13.3.1 Scientific planning and effective allocation of water resources
On the whole, except for a few reservoirs (Heshui, Changtan, Yitang, and Meixi), Meizhou City currently has , the comprehensive development and utilization of water resources is not enough. The reason is that hydropower, shipping, forestry, tourism and local departments at all levels often operate independently and lack institutions with sufficient power to coordinate, resulting in a waste of water resources, mainly in water transportation and aquaculture. In 2003, the province's per capita aquatic products reached 84.08kg, while Meizhou only had 15.54kg. In terms of shipping, due to sedimentation on the riverbed and insufficient river dredging, the advantages of water transportation have not been fully utilized. In addition, over the past few decades, in terms of comprehensive utilization of water resources, water conservancy project construction has not taken into account navigation, resulting in a continuous reduction in the navigation mileage of waterways. In recent years, Meizhou City has built barrages on rivers, but most of them have not considered building fish migration structures. However, the Qingxi Hydropower Station on the Tingjiang River and the Guazhou Hydropower Station on the Shiku River have not built boat facilities, thus affecting the Give full play to the benefits of water transportation. Although Meizhou City's small hydropower development (especially private water conservancy) has a certain reputation in the province, generally speaking, there is still a lot of room for hydropower development. By the end of 2001, Meizhou City's hydropower installed capacity was 630,100 kW, accounting for only 48% of the city's developable hydropower installed capacity.
In the future, the concepts of commodities and market economy should be used to guide the planning of water resources to achieve reasonable and effective allocation of water resources, thereby maximizing the development and utilization of water resources, and focusing on handling water resources well. The relationship between development and basin development is that, on the one hand, water resources development must be included in the national economic construction rules of the basin; on the other hand, economic development planning must be compatible with the maximum possible water supply. In addition, it is necessary to handle the collaborative relationship between upstream and downstream, between industries, and between departments on water use. In particular, the upstream must ensure the water quantity and quality requirements of the downstream (including overseas downstream cities) to prevent "partialism" . We cannot use up all the water in the upper reaches, otherwise, Hanjiang River will become a waste river in many years.
13.3.2 Protection and Improvement of Water Resources Environment
At present, the water quality of Meizhou City’s rivers is basically good, but due to years of urban management and sewage and wastewater treatment have not kept up with the development of the situation. According to the requirements, most urban domestic water and industrial wastewater in the city are discharged into rivers without purification. Therefore, river sections near cities and towns are subject to a certain degree of pollution, especially the Meijiang River Basin, which poses the greatest potential pollution threat. According to the Meizhou City Water Resources Bulletin, the city's wastewater discharged into the Meijiang Basin in 2003 was 253 million m3, of which industrial wastewater accounted for 75% and urban domestic sewage accounted for 25%. Therefore, the middle and lower reaches of the Meijiang River have actually become a sewage receiving body for urban domestic and industrial wastewater, and the work of cleaning and preventing pollution of the Meijiang river water has become urgent. In addition, in terms of water and soil conservation, although it has been greatly improved after 10 years of governance, the consolidation and improvement of water conservation projects and the new phenomenon of water and soil erosion cannot be ignored [1].
Soil and water conservation is one of the important measures to reduce flood loss and increase dry season flow. In the future, in addition to continuing to maintain and consolidate original water conservation projects and facilities, effective measures must be taken to prevent new water and soil erosion. Restrictions will be placed on projects whose development and utilization are unreasonable and may easily cause new losses, and water and soil conservation responsibilities will be implemented for approved development projects. In terms of preventing and controlling water source pollution, water conservancy departments at all levels have prepared water resource conservation plans based on local actual conditions, and proposed phased management measures and goals. In particular, they should highlight the focus of drinking water resource protection and speed up the solution of the problem of drinking water that meets sanitary standards for the people along the river (river). . For tap water source areas (including existing and planned water sources), corresponding water source protection areas must be delineated and specific protection measures for the protection areas must be clarified. For example, the current reservoir pollution caused by tourism in individual reservoirs has posed a threat to the reservoir area, which is the source of drinking water for the downstream people. Relevant departments must pay great attention to this!
13.3.3 Investment in water conservancy construction
Since most Meizhou water supply projects were built in the 1950s and 1960s, the engineering design standards are low, the construction quality is poor, and the engineering facilities are not matching. Maintenance and efficiency have declined significantly, and some projects have even been scrapped.
