,369
Kiribati, Tarawa 8.2,811
Micronesia (Federated States of), Palikir 11,75. Funafuti 1,26
New Zealand, Wellington 378,27,534
Tonga, Nuku 'alofa 9.8,699
Marshall Islands, Majuro 6,18
Vanuatu, Port Vila 2,12,19
Profile
Name of Oceania.
location: located in the vast sea area north and south of the equator in the southwest and south of the Pacific Ocean. Its narrow scope refers to Polynesia in the east, Micronesia in the middle and Melanesia in the west. In a broad sense, it refers to Australia, New Zealand and new guinea (Irian Island) in addition to the above three islands. Area: The total land area of Oceania is about 8.97 million square kilometers, accounting for 6% of the total land area of the earth, making it the smallest continent in the world.
geographical area: there are 14 independent countries in Oceania, and the remaining dozen areas are still under the jurisdiction of the United States, Britain, France and other countries. Geographically, it is divided into six regions: Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.
residents
The population is 29 million. It accounts for about .5% of the world's population and is the continent with the least population in the world except Antarctica. 65% of the population of the whole continent is distributed in the Australian mainland. There are significant differences in population density among island countries. Local residents such as Papuans, Australians, Tasmanians, Maori, melanesians, Micronesia and Polynesia account for about 2% of the total population, and European descendants account for more than 7%, in addition to mixed-race people, Indians, Chinese and Japanese.
Language: English is spoken by most residents, while Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian are spoken by local residents in the three islands.
Religion: Most residents believe in Christianity, a few believe in Catholicism, and most Indians believe in Hinduism.
natural environment
the coastline of the mainland is about 19, kilometers long. The whole continent is generally below 6 meters above sea level except for a few mountainous areas with an altitude of more than 2, meters, and the terrain is low and gentle. Generally divided into two parts: the mainland and the island: the western plateau of the Australian mainland. 2 above sea level? meters, mostly desert and semi-desert, but also some mountains above 1, meters above sea level; The central plain is below 2 meters above sea level, and the surface of North Aier Lake is 16 meters below sea level, which is the lowest point in Oceania. The eastern mountain is 8 above sea level? meters, the eastern slope of the mountain is steep, and the western slope is gentle. New guinea, New Zealand's North Island and South Island are mainland islands, with narrow plains and many mountains above 2, meters above sea level. puncak jaya on the new guinea is the highest point in Oceania, with an altitude of 5,29 meters. Melanesian islands are mostly continental, which is a continuation of the arc-shaped mountains on the continental margin. There are deep-sea basins and deep-sea trenches between the arcs of the islands. Most islands in Polynesia and Micronesia belong to coral reef type, with small area and low terrain. Many islands have lagoons surrounded by coral reefs, which have become natural ship berths and water airports. In addition, there are a few volcanic islands piled up by submarine volcanic eruption materials, such as Hawaiian Islands, Palau Islands, Solomon Islands, New hebrides, etc., which are characterized by high mountains, dangerous situation and many natural harbors. The outflow area of water system accounts for about 48% of the total area, and murray river is the longest river in the outflow area and the largest river basin. Internal flow areas (including no flow areas) account for about 52% of the total area, all of which are distributed in central and western Australia, and the main internal flow rivers all flow into Lake Beier. Compared with other continents, the rivers in Oceania are very scarce, with short rivers and less water. The rainy season soars, and the dry season sometimes stops, which is mostly unfavorable for navigation, but all rivers are almost frozen all year round. There are few lakes in Oceania, and the largest lake is Lake Beier in Australia, with an area of about 8,2 square kilometers, which varies with precipitation. The deepest lake is Lake Tianao at the southwest end of South Island, New Zealand, with a depth of 276 meters. There are many lakes in mainland Australia. In addition to constructing lakes, there are also dammed lakes formed by lava blocking rivers in New Zealand. There are volcanic lakes on the island of Hawaii. In addition, many islands have lagoons surrounded by coral reefs. The lagoon on New Georgia Island is one of the great lagoons in the world, and Merckoll Lagoon in Palau is also famous.
