Detailed information of Confucius

Confucius

Confucius (551- 479 BC) was a great thinker and educator in China in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of Confucianism. Mingqiu, whose name is Zhong Ni, is from Lu. The year of Confucius' birth is generally recorded as the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu according to Historical Records of Confucius' Family, but the birth date and birthday is not recorded in Historical Records, and it is recorded as "Confucius was born in October" according to Gu Liang Biography. Converted to the current Gregorian calendar, it should be born on September 8, 551 BC.

Confucius was born in Lu. Lu, the son of Zhou Gongdan, was a fief of Boqin, which preserved the cultural relics and ancient books of the Zhou Dynasty well and was known as the "land of rites and music". In the twenty-ninth year of Duke Xiang of Lu (544 BC), Ji Zha, the son of Wu, was amazed at Lu. In the second year of Lu Zhaogong (the first 54 years), Han Xuanzi, a doctor of Jin Dynasty, visited Lu, and after reading the book, he praised "Zhou Li is all in Lu!" The cultural tradition of Lu and the downward trend of learning at that time had a great influence on the formation of Confucius' thought.

Confucius lost his father in his early years and his family declined. He once said, "I'm cheap because I'm few, so I can be contemptuous." When I was young, I used to be a "Commissioner" (managing granaries) and a "farmer" (managing cattle and sheep). Although living in poverty, Confucius was "determined to learn" at the age of fifteen. He is good at learning from others. He once said, "When we are in a threesome, we must learn from each other. Choose the good and follow it, and change it if it is not good. " ("The Analects of Confucius") He learned from an ordinary teacher and never tires of learning. The villagers also praised him as "knowledgeable".

Confucius "stood at the age of thirty" and began to give lectures. Anyone who brings a little "beam repair" will be accepted as a student. Such as Yan Lu, Ceng Dian, Zilu, Bo Niu, Ran You, Zi Gong, Yan Yuan, etc., were among the earlier disciples. Lian Lu's son Meng Yizi and Nangong Jingshu came to learn the ceremony, which shows that Confucius has become famous for running a school. The establishment of private schools broke the tradition of "learning in the government" and further promoted the downward movement of academic culture.

since the declaration of the state of Lu, the regime has been in the hands of Sanhuan headed by Ji. In the early years of Zhao Gong, the three families divided up Lu Jun's military power. Kong Liao once expressed indignation at Ji's trespassing behavior of "dancing in court with eight strokes". In the twenty-fifth year of Zhao Gong (517 BC), there was civil strife in Lu, and Confucius left Lu to Qi. Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father, son." He added: "Politics is about saving money." The Qi regime was run by the doctor Chen, and although Jing Gong liked Confucius' words, he could not use them.

Confucius was frustrated in Qi, so he returned to Lu. "He retired to study poetry, books, rituals and music, and his disciples attracted many people." People came from far away to study in almost every waiting country. At that time, the Lu regime was under the control of Ji, who was in turn subject to his retainer Yang Huo. Confucius was dissatisfied with the fact that the government was not in the hands of the monarch, but in the hands of doctors, and he was unwilling to be an official. He said, "Being unjust and rich and expensive is like a cloud to me."

In the ninth year of Lu Dinggong (51 BC), Yang Huo was expelled, and Confucius was appointed as the commander in the capital of Lu, at the age of 51. "After a year's work, the four sides will do it." Therefore, it was moved from Zhongdu to Sikong, and then it was promoted to a big sheep herder. In the tenth year of Lu Dinggong (the first 5 years), the meeting of Qilu Jiagu was attended by Confucius. Confucius believed that "those who have military affairs must be equipped with weapons, and those who have military affairs must be equipped with weapons." Early precautions made Qi Jun's premeditated attempt to hijack Lu Jun by force fail, and he used diplomatic means to recover the land of Luan, Irrigation and Tortoise occupied by Qi. In the 12th year of the reign of Emperor Ding (the first 498 years), in order to strengthen the public office and restrain the Three Huan, Confucius put forward the plan of "falling into the Three Capitals" by citing the ancient system that "the family does not hide armour, and the city has no hundred pheasants", and implemented it through Ren Jishi's sub-road. Because Confucius took advantage of the contradiction between Sanhuan and his courtiers, Ji Sun and Uncle Sun Shi agreed to destroy Feiyi and Houyi respectively. However, Meng Sun Shi was incited by the retainer, the public, and his father, and opposed falling into a city. It is impossible to set a public encirclement. Confucius' plan was frustrated.