According to information provided by the Meizhou Municipal Water Conservancy Bureau, there were 9,840 water storage projects in the city in 1981, which dropped to 9,689 in 1997, a total of 151; the effective irrigation area dropped from 122,134hm2 in 1981 to 100,001hm2 in 1997; water conservancy projects The water supply volume dropped from 2,063.48 million m3 in 1989 to 1,856.42 million m3 in 1997. This has caused, to a certain extent, insufficient water supply in some areas.
Due to the limitations of the natural conditions in mountainous areas, there are not many large and medium-sized water storage projects in Meizhou. Most of them are small or smaller reservoirs and ponds. Moreover, these water storage projects are unevenly distributed geographically and cannot be used well. The land plays the role of storing floods and replenishing drought. When a severe drought occurs, a lot of cultivated land and other productive land will lack water for irrigation. According to incomplete statistics
"Meizhou Daily" (2005-06-05). , according to the irrigation standard with guaranteed rate P = 90, the city still has 19,200 hm2 of cultivated land and 11,600 hm2 of other production land that cannot meet the irrigation standard.
According to the analysis in Table 13.3, it can be seen that if the current water supply project supplies water, the water supply gap in Meizhou City will be large in the next 15 years. In view of the aging of Meizhou City's existing water supply projects, declining water supply efficiency, and insufficient water supply capacity, on the one hand, a certain amount of capital investment must be increased and supplemented by various effective maintenance management to ensure the water supply of various current water supply projects at different levels. On the other hand, a number of water supply projects and sewage treatment plants must be built purposefully, and medium and long-term water supply plans must be continued to ensure the smooth progress of industrial, agricultural and social development to achieve sustainable development.
13.4.4 Increase revenue and reduce expenditure
The fundamental way to solve the water shortage problem is to save water, and the foundation of water saving lies in society. Therefore, the historical mission of establishing a "water-saving society" has been placed before contemporary people without hesitation. The key to establishing a water-saving society is to enhance society's awareness of water-saving. The foundation of water-saving awareness comes from water crisis awareness, and the establishment of water crisis awareness requires the publicity and education of water resources knowledge among citizens, especially young people. Water resources education should be carried out subtly among primary school students by writing lively and interesting water resources science books; water resources elective courses should be opened at the middle school level to popularize water resources knowledge; water safety should be promoted among college students, cadres, and employees. Education should be combined with current affairs education to establish the idea that water security is the basis of national economic security, enhance the sense of responsibility for protecting water resources, and integrate water conservation into every water use action.
To achieve sustainable utilization of water resources, in addition to necessary water-saving measures, we must also actively explore the development of new water sources, such as the utilization of "reclaimed water". "Reclaimed water" refers to water that is recycled from discharged domestic sewage and industrial wastewater and can be reused after treatment. The name "reclaimed water" comes from Japan. There are many interpretations of the definition of "reclaimed water". It is called "reclaimed water" in sewage engineering and "recycled water" in factories. Water quality is generally used as a mark of distinction. The collective name refers to the water that has been deeply purified by urban sewage treatment facilities (including water after secondary treatment and further in-depth treatment in sewage treatment plants and concentrated treated water such as bathing water and vegetable washing water in large buildings and living communities). "Medium water". The reuse of "reclaimed water", on the one hand, opens up a second water source for urban water supply, which can greatly reduce the consumption of "top water" (tap water); on the other hand, it solves the problem of "sewer water" (sewage)'s impact on water sources to a certain extent. pollution problems, thus playing a role in protecting water sources and water quantity. Various amounts of domestic sewage are discharged near cities every day. These domestic sewage are used for farmland irrigation after being treated by sewage treatment plants. This not only opens up new water sources, but also makes full use of part of the nutrients in the pollutants to increase the fertilizer efficiency of farmland. , reduce environmental pollution, thereby realizing part of its economic value.
References
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[2] Chen Ning, Zhang Yanjun. Concept, connotation and indicator system of sustainable development of water resources [J]. Regional Research and Development, 1998, (4): 37～39
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[4 ] Wang Bingmei. A preliminary study on the development of private water conservancy in Meizhou [J]. People's Pearl River, 2004, (1): 9～10