Volcanoes: The eastern and northern coastal islands of Australia are part of the volcanic belt on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. There are more than 6 active volcanoes on the land of Oceania, and there are more than 3 in Melanesia alone. Mauna Loa volcano on Hawaii Island is the highest active volcano in Oceania at an altitude of 4,17 meters.
climate: most of Oceania lies between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of cancer, and most of it belongs to the tropics and subtropics. Except for the continental climate in Australia, the rest areas belong to the maritime climate. The average annual temperature in most areas is 25? Between 8℃. The average temperature in the coolest month is increasing from 16℃ to 25℃ in the northern hemisphere from the northernmost surface of the Hawaiian Islands to the equator. The southern hemisphere increases from 6℃ to 25℃ from 5 south latitude to the equator; The South Island of New Zealand and the mountainous areas in southeastern Australia can reach below ℃. The average temperature of the hottest month in the northern hemisphere increases from 24℃ to above 28℃ from the northernmost part of the Hawaiian Islands to the vicinity of the Mariana Islands. In the southern hemisphere, the temperature increases from 12℃ to 32℃ from about 5 degrees south latitude to the northwest of Australia. The extreme maximum temperature in Crockley, Queensland, Australia is 53℃, which is the hottest place in Oceania. The average annual precipitation in the desert areas of central and western Australia is less than 25 mm, which is the least in Oceania. The northeast of Kauai Island in Hawaii has an average annual precipitation of over 12, mm, which is one of the regions with more precipitation in the world. The northern part of new guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia are tropical precipitation areas with rainy year-round, and the average annual precipitation on windward slopes is more than 2 mm. In northern Melanesia, northern new guinea and southern Marshall Islands, the average annual precipitation can reach 3 ? mm, lee slope is only about 1 mm.. Northern Australia and the southeast coast of new guinea belong to warm season rainfall areas, with an average annual precipitation of 75? mm, warm season precipitation accounts for about 5? %。 Southeast Australia and New Zealand belong to temperate precipitation areas with relatively uniform precipitation in each month, but a little more in winter, with an average annual precipitation of 5? mm or more, and it is as high as 5, mm in some areas. The southwest and southwest coast of Australia belong to Mediterranean winter precipitation area, and the winter precipitation accounts for about 4-6% of the annual precipitation. Natural resources
Mineral minerals are rich in nickel, bauxite, gold, chromium, phosphate, iron, silver, lead, zinc, coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium, titanium and struvite. Nickel reserves are about 46 million tons, ranking first in all continents; Bauxite reserves are 4.62 billion tons, ranking second in all continents.
forest and grassland: the forest area accounts for about 9% of the total area, accounting for about 2% of the total forest area in the world, and it produces many precious woods such as pine, beech, palm, eucalyptus, fir, white sandalwood and mahogany. Grassland accounts for more than 5% of the total area of Oceania and about 16% of the total grassland area of the world.
water conservancy: the water power reserve is about 135 million kilowatts, accounting for 4.9% of the total water power reserve in the world; Developed hydropower is 2.8 million kilowatts, accounting for 1.8% of the world's total development. It is estimated that the annual power generation can reach 2 billion kWh, accounting for about 2% of the world's exploitable hydropower resources.
Fishery: The waters near Melanesia, the southeast coast of Australia and the waters near New Zealand are the main fishing grounds, which are rich in sardines, cod, eels, mackerel and whales.
economic profile
there are significant differences in economic development levels among countries in Oceania. Australia and New Zealand are economically developed, while other island countries are mostly agricultural countries, and their economies are relatively backward. Agricultural crops include wheat, coconut, sugarcane, pineapple and natural rubber. Wheat production accounts for about 3% of the world's total wheat production, and the main food for local residents is potatoes, corn, rice and so on. Sheep are the main animal husbandry, and the number of sheep accounts for about 2% of the total number of sheep in the world. Wool production accounts for about 4% of the world's total wool production.
industry: the industry in Oceania is mainly concentrated in Australia, followed by New Zealand. Mainly in mining, steel, non-ferrous metal smelting, machinery manufacturing, chemistry, building materials, textiles and other departments. The industries of Oceania Island countries are mostly distributed in their respective capitals or capitals, which are generally relatively backward. They are mainly based on mining and processing of agriculture, forestry and livestock products, mostly controlled by foreign capital, and their products are mostly exported.
