Qiludeng is a long vernacular novel in Qing Dynasty, which is a rare warning to the world. Li hai's works in qing dynasty. 18 times. Li Haiguan was born in Songzhai Village, Caozhen Township, Zhanhe District, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province today. The book tells the story of Tan Shaowen, the son of a scholarly family, who has fallen and lost his family, and the prodigal son has returned to revive his family business. There are extensive and vivid descriptions of the bureaucracy and education in feudal society, and the social conditions, customs and customs of the market society at that time, but there are many feudal sermons.
(Qing. Lvyuan Li is now in the Nanjing Library) Life stands at both ends of success or failure, and the reasons for success or failure are all divided in youth, with honest or shallow qualifications, serene or light temperament, contacts or serious partisanship, etc., which leads to a different path and shines on people who are lost in the world.
It came out at the same time as The Scholars and A Dream of Red Mansions in the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. The novel
Qiludeng, written by Lvyuan Li, a native of Henan Province, has more than 7, words and 18 stories, which is unique in the literary circles at that time. However, this
book was circulated in rural Henan in the form of notes until the 192s, and few people knew it, which did not attract the attention of
readers and academic circles. Since the 192s, the printed version of "Qi Lu Deng" appeared, and the academic research on it in the true sense of < P > began.
This paper intends to review the research on Qiludeng in the past 8 years since the 192s, for the reference of Qiludeng lovers and researchers, and hopes to help the further study of Qiludeng.
1
In 1918, the Commercial Press published Jiang Ruizao's Textual Research on Novels, in which eight volumes recorded a Qiludeng, and
Quoted from Queming Notes:
Qiludeng, written by Mr. Lvyuan Li, a senior in my hometown, was written 12 times. Although it was purely based on A Dream of Red Mansions, it described people. It's a great pity that only three or five copies of the great articles that are beneficial to the world are left in the backcountry, because they cherish their descendants and are pro-old, and there are no people who care about money and righteousness.
This is the earliest known record of the Qiludeng in this century. Its so-called "pure birth from A Dream of Red Mansions < P >" is of course unfounded. As for the reason why "Qi Lu Deng" is not widely circulated, its reason is not that no one has published it < P >. However, this description at least shows that scholars have taken an interest in this novel. In 193s, Qiludeng was recorded in Sun Kai's Bibliography of Popular Novels in China, and the materials of Textual Research on Xiao
were also transcribed in the Historical Materials of China Novels by Kong Youjing.
In p>1924, Luoyang Qingyitang printed the stone Qiludeng for 15 times, which was preceded by Yang Maosheng's Preface and Zhang
Qinglian's Postscript. Lvyuan Li and his Qiludeng were introduced and highly praised. This is the first printed edition of Qiludeng < P > since it was written, which is of great significance in the spread history of Qiludeng. However, as Zhang Qinglian said in
"Postscript": "It's too busy to collate, and it's a mistake to spread the wrong information only according to the original." Therefore, the sea tapir
Lu fish in the book can be seen everywhere, and with a small number of prints, it is still not widely circulated. In 1927, Beijing Pushe (Jingshan Bookstore) began to print and publish the collated edition of Feng Youlan and Feng Yuanjun's brother and sister. Unfortunately, only the first volume was printed 26 times, and the following was not seen. There is a long preface written by Feng Youlan in the front of the typography of Park
Society, which makes a
comprehensive evaluation of the ideological content and artistic gains and losses of Qiludeng. Feng Youlan said in the preface: "The Road Lamp is too Taoist, which is really a big problem.
Fortunately, most of what Lvyuan Li wrote in his book is the opposite of the above-mentioned' meaning' ... His
pen of Mr. Daoism is quite capable of describing things, and it contains many thorns. " Feng Youlan made a fair and objective comment on all kinds of social life situations described in
The Road Lights, and appreciated the achievements made in the use of language (especially the southern dialect of the river
) and characterization. In the same year, Feng Youlan also compiled "Lvyuan Li Gong Shi Chao";
before the typography, there is a biography of Lvyuan Li written by Dong Zuobin, which makes a preliminary examination and collation of Lvyuan Li's birth and death year and chronology. The two articles written by Feng and Dong can be said to be the earliest academic research results of Li Lv < P > Garden and Qi Lu Deng in the past 8 years, which have a groundbreaking contribution.
