First, the project decision-making stage
First, it provides scientific basis for decision-making of water conservancy projects.
Before making an investment decision, a construction project shall conduct a feasibility study to fully demonstrate its technical feasibility and economic rationality. At this stage, investment estimation is an important basis for project economic analysis and correct decision-making. The whole process management of project cost should start with "estimation", fully consider various possible dynamic factors such as demand, risk and price increase, make full investment reasonably, leave no gap, and prevent overestimation and risk calculation.
Second, scientifically control the project cost in the early stage of water conservancy project construction.
In the stage of investment decision-making, it is the premise of project cost control to reasonably choose the construction site, control the project scale, scientifically determine the design standard and select the appropriate process equipment. The cost engineer should comprehensively evaluate the construction scheme of the proposed project from both technical and economic aspects, and determine a complete, accurate, fair and high-quality investment estimate on the basis of the optimized scheme to realize the pre-control of the project cost.
Second, the design stage.
The preliminary design estimate of the project is a project investment plan compiled according to the current relevant cost standards and quotas in the preliminary design stage, which is the basis for investors to determine the investment scale of water conservancy project construction. Generally speaking, the preliminary design budget reflects the price and social average productivity level in a preparatory year in the preliminary design stage, and the total construction funds required for a water conservancy project are calculated accordingly. Therefore, the estimated investment amount cannot be exceeded at will during the construction period, which is the goal of macro-control of the project legal person.
The accuracy of the preliminary design budget directly affects the progress of the project construction. If the budget estimate is accurate, the investment scale of the project construction will be easy to control, which is conducive to the smooth progress of the project; On the other hand, if the total budget is low, it will lead to out-of-control infrastructure scale, difficulties in raising funds, failure to guarantee funds and materials, or delay the construction period, or affect the project quality and reduce the investment effect. In order to make the preliminary design budget accurate, the following measures are generally taken.
Adopt design standards and standard design
At present, the water conservancy industry has a lot of mature and effective practical experience and scientific and technological achievements, and it is an important way to transform science and technology into productive forces by incorporating them into standard specifications and standard design and implementation. On the other hand, engineering construction standards and norms are the yardstick to measure the quality of engineering construction. The quality of construction projects that meet the standards and specifications is guaranteed, and the quality of projects that do not meet the standards and specifications is poor. Therefore, in the design of water conservancy project, according to the terrain and address conditions of the project, the standard design should be applied as much as possible, and the construction should be carried out according to the standard specifications, so that the quality can reach the standard and the project cost can be minimized.
2. Conduct quota design
Quota design is an effective control method in the design process, which reduces the project cost on the basis of ensuring the scale and function of the project. The main advantages are as follows: (1) controlling design changes; Restrict unreasonable behavior; Promote design optimization; Reflect the rationality of the results; Verify the working depth and quality of the design. In the preliminary design stage, all professional designers should master the design principles of the design task book, compare and select various economic indicators and schemes, and strictly control the preliminary design cost within the limit. Construction drawing design should be carried out in accordance with the approved preliminary design, and the focus of its quota should be on controlling the engineering quantity. The investment and engineering quantity approved in the previous stage should be decomposed into various disciplines, and then into various unit projects and branch projects. Designers must strengthen the concept of economy, often check the project cost of their major in the whole design process, and effectively control the project cost.
(3) the implementation of engineering design bidding.
The so-called design bidding is to select the best design unit and design scheme through design bidding and scheme comparison, which is the key to control the project cost in the design stage. Through the public release of bidding information, attract design units to participate in design bidding or design scheme election, in order to obtain a large number of design schemes; Then the expert review team adopts scientific review methods to comprehensively evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each design scheme and select the best design scheme. This encourages competition, urges design units to improve management, adopt advanced technology, reduce project cost, shorten construction period and improve investment benefit, which is conducive to speeding up design progress, improving design quality and reducing design cost.
Fourthly, use value engineering to optimize the design scheme.
For the same project, different design schemes will produce different project costs. By participating in value engineering, designers can avoid the tendency of attaching importance to function and ignoring cost in the design process. On the premise of defining the function, designers can give full play to their creative spirit, put forward various schemes to realize the function, and choose the most reasonable scheme. This not only ensures the realization of the required functions of the project, but also effectively controls the project cost.
