List of monarchs of Qin
Feizi of Qin (900 BC - 846 BC) About 900 BC, King Xiao of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty granted Feizi the title of Feizi in Qinyi (now northeast of Qingshui County, Gansu Province) ) founded the Qin State.
Qin Hou (reigned 857 BC - 848 BC)
Qin Gongbo (846 BC - 844 BC) There are few records about Qin Gongbo in history books. It is generally known that he was a Qin official. After Hou and Qin Feizi.
Qin Zhong (845 BC - 822 BC) In the fifth year of King Xuan of Zhou (823 BC), Qin Zhong was appointed as the official and ordered to attack Xirong. Qin Zhong was defeated and died the following year. His eldest son Ying also succeeded to the throne.
Qin Zhuanggong-Ying Ye (reigned 44 years from 821 BC to 778 BC), in the seventh year of King Zhou Xuan (821 BC), Qin Zhuanggong led five brothers and 7,000 soldiers and horses of the Zhou Dynasty. After defeating Xirong, King Xuan of Zhou granted Duke Zhuang the title of doctor of Xicui and granted him the land of Daluoquanqiu (the area around Li County, southwest of Tianshui City, Gansu Province).
Qin Xianggong-Ying Kai (777 BC - 766 BC) reigned for 12 years. Qin was the first monarch among the princes. During the rebellion of King You, Quan Rong attacked Hao Jing, and Qin Xianggong sent troops to save Zhou. When King Ping moved eastward, Duke Xianggang of Qin sent troops to escort him and granted him the title of feudal lord for his merit. In 766 BC, Duke Xianggang of Qin was killed in the war and was buried in his hometown, Xicui.
Duke Wen of Qin (765 BC - 716 BC) reigned for 50 years. Build a new capital. In the 16th year (before 750), Duke Wen sent troops to attack Xirong. Xirong was defeated and fled, and its territory expanded to Qishan. In the fifty year (before 716), Duke Wen died and was buried in Xishan.
Qin Zhugong was the son of Duke Wen of Qin. In the forty-eighth year of Duke Wen (718 BC), the prince died and was given the posthumous title of Duke Zhu.
Qin Ning Gong-Ying Li (715 BC - 704 BC) reigned for 12 years. In the second year of Duke Ning (714 BC), the capital was moved from Yiyi (northeast of Yi County, Shaanxi Province) to Pingyang (Meixian County, Shaanxi Province). In the same year, troops were sent to capture the Borongdangshe (Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) tribe. He died after reigning for 12 years and was buried at the foot of Xishan Mountain. His ministers deposed the prince (later Duke Wu of Qin) and established his youngest son Qin Chuzi.
Qin Chuzi (703 BC - 698 BC) ascended the throne at the age of 5 and was killed in the 6th year of his reign. Qin Chuzi is the youngest son of Duke Ning of Qin.
Duke Wu of Qin (697 BC - 678 BC) reigned for 20 years.
Qin Degong (677 BC-676 BC) reigned for 2 years. After taking the throne, he moved the capital to today's Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province. From then on, the Qin Dynasty steadily used this as its capital for hundreds of years. The various systems of the Qin State generally took shape during the reigns of Qin Wugong and Qin Degong, and its national power also began to develop rapidly. This laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of Qin during the Qin Mugong period and its subsequent struggle for hegemony with other countries in the Central Plains.
Qin Xuangong (675 BC - 664 BC) was the eldest son of Duke De of Qin and the eldest brother of Duke Cheng of Qin and Duke Mu of Qin. He died after reigning for 12 years and was buried in Pingyang Cemetery (Dongyang Ping Town, Baoji County, Shaanxi Province). ). He had nine sons, but he was not yet established. He was passed down to his younger brother Qin Chenggong.
Duke Cheng of Qin (663 BC - 660 BC) reigned for 4 years.
Qin Mugong-Ying Renhao (659 BC-621 BC) reigned for 39 years. One of the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period. Duke Mu of Qin had great ambitions and attached great importance to talents. During his tenure, he was assisted by virtuous ministers such as Baili Xi, Uncle Jian, Pi Bao, and Gongsun Zhi. He once assisted Duke Wen of Jin in returning to Jin to seize the throne. When King Xiang of Zhou sent troops to attack Shu and other countries west of Hangu Pass, he opened up thousands of miles of territory. Therefore, King Xiang of Zhou appointed him as the uncle of the western princes, and he dominated Xirong.
Qin Kanggong Yingying (620 BC-609 BC) reigned for 12 years. The son of Duke Mu of Qin and his wife Mu Ji was the nephew of Duke Wen of Jin. Duke Kang sent Chong'er back to his country and sent him to Weiyang. He wrote a poem: "I will send my uncle off, and he will arrive in Weiyang in the future." Later generations used Weiyang as a metaphor for his nephew. relation.
