I have compiled an article for you about the etiquette of salutations and names. More articles are here.
Etiquette of addresses and names
Due to the different customs and languages ??of various countries and ethnic groups, there are great differences in terms of addresses and names; if in the process of communication, Wrong address or wrong name will not only make the other party unhappy and disgusted, but also cause jokes and misunderstandings. Therefore, it is very necessary to master the relevant knowledge of name calling.
Calling
In international communication, men are generally called Mr., and women are called Madam, Madam, or Miss. Married women are called madams, and unmarried women are collectively called misses. A woman who is not familiar with the marriage situation can be called a miss, and an older woman wearing a wedding ring can be called a madam. These titles can be preceded by names, professional titles, titles, etc. Such as "Mr. Black", "Mr. Congressman", "Mr. Mayor", "Mr. Colonel", "Miss Mary", "Miss Secretary", "Miss Nurse", "Mrs. White", etc.
For high-status official figures, generally senior officials above ministers, they are called "Your Excellency", title or Mr. according to the country's circumstances. Such as "Your Excellency the Minister", "Your Excellency the President", "Your Excellency the President", "Your Excellency the Prime Minister", "Your Excellency the Prime Minister", "Your Excellency the Ambassador", etc. However, the United States, Mexico, Germany and other countries do not have the habit of calling "Your Excellency", so in these countries you can call them Mr. A lady with status can be called Madam, and a woman with a senior official title can also be called "Your Excellency".
In monarchical countries, it is customary to call the king and queen "Your Majesty" and the princes, princesses, princes, etc. as "His Royal Highness". People with titles such as duke, marquis, uncle, son, and baron can be called either by title or by your Excellency. Generally, they are also called Mr.
Doctors, professors, judges, lawyers and people with doctorate degrees can be individually called "doctor", "professor", "judge", "lawyer", "doctor", etc. You can also add your last name or Mr. Such as "Professor Carter", "Mr. Judge", "Mr. Lawyer", "Mr. Doctor", "Mr. Dr. Martin", etc.
Soldiers are generally called military rank, or military rank plus Mr., and those who know their names can use their first and last names. Such as "Mr. Colonel", "Major Morley", "Mr. Lieutenant Wells", etc. In some countries, senior military officers such as generals and marshals are called "Your Excellency".
Generally speaking, service personnel can be called waiters. If they know their names, they can be called by their names separately. But now many countries increasingly call waiters "Mr.", "Mrs." and "Miss."
Clergy in the church can generally be called by the professional title of the church, or by name plus professional title, or by professional title plus Mr. Such as "Father Ford", "Mr. Preacher", "Mr. Pastor", etc. Sometimes clergymen above the level of bishop may also be called "Your Excellency".
In any country where I am considered a comrade, all kinds of people can be called comrades, and those with professional titles can be given additional titles. Such as "Comrade Chairman", "Comrade Speaker", "Comrade Ambassador", "Comrade Secretary", "Comrade Colonel", "Comrade Driver", "Comrade Waiter", etc., or add comrade to your name. Some countries also have customary titles, such as "citizen". In Japan, women are generally called Ms. or Miss, and those with high status are also called Mr., such as "Mr. Kyoko Nakajima."
Name
The names of foreigners are very different from the names of Han people in our country. In addition to the difference in characters, the composition and order of the names are also different, and they often contain Articles, adjectives, etc. Difficult for us to grasp and difficult to distinguish. Here we only give a brief introduction to the names of more commonly encountered foreigners.
British and American names
The arrangement of British and American names is that the given name comes first and the surname comes last. For example, John Wilson is translated as John Wilson, where John is the first name and Wilson is the surname. Another example is Edward Adam Davis, which is translated as Edward Adam Davis. Edward is the Christian name, Adam is the personal name, and Davis is the surname. Some people also use their mother's surname or the surname of someone close to the family as their second name. In the West, some people still use their father's name or their father's name, and add Junior or Roman numerals to the name suffix to show the difference. For example, John Wilson, Junior, is translated as John William Jr., and George Smith, III, is translated as George Smith Third.
A woman’s name has her own name before marriage. After marriage, it is usually her first name plus her husband’s surname. For example, Ms. Marie White married Mr. John Davis, and the woman's name was Marie Davis after the marriage.
When writing, the name is often abbreviated to one prefix, but the surname cannot be abbreviated, such as G. W. Thomson, D. C. Sullivan, etc.