5. Review the design budget estimate
Whether the design budget is within the approved investment estimate should be strictly examined. If you find it overestimated, you should find out the reason. If it belongs to the design, the design must be modified. Belong to the budget, to check the calculation process item by item, modify the budget, and strive to be scientific, economical and reasonable.
Implement the method of combining design fees with engineering design cost saving, formulate design reward and punishment system, give a certain proportion of rewards to designers who save costs, encourage designers to seek the best design scheme, and prevent the phenomenon of arbitrarily improving safety factor regardless of cost.
Third, the project cost control and management in the bidding stage
The bidding pricing procedure of water conservancy projects is a pricing method stipulated by Chinese laws. It is a method that the tender documents are compiled by the tenderer, and the bidders compete in bidding. After winning the bid, the winning bidder signs a contract with the tenderer through negotiation, and the contract price is used as a valuation method of the construction project price. Because this pricing method belongs to the market-regulated price, it is also the independent pricing of enterprises. Therefore, strictly measuring and reviewing the bidders' bidding quotation is the key to whether the bidding work of water conservancy projects can achieve the expected goal or not, and it is also the key to effectively control the project cost. At this stage, the construction party must strictly examine the qualification of the construction unit, conduct field visits when necessary, understand the technical strength of the bidder, be familiar with the formation and calculation method of the bidder's project bidding quotation, and prevent the construction unit with poor technical strength, poor financial status and poor reputation from participating in the bidding; The construction party should be clear about the reasonable pre-tender estimate of the project, avoid unfair competition such as blind asking price and unexpected price reduction, protect the legitimate rights and interests of all parties, and lay a good foundation for the smooth progress of the project construction; When signing a contract, the format of the contract terms should be standardized and the words should be rigorous, so as to avoid leaving the foreshadowing of wrangling and claims in the future, which is conducive to the investment control of engineering construction.
Fourth, the cost control and management in the construction stage of the project
The construction stage of water conservancy project is the process of transforming design drawings, raw materials, semi-finished products and equipment into engineering entities. During this period, a lot of money was invested in the purchase of engineering land, equipment and construction costs. At present, the possibility of affecting the project cost is only 5% ~ 10%. Although the possibility of saving investment is very small, the project investment mainly occurs at this stage, and there is a great possibility of wasting investment. Therefore, in addition to strengthening contract management and project settlement management, the construction party should also focus on strengthening construction site management in the construction stage to prevent investment waste.
In the project implementation stage, the project cost should be effectively controlled by means of "static control and dynamic management". Strictly control the "engineering quantity" of preliminary design through "quota design management" and compile the "project management budget" to strictly control the static investment of engineering construction within the approved static total investment of preliminary design budget; Through fair price difference calculation and settlement, scientifically manage the price difference and financing cost in project construction.
Whole process management of project cost in project implementation stage
The implementation stage of engineering construction is an important stage in the whole process of engineering cost management, and it is also the stage when the feasibility study and preliminary design stage turn to the implementation of control content. With the deepening of survey and design, the clear construction environment, the implementation of management system and the establishment of control responsibility, the project cost management in the implementation stage of project construction has entered a substantive stage.
The predictability and irreversibility of project cost in advance determine the one-off characteristics of project cost management, which fully embodies the importance of tracking and controlling project cost in the implementation stage of project construction. At the same time, we should correctly handle the relationship between cost, quality and time limit for a project. Public welfare projects should ensure the realization of project functions, that is, put engineering quality in the first place, reduce costs and ensure the construction period on the premise of ensuring qualified quality.
At present, the following problems generally exist in the construction of water conservancy projects: first, most projects adopt a "short, flat and fast" development model from feasibility study, preliminary design to project implementation, and only pay attention to the construction speed, with low input and early output. The shortage of money will inevitably lead to the corresponding increase in investment by construction enterprises, resulting in a shortage of funds and low profits, which will lead to operational difficulties; Second, the cost of all kinds of machinery increases, the cost of raw materials increases, and the cost of personnel wages increases. At the same time, due to the weak management control consciousness of managers themselves, the mental cost index increases.
Therefore, a comprehensive project cost management model is particularly important in the implementation of water conservancy projects. Comprehensive project cost management mode is an operable management control system consisting of project cost preparation, implementation, internal audit, evaluation and incentive. The key points of project total cost management are: establishing project total cost management system and standardizing enterprise governance institutions; Strategy refinement and index decomposition; Synchronous control, management and rectification; Performance appraisal, cash rewards and punishments.