Duke Yinghe of Qin (608 BC - 604 BC) reigned for 5 years. The so-called Sangong of Qin in "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" refers to Duke Mu of Qin, Duke Kang of Qin, and Duke *** of Qin.
Duke Huan of Qin Yingrong (603 BC - 577 BC) reigned for 27 years.
In July 594 BC, Duke Huan of Qin sent troops to attack Jin. The two armies fought fiercely in Fushi (now Dali County, Shaanxi) in Jin. Jin general Wei Ke fought with Qin master Du Hui. Suddenly, an old man tied Du Hui with a rope made of straw. Du Hui lost his balance and fell to the ground. He was captured on the spot. Wei Ke won a great victory. Later, Wei Ke saw the old man in his dream. The old man said, "I am the father of the woman who married but was not buried." I am doing this today to repay you. This is the allusion to knotting grass in "Knotting Grass with a Ring".
During the 40 years of Qin Jinggong-Yingshi's (576 BC-537 BC) reign, he continued to push Qin's power into the Central Plains. His cemetery openly adopted the burial rites of the emperor, covering an area of ??5,334 square meters. It was discovered in 1976 in Nanzhan Village, Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province. Qin Gong No. 1 Tomb is the largest ancient tomb excavated in China so far.
Duke Ai of Qin (536 BC - 501 BC) reigned for 36 years. In 505 BC, Wu State captured the capital of Chu State. Shen Bao Jin asked Qin for help, but Duke Ai ignored him. Bao Jin lingered outside the Qin State Palace and cried bitterly day and night. He cried for seven days and seven nights. Duke Ai of Qin looked moved and said: "Although Chu has no principles, if there are ministers like this, how can it be useless?" Qianshi sent troops to rescue Chu and defeated the Wu army.
Qin Yigong? He never became the official monarch of Qin.
Duke Hui of Qin (500 BC - 491 BC) reigned for 10 years.
Qin Daogong (490 BC - 477 BC) reigned for 14 years. At that time, the Qin State was in great chaos. Later, the general Wu Feng defeated the allied forces of Qin, Ba, and Shu, put down the chaos in the Qin State, and established Qin Ligong to make a profit.
Duke Li of Qin - Yingli (476 BC - 443 BC) reigned for 34 years. During the reign of Duke Li of Qin, people from Shu, Chu, and the Rong of Yiqu all made tributes to the court. In 476 BC, troops were sent to capture Wei City. In 461 BC, a defensive ditch was built along the Yellow River. In the same year, he sent 20,000 troops to attack the Rong of Dali (today's Dali Chaoyi area in Shaanxi Province) and captured its city. In 457 BC, he led his troops to fight against the Rong of Mianzhu (now east of Tianshui, Gansu Province). In 451 BC, the city of Nanzheng (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) was built and a county was established. In 444 BC, he sent troops to attack the troops of Yiqu and held the king of Yiqu. These measures taken by Duke Li of Qin during his administration made certain preparations for Qin to become rich and powerful.
Duke Cao of Qin - (442 BC - 429 BC) reigned for 14 years. Yiqu, a nation of the Xirong people, launched a large-scale attack on Qin, reaching the Artemisia [ hāo ] region of the Weishui River, but was repulsed by the Qin army. The next year, Duke Cao died, and his younger brother came back from Jin and ascended the throne. He was Duke Huai.
Qin Huai Gong? (428 BC - 425 BC) reigned for 4 years. When he succeeded to the throne, the state affairs were controlled by the old aristocracy. In the fourth year of Qin Huaigong's reign (425 BC), Qin's concubine Chang Chao united with other nobles to force Qin Huaigong to commit suicide. Because Prince Zhao died early, the next year the ministers appointed Duke Huai's grandson as king, who was Duke Linggong of Qin.
Qin Linggong (424 BC-415 BC) reigned for 10 years. When Qin Linggong passed away, his legitimate son Ying Shixi was only five years old. Linggong's uncle, Yingdaozi, took over the throne and established himself as the king of the country when his legitimate son was young, that is, Duke Jian of Qin. Ying Shixi was exiled to the Longxi Valley.
Qin Jiangong Ying Mou (414 BC - 400 BC) reigned for 15 years. The son of Qin Huaigong. He seized the throne from his nephew Ying Shixi and established himself as King of Qin. During his reign, he built the Great Wall on the west bank of Luoshui River for self-defense, which was known as the "Qianluo Great Wall" in history.
