Trail is a path that can only be closed to traffic, or it can refer to the sidewalk on the roadside. It also refers to the green landscape route, which can
Trail is a path that can only be closed to traffic, or it can refer to the sidewalk on the roadside. It also refers to the green landscape route, which can be used for tourists and cyclists to stroll around and form a strip landscape patch corridor closely integrated with the natural ecological environment.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Trail mbth: TRAIL pinyin: bê dà o? Interpretation: the origin of sidewalks: a subject: civil engineering concept, definition, interpretation, enlightenment, trail system, urban design, planning management standard, trail system, national trail standard, conclusion and enlightenment. The concept definition of trail refers to the green landscape line built along natural and artificial corridors such as rivers, valleys, ridges, scenic roads and ditches. Tourists and cyclists can stroll around it, forming a strip-shaped landscape patch corridor closely integrated with the natural ecological environment, undertaking the flow of information, energy and materials, promoting the effective circulation within the landscape ecosystem and strengthening the close relationship between patches. Interpretation (1) can only take the road of closed traffic. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": "Small path, small path also." Duan Yucai's note: "This cloud path means that people, cattle and horses are feasible without cars." The poem "An Dongping" written by an anonymous person in the Jin Dynasty: "Sadness is fierce, and the north wind is snow. The boat lane is impassable and the diameter is broken. " Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote "Notes on Water Classics Rich in Water": "Deng Ai hung up his army from the Jinggu Trail in Yinping and entered the Shujing River to spread oil to the Han people." Walk along the sidewalk beside the road. Guo Moruo's "Ten Years of Creation" IV: "Pedestrians on the sidewalk are coming from the front like a flood." Revelation Trail System The north shore of Hong Kong Island is the most prosperous area in Hong Kong. There are many banks and office buildings from Central and Wan Chai to Causeway Bay. Crossing the bay from Tsim Sha Tsui is a bustling urban scene. The floor area ratio of residential buildings in the densely built areas of Hong Kong Island is as high as 10, and the commercial and financial land is even more crowded. Limited land and long-term real estate speculation have made the north shore of Hong Kong Island a "pencil building" without a podium. In such a crowded urban environment, how to express people's concern is a difficult point in urban design. Hong Kong planners gave a good answer, which was embodied in the urban design of the air trails on Hong Kong Island. The author intercepts a typical section of Central and Wan Chai North and analyzes it from the perspective of urban design. (1) Complete and independent walking system. There are various government office buildings and conference centers in the North District of Wan Chai, while the commercial and financial buildings are the main ones in the central district. The layout of the buildings is crowded and there is little space in the concession square, which promotes the vertical development of the spatial combination. Dense buildings provide convenient conditions for the construction of aerial trails. In the late 1970s, the Hong Kong government began to build an aerial walkway system. The aerial walkway connecting various buildings broke away from the street network and became an independent system (Figure 1). Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of Aerial Trail System in Central and Wan Chai North Section of Hong Kong Island (2) The organic combination with the city square, even in a densely built area like the north shore of Hong Kong Island, is worth setting up a citizen square. In addition to the central park opened in Wan Chai District, leisure parks and squares with different characteristics are arranged along the street, such as Xiake Garden, Standard Chartered Garden and Statue Square. There are also scattered gardens around the building, such as the Central Plaza, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts and the International Financial Center Complex. These open spaces are connected in series in the pedestrian system with different elevations, or connected by slopes or raised, which makes the space of the whole pedestrian system vivid and rich. (3) Connection between the Aerial Trail and the Building The aerial trail winds through the building, usually with dense buildings on one side, and the main buildings on the other side of the street are connected by vertical overpasses. The trail on Connaught Road is such a parallel connection (Figure 2). At some nodes, the transition space consists of square platforms extending inward. These carefully arranged platforms are places where citizens are willing to stay and rest. They blend in with the air trails. The air trails are bustling and the square is leisurely. At this time, they play the role of the city living room, such as the platform in front of the trading square building. Another way to combine aerial trails with buildings more closely is to connect them in series. This kind of building is usually a shopping corridor or a traffic transfer center, and the interior of the building becomes a part of the trail system. In this connection mode, the boundary between urban design and architectural design has long been blurred. These are three basic contact types, and the diversity of different buildings' specific treatment has created the richness and diversity of urban space landscape. Figure 2 Connaught Road Aerial Trail (4) Three-dimensional traffic organization The aerial trail itself is a form of three-dimensional traffic organization. It separates the pedestrian walkway from the endless traffic road, so that people can enjoy the pleasure of leisurely walking safely. This is a three-dimensional traffic organization from the perspective of the city. This three-dimensional way is also manifested