Verbal addresses are generally given by surname, such as "Mr. White" and "Mr. Smith". In formal occasions, the full name is generally used, but for those with close relationships, the person's first name is often used. In addition to calling one's own name, family members, relatives and friends also often use nicknames (pet names).
For countries that use English as their national language, the names and appellation are basically the same as those of the British and Americans.
French names
French names also have the given name first and the surname last, and are generally composed of two or three stanzas. The first one and two stanzas are the personal name, and the last stanza is the surname. Sometimes the name can last up to four or five stanzas, and most of them are Christian names and names given by elders. But now there are fewer and fewer long names. For example: Henri Rene Albert Guy de Maupassant is translated as: Henri Rene Abel Guy de Maupassant, generally referred to as Guy de Maupassant Guy de Maupassant.
French names often contain articles such as Le and La, and prepositions such as de. When translated into Chinese, they should be translated together with the surname, such as La Fantaine, Le Goff, de Gaulle. ,wait.
Women’s names and verbal addresses are basically the same as English names. For example, a lady named Jacqueline Bourgeois married Fran?ois Martin. After the marriage, the lady was called Mrs. Martin and her name was Jacqueiline Martin.
Spanish and Portuguese names
Spanish names often have three or four stanzas. The first and second stanzas are the person’s name, the penultimate stanza is the father’s surname, and the last stanza is Mother's surname. Generally, the surname is the father's surname, but a few people also use the mother's surname as their surname. For example: Diego Rodrigueez de Silva y Velasquez is translated as Diego Rodriguez de Silva-Velasquez, de is the preposition, Silva is the father's surname, y is the conjunction "and", and Velasquez is the mother's surname. Married women often drop their mother's surname and add their husband's surname. Usually the verbal address is often the father's surname, or the first name plus the father's surname. For example, Francisco Franco, the former head of state of Spain, whose full name is: Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teodulo Franco Bamonde (Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teodulo Franco) Bahamonde). The first four stanzas are the personal name, the penultimate stanza is the father's surname, and the last stanza is the mother's surname. When abbreviating, use the first name plus the father's surname.
Portuguese names are also mostly composed of three or four stanzas. The first one and two stanzas are the personal name, followed by the mother's surname, and finally the father's surname. When abbreviating a person's name, the father's surname is usually added.
In Spanish and Portuguese, male names mostly end with "o", while female names mostly end with "a". Articles, prepositions and surnames are translated together.
Russian and Hungarian names
Russian names generally consist of three sections. For example, Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov (Иван ИвановичИванов), Ivan is his personal name, Ivanovich is his father's name, which means Ivan's son, and Ivanov is his surname. Most women's names end with Wa or Ya. Women usually use their father's surname before marriage, and often use their husband's surname after marriage, but their first name and father's name remain unchanged. For example, Nina Ivanovna Ivanova (Иина Ивановна Иванова), Nina is her personal name, Ivanovna is her patronymic name, and Ivanova is her patronymic name. If she married Pоrов, her surname would be changed to Pоrова, and her full name would be Nina Ivanovna Rogova.
Russian names are usually arranged as first name, patronymic, and surname, but the surname can also be placed first, especially in official documents, that is, the names of Ivan and Nina mentioned above can be written as Ivanov Ivan I Vanovich, Ivanova Nina Ivanovna. Both the first name and the patronymic can be abbreviated by writing only the first letter.
Russians generally refer to each other by their surname or just their first name. To show courtesy and respect, the first name and patronymic name are used. For example, Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov is called Ivan Ivanovich, and Nina Ivanovna Ivanov is called Nina Ivanovna Ivanov. The baby's honorific name is Nina Ivanovna. In particular, it shows respect for the elders, and some people only call their father's name. For example, people often call Lenin Ilyich (Ильич), and Lenin's full name is Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Pet names are commonly used among family members and people with close relationships, such as Ivan's nicknames Vanya (Bаня) and Vanyusha (Bанюша). Sergey (Cергей) nicknamed Seryosha (Селеша) and so on.
The arrangement of Hungarian names is similar to that of Chinese names, with the surname first and the given name last. Both are composed of two sections. Such as Nagy S?ndor (Nagy S?ndor, referred to as Nagy). Some women change their husband's name after marriage, but add the suffix "ne" to the husband's name, which is translated as "Ni", which means wife. It is added after the first name when the name is used together, and after the surname when only the surname is used. For example, Vass Istvani (Vass), or Vassni () is the wife of Vass Istvani. Women can also keep their first and last names.