Confucius was an official of Lu, and the Qi people were afraid of Lu's strength and merging with themselves, so he gave his daughter pleasure in Lu Dinggong and Ji Huanzi. Ji Huanzi was entertained by Qi Nv and refused to listen to politics for three days. Confucius' political restraint was difficult to exert, so he led more than ten disciples, including Yan Hui, Zilu, Zigong and Ran Qiu, to leave the "land of parents" and began a 14-year-long wandering career. Confucius was 55 years old that year. It will be suitable for Chen to go to Weiguo first, receive courtesy from Wei Linggong first, and then be monitored for fear of being convicted. After crossing the quarry, he was besieged for five days. After the clearance, I wanted to cross Puzhi to Jin, but I didn't go because of the civil strife in Jin, so I had to return to Wei. I met Nanzi, which caused suspicion in many ways. Wei Linggong was lazy in politics and didn't need Confucius. Confucius said: "If you use me, it will only take a month, and it will be successful in three years." The guards were in chaos at home, and Confucius left Wei Jing Cao Zhi Song. Sima Huankui of the Song Dynasty tried to kill Confucius, who was sixty years old when he was disguised as Zheng Zhichen of the Song Dynasty. Later, Confucius went back and forth to Chen Cai many times and was "between Chen Cai and Chen Cai". According to Records of the Historian, King Zhao of Chu came to hire Confucius, and Dr. Chen and Dr. Cai surrounded Confucius, which led to a seven-day famine. After the clearance, Confucius went to Chu, and soon King Zhao of Chu died. Wei Chugong wants to use Confucius. Confucius answered Zilu's question, saying that "correcting the name" must be the first thing in politics. After returning to Wei, Confucius was treated as a "virtuous man", but he was still useless. In the 11th year of Lu Aigong (484 BC), Ran returned to Lu and led the army to defeat the Qi army in Lang. Ji Kangzi sent people to greet Confucius with coins. Confucius returned to Lu at the age of sixty-eight.

After Confucius returned to Lu, the Lu people respected "the country is old". At the beginning, Lu Aigong and Ji Kangzi often consulted each other on political affairs, but they were never taken seriously. Confucius devoted himself to sorting out documents and continuing to engage in education in his later years. In the 16th year of Lu Aigong (479 BC), Confucius died and was buried in Surabaya, north of Lucheng.

The division of Confucius disciples happened after Confucius' death. Before Confucius' death, Confucius disciples were a relatively United interest group, although there were many contradictions and conflicts between them, perhaps because of the appeal of Confucius' personal personality. Gu Jiegang said in "Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period and Confucius in the Han Dynasty": "Confucius is a talented person, a man with a purpose and a warm-hearted person, so everyone hopes that he will become a saint, so that his enlightenment can help the world. Before Confucius became famous, there were many people's central figures, such as Zi Han of Song State, Zi Chan of Zheng State, Shu Xiang of Jin State, Yan Ying of Qi State and Qi Boyu of Wei State. But they have been officials all their lives and have no spare capacity to teach their disciples. Only Confucius, because he has never been ambitious in his life, has many disciples, and his thoughts have been publicized for him, so his personality is particularly great. Since Confucius suffered, his disciples have taken back their disciples, which has become a great force, nicknamed Confucianism. " From this, it can be seen that the strength of Confucius' power, in addition to the objective environment, is closely related to Confucius' personal personality.

Confucius devoted himself to politics all his life, but failed, so he had to recruit his disciples to engage in education. It was they who admired Confucius like stars, and it was they who spread and spread the teachings of Confucius. It can be imagined that if Confucius did not have these loyal disciples, he might still be a saint personally, but his theory may not be as long and broad as it was later.