in the traffic organization of the building. Car shops and pedestrians are placed at different heights. Vehicles enter from the ground floor and pedestrians enter the main hall from the second floor platform. In the building on the north side of Connaught Road, because there are two floors of air walkways and corridors, the ground floor is generally designed as the cargo floor where vehicles can enter and exit. In addition, in streets with fewer vehicles, shops and sidewalks on both sides are generally reserved. After the air walkway is erected in the middle of the street, it forms a two-story composite walking system, such as the cobblestone air walkway leading to the convention and exhibition center. The air trail is connected to a sidewalk every other section, and the space under the bridge is carefully arranged through sketches and greening, so that the surrounding residents are willing to rest and chat here. Through careful design, passive space has achieved positive results. (5) The form of aerial trails The Hong Kong government has built aerial trails for a long time, but they all pay attention to the coordination with the surrounding architectural styles, and the forms and surface materials are as close as possible and integrated with the buildings. From the cross section, there are two kinds of columns: middle column and two sides column. The pillar in the middle just divides the flow of people into two directions, and there can be a rest chair between the pillars. The stair design of the aerial trail also has its own characteristics. In crowded areas, a combination of straight ladders and escalators is generally adopted, which can transport a large number of people. The stairs leading to the leisure garden emphasize the change of form. Three-dimensional organization of different modes of transportation in urban design: Hong Kong's land resources are extremely limited, which restricts the development of the city on the one hand and promotes the transformation of urban development from the traditional two-dimensional to three-dimensional pattern on the other. The realization of this three-dimensional structure first depends on the multi-dimensional transportation system. On the ground, above ground and underground of Hong Kong Island, there are mainly automobile traffic, pedestrian system and rapid traffic, among which the pedestrian system organically connects the three as a medium to form a complete and continuous urban space system. From the air walkway on the second floor, it is convenient to go underground to the ground bus station or MRT station, which greatly increases the selectivity of travel, thanks to the comprehensive utilization of urban space. This kind of three-dimensional traffic organization is adopted in the central areas of many big cities abroad. Japan's Kyushu interchange station organizes railways, light rail, ground vehicles and pedestrian walkways into an efficient three-dimensional network, and Paris's defense zone also arranges various traffic layers, and the elevated platform becomes a pedestrian walkway. Stacking of public spaces: Due to the separation of the walking system from the ground, many public spaces show the trend of stacking. The square on the second floor and the green park on the ground are combined by air walkways. In some places, the change of terrain has formed a multi-level public space. For example, the footpath leading to Hong Kong Park and the mountains are stepped, the atrium of Swire Tower is connected with the aerial footpath in three directions, and its roof square is connected with Mid-levels Street. The compact vertical layout of public space fully embodies the three-dimensional nature of the city. Building groups break through block boundaries: the traditional two-dimensional land division method will inevitably lead to the plane division and functional fragmentation of the city, while the three-dimensional organization method is precisely to reconcile such contradictions. The air walkway system enables the building group to break through the original block boundaries and integrate various functions into a complex. For example, the Convention and Exhibition Center, the Central Plaza and the Harbour Building were originally three blocks, but the connection of the air walkway weakened the feeling of this block, and people were willing to regard them as a whole from the functional use and psychological feeling. With the development of industrialization and urbanization, people's life needs obvious rural and natural orientation, and simple rural areas have become an ideal place for many people to relax. Planning, designing and managing the trail system, building national parks and trail systems, and providing public recreation areas and public hiking routes for citizens are important measures to meet the above needs in many western countries. With the vigorous development of rural tourism in China, the leisure needs of urban residents have gradually increased, and the construction of public rural leisure areas and rural leisure trail systems has gradually been put on the government's agenda. It is particularly worth mentioning that the establishment of rural trail system and leisure area in China will also strengthen urban-rural communication and promote rural development. This paper will briefly introduce the British national trail system and its planning and management standards, in order to attract the attention of domestic urban and rural planning, tourism and recreation scholars and the government, and promote the construction of China's national trail system, which not only meets the growing recreational needs of the people, but also plays a role in protecting the national natural and cultural heritage. Trail system After World War II, in order to protect the areas with British characteristics from being destroyed by the rapid industrial development after the war, national parks, national excellent scenic spots and hiking routes were developed. Under this background, the Countryside Agency, the official organization in charge of the environment in rural areas in Britain, planned and constructed the Penning Line National Trail on 1965. Since