As the publication of printed copies provided convenience for researchers, academic circles began to publish
tables of research papers, but there were few valuable monographs. Among them, it is worth noting that there are articles by Guo Shaoyu and Zhu Ziqing. In early 1928, Guo Shaoyu
published a paper entitled "Introduction to Qiludeng" in No.25, Volume 5 of Literature Weekly. By comparing Qiludeng with A Dream of Red Mansions and The Scholars, the conclusion is: "Qiludeng is just
better than A Dream of Red Mansions and The Scholars. Guo Shaoyu praised, "Lvyuan Li was able to talk about < P > in a regular way, but he was able to make people not feel like talking about it in a regular way. The meaning is clear but the words are not old, and the words are not old, so I don't think it is clear and mediocre < P >. This is his difficulty, that is, his success. This kind of success is all due to his elite thinking and his cool brushwork, which is enough to control this boring subject. " At the end of the same year, Zhu Ziqing published
an article entitled Qiludeng in Volume 6, No.4 of General, arguing that Qiludeng and A Dream of Red Mansions are "the only two novels in China that can be called really long". Zhu Ziqing's point of view is roughly the same as Guo Shaoyu's, and he especially appreciates the achievements in the plot structure of
The Lamp on the Divergent Road, pointing out: "The whole book is watertight, round as a circle, and has no bloated
and intermittent problems." "Structurally, it is the only real novel in China." Zhu Ziqing said
at the end of the article: "If I estimate the total value of this book, I think it is only inferior to A Dream of Red Mansions and can keep pace with The Scholars." In addition, on April 23, 1928, Ta Kung Pao Literature Supplement published an anonymous article
Comment on Qiludeng, which praised Qiludeng's characterization, social life description and language, and regarded it as "the best work in writing realism". And Xu Yunuo, not only helped Feng Youlan to collect information about Li Lv
Garden and Qiludeng, but also published Qiludeng and Mr. Lvyuan Li's Legacy in Volume 1, Issue 4 of Tomorrow, a semimonthly on November 11, 1928, and published Notes on Summer in the Corner in Volume 3, Issue 8 of Tomorrow on August 14, 1929. On October 16th, 1929, Tomorrow (Volume 2, No.1) published Notes on Summer in the Corner (Part II), which made a textual research on < P > Qiludeng and Lvyuan Li, affirmed that Qiludeng unintentionally and profoundly attacked Bagua Wen and Confucius and Mencius' < P > Tao, but also pointed out the shortcomings of the author's lack of real life experience in describing the novel.
Guo Shaoyu, Zhu Ziqing, etc. have only read the first volume of the typesetting book of Pushe for 26 times, but failed to read the whole book. Their views
are naturally debatable, but they represent the general views of academic circles on Qiludeng at that time, and are the influential achievements in the early research of Qiludeng in this century. Unfortunately, however, the print run of Luoyang Qingyitang was too small, and the typesetting of the press was not completed. In the following 4 or 5 years, although some people held a high evaluation of Qiludeng, such as Li Minxiu praised Qiludeng as "the forerunner of modern civilian literature" in the General Preface of Zhongzhou Literature Collection, few scholars made in-depth and comprehensive research on it, and Qiludeng seems to be facing "burying" again.
2
Until the 196s, Luan Xing, a scholar from Henan Province, devoted himself to searching for the notes of Qiludeng, and collected the research materials about Guan Lvyuan Li and Qiludeng. Luan Xing spent ten years' energy, and in the 197s, he finished the proofreading work of < P > on Qiludeng, and compiled a book "Research Materials on Qiludeng". Because it was not easy to publish at that time, it was not until 198 that
Qi Lu Deng was published by Zhongzhou Calligraphy and Painting Society (now Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House), and
Qi Lu Deng Research Materials was published in 1982. Luan Xing took Qiludeng, a banknote edition in the last years of Qing Qianlong, as the original, consulted other editions (see the banknote edition of Qiludeng in the Qing Dynasty, the over-recorded edition in the Republic of China, and the printed editions of Shi Yinben and Park Society in Qingyitang * * *), revised the whole book to
18 times, and made more than 1, notes, which were used in slang, dialect, appellation and name system. The book
Research Materials of Qiludeng is divided into three parts: Biography of Lvyuan Li, Collection of Lvyuan Li's Poems and Notes on Qiludeng, followed by Appendix: 81 Articles of Lvyuan Li's Family Instructions. This book provides valuable information about Lvyuan Li's family life, friends,
writings, and the research on
Qiludeng. It has a relatively complete collection, a reasonable arrangement
, and notes the source in detail, which is welcomed by researchers.