Arab names
Arab names generally consist of three or four stanzas. The first section is my name, the second section is my father's name, the third section is my grandfather's name, and the fourth section is my surname. For example, the name of the former King Faisal of Saudi Arabia is: Faisal ibn Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul Rahman al Saud translated as : Faisal ibn Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul Rahman Al Saud. Among them, Faisal is his personal name, Abdul Aziz is his father's name, Abdul Rahman is his grandfather's name, and Saudi is his surname. In formal situations, the full name is used, but sometimes the grandfather's name can be omitted, and sometimes the father's name can be omitted. When abbreviated, only the person's name is used. But in fact, many Arabs, especially those with high social status, shorten their surnames. Such as: Mohammed Abed Ar’ouf Arafat (Mohammed Abed Ar’ouf Arafat, referred to as Arafat). Gamal Abdul Nasser (Gamal Abdul Nasser, Nasser for short).
Arab names often have some titles in front of them, such as: Amir (Amir or Emir) means prince, prince, or chief; Imam (Imam) means the person who leads the prayers in the mosque; Sai Sayed means sir or master; Sheikh means elder, chief, village chief or clan leader. Some of these titles have been converted into personal names.
In Arabic, al or el is an article, ibn (Ibn), ben (Ben) or ould (Urd) means "someone's son", Abu (Abu) or Um (Urban) Mu) means "someone's father" or "someone's mother". None of these words can be omitted in the title. For example, AhmedBen Bella is translated as Ahmed Ben Bella, or simply referred to as Ben Bella.
The words used in Awen’s names often have certain meanings. For example: Mohammed borrows the name of the founder of Islam; Mahamoud means praised; Hassan means good; Amin means loyal; Saleh (Saleh) means upright...etc.
Japanese names
The order of Japanese names is the same as that in our country, that is, the surname comes first and the given name comes last, but the number of characters in the name is often more than that of my Han Chinese name. The most common ones consist of four characters, such as: Masao Kosaka, Masaichi Yoshida, Hideo Fukuda, etc. The first two characters are the surname, and the last two characters are the first name. However, since the number of characters for the surname and the given name is not fixed, it is often difficult to distinguish between them. Therefore, it is necessary to understand clearly with the visitor in advance. In formal occasions, the surname and the given name should be written separately, such as "Nikaido Susumu", "Fujita" Mao" etc.
Generally speaking, people are called by their last name, and in formal situations, they are called by their full name. Japanese names are often written in kanji, but the pronunciation is completely different.
For example: "山本" should be read as Yamamoto, "三岛" should be read as Mishima, and "日下" should be read as Kusaka.
Burmese names
Burmese people only have first names but no surnames. The "Wu" we often see before the names of Burmese people is not a surname but an honorific, meaning "Mr." Commonly used honorifics include: "Du" is the honorific title for women, meaning "lady", "Mao" means "younger brother", "Ma" means "sister", "Brother" means "elder brother", "Bo" means "elder brother". "means "officer", "sayer" means "teacher", "daoda" is the transliteration of Dr. in English, which is "doctor", "deqin" means "master", and "yebo" means "comrade" "wait. For example, if a man's name is "Gang", his elders will call him "Maang Gang" and his peers will call him "Ge Gang". If the man has a certain social status, he is called "Wu Gang"; if he is an officer, he is called "Bo Gang". For example, if a woman is named "Gang", a lady with social status is called "Du Gang", and a young woman is called "Ma Gang".
Thai people’s names
Thai people’s names have their given name in front and surname in the back, such as Prasong Chalumphong, where Basong is the given name and Chalumphong is the surname. Unmarried women use their father's surname, and married women use their husband's surname.
In verbal honorifics, regardless of whether a man or a woman is called, they usually only call their first name and not their surname, and add the title "Kun" (meaning you) before the name. For example, if you call it Basong Chalumpong, you can just call it Basong orally.
According to custom, Thai names have titles.
The titles of civilians include: adult men are called "Nai" (Mr. NAI), such as Naiwechai Sawang Susi. Married women are called "Nang" (Ms.), such as Niangsongsi Sawang Susi. Unmarried women are called "NANGSAO" (Miss). Boys are called "DEKCHAI" (boy), girls are called "DEKYING" (girl), etc.