then, the trail system network in Britain has begun to develop. There are about 18000 kilometers of trails in Britain, including three types. In addition to the national trails managed by specialized agencies and funded by the state treasury, there are two kinds of leisure trails and unmarked trails. Among them, the leisure trail refers to the trail jointly maintained and managed by volunteers such as local authorities and hikers, and there are corresponding signs on the route, but the British federal government is not responsible for providing funds and taking responsibility for maintenance and management; An unmarked trail refers to a route that is only introduced in the guidebook, but not specified. There are 19 national trails in England, Wales and Scotland, with a total length of about 4000 km (Figure 3). Some of these trails can be used by riders and cyclists (Penning cycling can be used by riders and cyclists at any time). In order to realize the sustainable development of natural and cultural heritage around national trails and ensure that hikers get comfortable hiking experience, Britain has established a complete management system. The official management system of the British National Trail includes three levels: national, regional and local. At the national level, it is mainly responsible for macro guidance and treasury appropriation. Relevant institutions include Forestry Commission, Highway Bureau, Ministry of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, multi-agency rural geographic information organization, British Heritage Agency, Environment Agency and British National Map Bureau. In terms of specific management and maintenance of trails, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland all have corresponding administrative organizations. National trails or hiking trails in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are managed by the Bureau of Nature England, the Welsh Country Council, the Scottish Natural Heritage Organization and the Environmental Heritage Service respectively. The National Nature Conservation Council is the legal adviser to the British government and international nature conservation, and is responsible for the coordination and liaison between the above four local institutions and the British government and international organizations. Specifically, the Rural Administration Bureau (now a natural English organization, established in 2006) mainly works to improve the quality of life of rural residents and ensure everyone's quality of life in rural areas. Its goal is to build a vibrant and inclusive rural community, provide high-quality rural services and a vibrant local economy, ensure the sustainable development of each village, provide entertainment opportunities for everyone, and tap the potential of urban fringe areas. Its main function is the legal advocate and supervisor of rural protection, providing influential and enlightening solutions with their knowledge and performance, and providing the most valuable places for entertainers. Figure 3 UK 19 National Trail Distribution Map The purpose of formulating the national trail system standard is to ensure that the national trails in the UK meet certain standards, coordinate with the landscape of the passing area, meet the requirements of trail users and ensure that they get a comfortable walking experience. Because the area that each trail passes through has its unique local natural and cultural landscape, each trail has its own personality. In order to fully display the unique charm of each national trail and give full play to its attraction, Britain requires that each trail should be planned and constructed in accordance with the "Guiding Outline of National Trail Brand Management" formulated by the Rural Administration Bureau in 2003. The components of the national trail include the trail pavement, equipment, signs and road signs system, interpretation system and other ancillary facilities. All parts must be planned, designed and built according to certain standards, and should also reflect local characteristics.
Color, and integrate with the surrounding landscape. The design of ethnic trails follows three principles: ① Give way to users to enjoy hiking as much as possible; (2) Maintain the ecological, cultural and landscape features of the area where the ancient road passes; ③ Provide sufficient facilities and service information for trail users of different routes. Conclusion and Enlightenment From the perspective of the British national trail system and its planning and management standards, its purpose is very clear, that is, to protect natural and cultural heritage and meet people's recreational needs, which fully embodies the following three characteristics: ① Public welfare. The trail itself is open to the public free of charge; Most of the natural and cultural landscapes on the trail, whether managed by the state or privately, are also open to the public free of charge. ② Coordination. National government agencies and social organizations have their own functions, and at the same time they are closely related to each other, so as to achieve the ultimate goal of protecting heritage and meeting people's needs. ③ Informatization. Both government agencies and social organizations have corresponding websites, which are simple to operate, rich in information, timely and accurate in feedback, and meet the needs of the people to the greatest extent. Our country is entering the era of leisure economy, and citizens' leisure needs will be increasingly diversified. Providing public outdoor recreation areas through the construction of national parks and national trail systems should be one of the countermeasures to meet the growing outdoor recreation needs of our people. The successful experience and management measures of Britain are an important reference for us to plan the national outdoor recreation system. It is expected that domestic scholars will devote themselves to the construction of China National Recreation Trail in terms of practice and standards, protect China's natural and cultural heritage, and meet the public's demand for outdoor recreation and environmental education.