Tourism: In recent years, Oceania countries have attached great importance to the development of tourism. Tonga, Vanuatu and other countries have considerable tourism income and become an important part of the national economy. Oceania lies between Asia, South America and North America, facing Antarctica in the south, which is the only way to connect the routes of all continents. Many international submarine cables pass through here, and ocean shipping has become an important means of communication between countries and islands. Land transportation mainly includes railways and highways. The total length of the highway is more than 1 million kilometers. The total length of the railway is over 46, kilometers. Inland navigation mileage is about 1 kilometers. There are air routes to the capitals and capitals of countries and important regions in the continent, and there are also links with important port cities outside the continent.
Australian Federation
Australia
Capital: Canberra
Area: 7,682,3. square kilometers
International telephone code: 61
Population: 18.55 million (1997)
Language: English, indigenous languages
Currency.
religion: there is no state religion, with Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3%, Judaism, Islam and Buddhism 23.6%.
a brief history
as early as more than 4, years ago, indigenous people lived and multiplied in this ancient land of Australia. Up to now, the total number of Australian aborigines is only 5 thousand. According to relevant data, as early as the 15th and 16th centuries, some navigators from Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands set foot in Australia. In 177, Captain Cook, a British navigator, discovered the east coast of Australia, named it "New South Wales" and declared it owned by Britain.
On January 26th, 1788, a fleet of six prisoners led by Captain Philip arrived in Australia for the first time, formally establishing the first British colony in Australia. In memory of the then British Home Secretary SYDNEY, the British named the landing place "Sydney". Now, January 26th is Australia's National Day every year.
The first batch of prisoners was about 8 people, most of whom died because of the hardships of the journey and the abuse of the escorts. In 179, the first batch of freemen moved to Australia, with Sydney as the center, and gradually developed inland. By 183, the colonial area had expanded to today's Tasmania. The early colonies only depended on agriculture for survival, and then they used Australia's natural conditions to develop animal husbandry. By 1819, animal husbandry in Australia had developed greatly. At that time, Captain McCarther and his wife * * * bred the earliest snail horn sheep in Australia. The total number of sheep in their pasture has reached 6. The wool produced by the colonies was not only self-sufficient, but also exported to Britain, in exchange for daily necessities for Australia. By 185, Australia's sheep husbandry had developed to a considerable scale, and the total number of sheep had reached 18 million. At that time, more than half of the total wool imported by Britain came from Australia. Sydney and Melbourne have replaced Hamburg, Germany, as the most famous wool distribution centers in the world.
In the 195s, gold mines were discovered in New South Wales and Victoria. A large number of gold diggers from Europe, America and China swarmed in. The population of Australia surged from 4, in 185 to 1.1 million in 186. After that, many important gold mines were discovered one by one. A large number of mineral deposits were also discovered in the same period.
Following the establishment of colonies in New South Wales and Tasmania. Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Queensland successively established colonial areas in 1829, 1836, 1851 and 1859, and the links among the colonial areas became stronger and stronger, so it was imperative to establish a unified federation. On January 1, 191, the British Parliament adopted a constitution jointly negotiated by six Australian colonies, and formally established the Commonwealth of Australia. The original six colonies became six states under the Federation.
in 1927, the capital moved to Canberra. In 1931, the British Parliament passed the Westminster Act, which enabled Australia to gain independence in internal and external affairs and become an independent country in the Commonwealth.
Nauru * * * and China
The Republic of Nauru
Area: 21.1 square kilometers (land area)
Population: 1,7 (1998)
Ethnic group: Nauru accounts for 57%, and others are South Pacific island people, Chinese, Filipinos and Europeans.
language: Nauru is the national language and English is widely used.
Religion: Most residents believe in Protestantism and a few believe in Catholicism.
a brief history
Nauru lives on the island. The British ship Hunter first arrived in Nauru in 1798. In 1888, it was incorporated into the German Marshall Islands Protected Area. In the early 2th century, the British were allowed to mine phosphate here. In 192, the League of Nations placed Nauru under the control of Britain, Australia and New Zealand, and Australia exercised its powers on behalf of the three countries. It was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. In 1947, it became a United Nations trusteeship, and it is still under the administration of Australia, New Zealand and Britain. Independence on January 31, 1968.
Vanuatu * * * and the Republic of Vanuatu
Capital: Port Vila
Area: land area: 12,19 square kilometers, water area: 848, square kilometers
Population: 193,2 (1999).
Ethnic group: 98% of them are Vanuatu, belonging to melanesians species; The rest are France, Britain and China.