After the publication of Luan Xing School's annotated edition Qi Lu Deng, it immediately aroused enthusiastic response in Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province and Hong Kong
, Guangming Daily and Wen Wei Po in Chinese mainland, United Daily News in Taiwan Province, Wen Wei Po, Ta Kung Pao and New Evening News in Hong Kong, etc. They were reported in succession with the titles of
Publication of the Classical Vernacular Novel
Buried for more than 2 years, A Novel Buried for more than 2 years, The Light of the Road
, and Another Great Work Known as
A Dream of Red Mansions. Subsequently, some scholars
published research papers in various newspapers or academic journals.
3
In 1981, 1982 and 1984, three academic seminars on "Qiludeng" were held in Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Kaifeng, Henan Province. In 1982 and 1984, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House edited and published two series on "Qiludeng", which included some papers submitted to the previous two academic seminars and some famous ones. In addition, there are quite a few papers scattered in various publications. According to incomplete statistics, from 1928 to the end of 1983, there were about 11 research papers (including a few reported articles) about Qiludeng published in various newspapers and periodicals. These papers have made a comprehensive and in-depth discussion on Li Lvyuan's life thought, the ideological tendency and artistic achievements of "Crossing the Road Lamp" such as structure, characters, language and so on. Some scholars have made a special study on the educational ideas expressed in the novel, or made a detailed textual research on Kaifeng's urban economy, the description of relevant operas and folk customs in the Kangxi and Qianlong periods of Qing Dynasty reflected in the novel
. Because of the complexity and richness of Lvyuan Li's thoughts and contents, scholars' research covers a wide range of < P > and forms different views.
There are three different viewpoints: First, I think that Qiludeng is a mediocre work both in thought and art, and it can't be compared with The Scholars at all; Second, it is considered that Qiludeng is an excellent China ancient novel, which is equal to The Scholars. The third view is more peaceful, and holds that "Qi < P > Street Lamp" is not as good as "A Dream of Red Mansions" and "The Scholars" and should be a second-rate work, but it is still relatively successful and has its own unique style.
Those who hold a negative view can be represented by Lan Ling's article "Query on the Theory of Burying" (see "On the Road Lights (1)"
). Lan Wen thinks: "Lvyuan Li's creative thought is indeed a
retrogression of the traditional spirit of realism in China's ancient novels, which has greatly developed the original didactic factors in Jin Ping Mei, which started the human novel, and made the development of
human novel go astray", and "Qi Lu Deng really wants to publicize Confucian orthodoxy and regard this
decadent thought as a beacon of life. Qiludeng is quite short of
artistic attraction, which can make people read happily. "It is an ancient novel with mediocre ideas and mediocre art." Just like
The Story of Marriage to Wake the World, "in terms of their backward ideas and mediocre art,' it's equal, each has its own strengths and weaknesses, and it's hard to compete.'. They are the products of the same creative trend of thought, and they are a turbid stream mixed with more sediment and rot in the development of' human novels'. Its evaluation is so low that there may be no second person among the scholars at that time.
those who hold a positive view can be represented by Zhang Guoguang's long paper "Educational Poems and Social Custom Painting in Ancient China" (
see "On the Road Lights (I)"). To a great extent, this article is written to refute Lan Ling's Query on Buried Theory < P >, and its subtitle is New Theory on Qiludeng and Comment on Query on Buried Theory. Zhang Wen severely criticized the blue text < P > and put forward a positive evaluation of Qiludeng. Zhang Wen thinks that "Qi Lu Deng is an educational novel worth learning", "Lvyuan Li is not only a novelist, but also a thinker and educator", praises "Qi Lu Deng is a genre painting in ancient China", and points out that Qi Lu Deng is in
artistic structure, characterization and language application. Zhang Wen's conclusion is that
"Qiludeng" is an ancient vernacular novel with high ideological level and artistic achievements "and" it surpasses the former in reflecting the breadth of feudal social life and exposing the ugly essence of ghosts at that time (Dream of a Red Mansion) ". Zhang Wen suggested that this "excellent classical novel buried for more than 2 years", "parents < P > can read it", "young people can read it" and "people who study the history of literature need to read it more.