Of course, these thousands of disciples didn't learn from Confucius at the same time, otherwise, according to the material conditions at that time, it seems that their diet and daily life will become a major problem. The real situation may be that these disciples studied Confucius at different stages of his life, and the early disciples and the late disciples may not have contacted or met. The education they received and the influence of Confucius should of course be different with the evolution of Confucius' ideological realm, or each has its own strengths. According to Confucius' self-evaluation in his later years, among his disciples, if roughly classified, they can probably be divided into several situations. First, they have outstanding performances in virtue, such as Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu and Zhong Gong; Second, they are outstanding in political affairs, such as Ran You and Ji Lu. Third, outstanding achievements in speech, such as killing me and paying tribute; Fourth, those who have made outstanding achievements in literature include Ziyou and Zixia. As for other well-known disciples, Confucius commented: "The teacher (Zi Zhang) was also established, and the ginseng (Zeng Shen) was also Lu, and Chai was also stupid. From Zi Lu, his return to Yan Hui was also empty. "If you don't give (zi gong) orders, Huo Zhi won't be able to do anything, but a hundred million won't be spared. It seems that they all have their own strengths and weaknesses.

Perhaps because Confucius had a real knowledge and understanding of these outstanding disciples, Confucius paid special attention to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and training specialized personnel with expertise in learning and skills. He said: "People who are above average can be verbally; "Under the Chinese, you can't be verbal." Therefore, from the existing literature, it is not difficult to find that the focus of Confucius' explanation and answer on the same question is generally different on different occasions or because of different objects. In this way, Confucius' educational methods are not only full of personality and characteristics, but also easier to understand the problems we will discuss. That is to say, the reason why Confucius disciples have expertise in learning and skills is closely related to Confucius' teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and cultivating them separately, in addition to their talent and personality. Furthermore, apart from the external environment, the academic division and differentiation of Confucius' post-school is probably related to this educational method of Confucius.

does this mean that Confucius treats his disciples differently in teaching content, or there are different levels? In fact, according to more credible records, the classics compiled by Confucius are mainly used to teach disciples, and the "textbooks" that disciples rely on are probably those documents deleted by Confucius, said Confucius Family? quot; Confucius taught "Poetry", "Book", "Rite" and "Music" Confucius taught four things: literature, conduct, loyalty and faith. Absolutely four: no meaning, no will, no solid, no me. Caution: Qi, war and illness. Zi Han talks about profit and life and benevolence. If you don't be angry and don't start, if you don't take a corner and don't take three corners against it, you will be restored. "All these can prove that Confucius still has the same principle and teaching content while teaching his disciples in accordance with their aptitude. In other words, when Confucius educates his disciples, on the one hand, he follows certain principles and values, so that these disciples have the same beliefs and values, and these beliefs and standards are the internal reasons why they became descendants of Confucianism and achieved early Confucian groups; On the other hand, Confucius paid special attention to the personality and talent of his disciples, and at the same time, he seemed to treat them differently according to the different situations of his disciples.

Based on the latter consideration, we can see that although Confucius' disciples didn't set up another door before his death, in fact, these disciples were good at learning and specializing in skills, which laid the foundation for the later development and differentiation of Confucianism. Tao Qian's "Auxiliary Records of the Sages" said that Yan's biography of "Poetry" was a Confucian satirist; Meng's biography of "Book" is to dredge the Confucianism of Zhiyuan; Gongsun's biography of Yi is a pure and subtle Confucian. Although this detailed and clear statement came out late, it does not have reliable historical value. Of course, it is not necessary to believe it. However, for all reasons, we should believe that Confucius' so-called learning of his disciples is specialized; I'm afraid it means that each of them keeps one or several academic fields and engages in one or several specialized studies. Liu Shipei's Textbook of Confucian Classics, based on the literature analysis of Confucius in the Qin and Han Dynasties, says that there are 3, disciples of Confucius and 72 people who are proficient in six arts. Therefore, Ceng Zi wrote the Book of Filial Piety to remember Confucius' words on filial piety; In the summer, all the scholars assembled Confucius' introduction and compiled it into The Analects of Confucius, and the study of the Six Classics also had their own special books. The Book of Changes was taught by Confucius, then passed on as a bow, and then passed on for Tian He. The study of the Book of Classics was taught by Confucius to Qidiao Kai, but the teacher said that there was no biography, but Confucius passed on his book, and nine passed on to Confucius; The study of The Book of Songs was taught by Confucius to Zi Xia and spread to Xun Qing in six generations. The study of Spring and Autumn Annals was spread from Zuo Qiuming to Xun Qing. "Ram" and "Gu Liang" were spread in the summer, one because the ram was given a high height in the summer and the other because the ram was given a red beam in the summer.