2. Control and management of engineering change price
There are many reasons for design changes during the implementation of water conservancy projects: first, the construction unit pays insufficient attention to the project, often rushes to start construction, fails to make necessary preparations, and fails to strictly control the requirements of project construction standards, investment limits, design depth, rationality and perfection of bidding documents and contracts, which leads to changes in construction; Second, the survey and design work is not meticulous, so that it is found in the construction process that the bidding documents have not considered or the estimated quantities are inaccurate, and it is necessary to change the construction project or increase or decrease the quantities; Third, because water conservancy projects are greatly influenced by natural conditions and objective factors, there is a greater possibility of unforeseen events, such as natural disasters or social reasons caused by shutdown or time delay.
Because the change of engineering quantity may make the project investment exceed the original budget investment, it must be strictly controlled. Before construction, organize the construction personnel to go to the site for reconnaissance and make technical disclosure of drawings to avoid undue rework during construction. In the process of construction, design changes should be minimized. If design changes are necessary, they should be carried out as early as possible, especially for major design changes that affect the project cost, the method of accounting first and then changing should be adopted to solve them.
Control and management of claims
Claim is a just contract, which gives both parties legal rights. Claim is a normal phenomenon that often occurs and can be seen everywhere in engineering contracting. Due to the change of construction site conditions and climatic conditions, the change of construction progress, and the changes, differences and delays of contract terms, specifications, standard documents and construction drawings, claims will inevitably occur in project contracting, which will lead to the change of project investment. The key to control engineering claims is to refine engineering design, reduce engineering changes, prevent the influence caused by human factors and minimize claims. In the event of a claim, a letter of intent or a claim application report shall be submitted to the supervisor within 28 days, explaining the reasons for the claim and the calculation basis of the claim expenses, with necessary records and evidence attached; After receiving the claim application report, the supervisor shall immediately review it, fully negotiate with both parties on the premise of distinguishing the contractual responsibilities of both parties, and notify both parties of the claim handling decision within the prescribed time limit, so as to strive for an early coordinated settlement.
Control and management of project settlement
The payment and settlement of contract price is the end of the whole process of project cost management, which should be controlled according to the contract, especially the management and control of the process.
Measurement is the key of engineering quantity measurement and payment, and the main body of water conservancy project contract is generally unit price contract. The basis of contract payment is the amount of work actually completed by the contractor and measured according to the contract.
The quota design controls the design quantity, the construction unit controls the construction quantity, and the measurement method controls the acceptance quantity, which finally reflects that the contract price is effectively controlled.
Therefore, the control and management of project settlement should pay attention to the following points: first, check whether the project content meets the requirements of the contract terms, whether the project is qualified after acceptance, and only after the project is completed and accepted according to the contract requirements can the project settlement be carried out; Second, the project settlement should be audited according to the stipulated settlement method, valuation quota, charging standard, main material price and preferential terms; The third is to check the acceptance records of concealed works, and all concealed works need the acceptance signature of the supervision engineer; Four, according to the construction design drawings to verify the engineering quantity, according to the calculation rules stipulated by the state to calculate the engineering quantity; The fifth is to implement the design change visa. Design changes shall be issued by the original design unit with revised design drawings, signed by proofreaders and stamped with official seals, and approved by the construction unit and supervision engineer. Major design changes shall be approved by the original examination and approval department, otherwise they shall not be included in the settlement; Sixth, the settlement unit price should be implemented according to the pricing principle stipulated in the contract or tender.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Control and management of project cost in completion stage The final accounts reflect the actual construction cost of the construction project.
Its time is the whole process, that is, all the time from preparation to completion acceptance; Its scope is the whole construction project, that is, the main project, ancillary projects, as well as the upfront costs and all related costs of the construction project. Final accounts are important economic files of construction projects, and their contents and data must be true and reliable. The project legal person shall be responsible for the authenticity and integrity of the final accounts. At the same time, the completion decision is also the basis for the project legal person to handle the project delivery. On the one hand, the actual cost and investment results of construction projects can be correctly reflected through the final accounts of projects; On the other hand, through the comparative analysis of project final accounts, budget estimates and budgets, the effectiveness of investment control can be evaluated, so as to sum up experiences and lessons, accumulate basic technical and economic information and improve the investment benefits of future construction projects.
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