among the three classics of Li and Yue, Confucius disciples spread their scholars, such as Zi Xia and Zi Gong, which were deeper than Yue, Ceng Zi, Zi You and Ru Bei were deeper than Li. During the Six Kingdoms period, Gong Sunzi and Wu Shi's scholars spread Li Jing, while Confucius disciples wrote it again. Zi Si wrote The Doctrine of the Mean, and seventy disciples wrote The University. Another disciple of Zixia continued Er Ya to explain the words of the Six Classics. Although Liu Shipei's parallelism is not to be believed in details, it is enough to show that the later development and differentiation of Confucianism is by no means accidental. As far as its academic origin is concerned, it is really due to Confucius' teaching in accordance with his aptitude and Confucius' disciples' expertise in learning and skills.

as mentioned above, the basic situation of Confucius' disciples has shown the clue of the inevitable division of Confucianism. But this division happened after Confucius' death. In 479 BC, that is, on February 11th, the 16th year of Lu Aigong's summer calendar, Confucius finally walked the bumpy road of 73 years and died suddenly. According to The Family of Confucius, Confucius was buried in the north of Lucheng, and all his disciples were in mourning for three years. After three years of mourning, I went away, and only my son, Gan (Gong), stayed at home for six years, and then went. Disciples and Lu people who go home from home have more than a hundred rooms, so they are called "Kongli" because of their orders. According to legend, Lu gave a speech to Confucius' family at the age of 18, and Confucianism also talked about courtesy and drinking in Confucius' family. Obviously, although Confucius' disciples have different studies, out of the same respect for Confucius, it is estimated that they may not have set up a different door and other differentiation phenomena when they are observing the three-year mourning for Confucius.

The division of Confucius' post-school probably happened at or after the disciples' three-year mourning for Confucius' eyes. According to "On Mencius Teng Wengong", when the Confucius disciples mourned for Confucius for three years, they "returned to the post of governor", bowed to Zigong, cried at each other, and then returned. Zi Gong returned, built a room in the field and lived alone for three years. Then return. Another day, Zi Xia, Zi Zhang and Zi You looked like Confucius, wanted to do what Confucius did, and asked Ceng Zi to agree. Ceng Zi is firmly opposed to it. He said, "No way. Jianghan to Zhuo, Qiuyang to violence, Hao Hao almost can not be reached. "

Originally, according to the basic pattern formed during Confucius' lifetime, after Confucius' death, Confucius disciples, as an interest group or academic group, seemed unnecessary and would not split too much. Even though Zi Gong did not have the qualification and ability to be the leader of Confucius, he was the most proud pupil of Confucius in his later years, and the deep affection between them seemed to help Zi Gong unite and maintain Confucius disciples after Confucius' death. According to Historical Records Confucius Family? quot; Confucius is ill. Please see Zi Gong. Confucius left the door with a staff, saying, "Give, how late is makeup?" Obviously, Confucius placed considerable expectations on Zi Gong.

Perhaps it is because of this reason and Zi Gong's ability to handle affairs beyond other disciples that we can see that after the death of Confucius, it seems that Zi Gong also presided over and arranged the funeral affairs of Confucius. He not only criticized Lu Aigong's eulogy for Confucius as unreasonable, but also thought it was indecent to mourn him when he died. It is not a name to call a person. Moreover, he built a room in the field and kept six years of mourning for Confucius. Therefore, when the other disciples returned from mourning for three years, they all bowed to Zigong and cried at each other. Here, we feel that although Zi Gong did not properly raise the "handsome flag" of Confucius, its prominent position among Confucius disciples seems to have been basically determined.

Unexpectedly, however, when Zi Gong's position was gradually established and there were not too many problems in Confucius' door, Zi Xia, Zi Zhang, Zi You and others looked like Confucius with their external images, and wanted to do what Confucius did. Obviously, this is a quiet coup, and they expect to replace Yu Gong's position as the leader with something. What prompted them to do so? To understand the mystery, we must analyze it from at least two aspects.

From the aspect of Zi Gong, because of his "glib eloquence" and his personality, he "likes to promote the beauty of people, but can't hide their evil", which seems to be.