Qin Huigong (399 BC-387 BC) reigned for 13 years. In the thirteenth year of his reign, he launched an attack on Shu and captured Nanzheng. He died of illness and his son Qin Chugong succeeded to the throne.
Qin Chugong (386 BC - 385 BC) reigned for 2 years. When he came to the throne, he was two years old. His mother presided over the government, and used eunuchs and relatives in high positions. "The wise men did not say that they were hiding themselves, and the people were unhappy and resentful." In the second year (385 BC), Zuo Shuchang Yinggai launched a coup, and the ministers and ministers were transferred to the throne. The Queen Mother sank to the Wei River to welcome Ying Shixi, who had been exiled by Yingmo, back to the capital Yongcheng. It is for the public good.
Qin Xiangong Ying Shixi (384 BC - 362 BC) reigned for 23 years. After the death of Qin Linggong, he did not succeed to the throne. The throne was snatched away by his uncle Qin Jiangong. Ten-year-old Ying Shixi fled to the neighboring country Wei in the east to prevent an unexpected incident, and began a twenty-nine-year exile.
Qin Xiangong made two major contributions during his reign: First, in the year of Xiangong (384 BC), the Qin State abolished the human sacrifice system that had been implemented for more than 300 years since Qin Wu Gong. The second is: In the second year of Xiangong (383 BC), Xiangong moved the capital from Yongcheng in the west of Qin State to Yueyang in the east of Qin State, near Hexi. In the twenty-third year (362 BC), the Qin State defeated the Wei army in Shaoliang, captured Wei Xianggong Shu Cuo, and captured Pangcheng. Gongshu Cuo treated Qin Xiangong well in Wei State in his early years. After Xiangong entertained him warmly, he returned Gongshu Cuo to Wei State. Soon, Duke Xiang of Qin passed away. Prince Quliang ascended the throne.
Qin Xiaogong Ying Quliang (361 BC - 338 BC) reigned for 24 years. A famous monarch of Qin during the Warring States Period. Qin Xiaogong did two major things in his life. One was to move the capital to Xianyang, and the other was to appoint Shang Yang to carry out reforms. In 361 BC, Qin Xiaogong, who was only 21 years old, officially ascended the throne. At this time, Qin was not taken seriously by other countries, and even Emperor Zhou, whose power had been emptied out, was unwilling to pay attention to Qin. So he angrily shouted: "The princes are humble to the Qin, and there is nothing more ugly than that." In this year, Duke Xiao of Qin issued the "Order to Seek Talents." In this context, there was the later Shang Yang's Reform to rule the country by law. From then on, Qin became increasingly prosperous and powerful, paving the way for the subsequent unification of the six kingdoms.
Qin Huiwen King Ying Si (337 BC - 311 BC) reigned for 27 years. During the reign of King Qin Huiwen, he appointed talents, implemented the legal system, and continuously expanded his territory. In 325 BC, King Huiwen proclaimed himself king, followed by Han, Zhao, Yan, Zhongshan and Song. In 316 BC, King Huiwen of Qin adopted the suggestion of general Sima Cuo and sent troops to destroy Shu, and then destroyed Ju and Ba, making Qin "good at Ba Shu" and preparing a strong material foundation for Qin's future development.
Qin Wu King Ying Dang (310 BC - 307 BC) reigned for 4 years. The biggest wish is to see Jiuding, which is the symbol of the world. So he sent troops to attack Luoyang, the weak capital of Emperor Zhou. In the Ancestral Temple of the Zhou Dynasty, King Wu lifted the Zhou tripod and was injured and died.
King Zhaoxiang of Qin? Ying Ze, also known as Ji (306 BC - 251 BC), reigned for 56 years. The half-brother of King Wu of Qin, he reigned for 56 years, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in Chinese history. His actual reign was second only to Qianlong. When he was in power, he almost continuously used foreign troops, and successively defeated the three Jin, Qi, Chu and other countries, and captured Hedong and Nanyang of Wei, Qianzhong of Chu and Ying, the capital of Chu. In 266 BC, King Zhao worshiped Fan Sui as his prime minister and switched to a strategy of making distant contacts and attacking closely. In 262 BC, with Bai Qi as general, he launched the Battle of Changping. In 255 BC, Qin destroyed the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, took Jiuding, and the Zhou Dynasty fell. From then on, the six kingdoms of Shandong no longer had any rivals, and Qin's unification of the world was just around the corner!
King Xiaowen of Qin? Yingzhu (250 BC-250 BC) reigned for 1 year. (There is a legend that he died suddenly after taking wine from Prince Chu after only three days in office). For the first time, he was granted the title of Crown Prince and was named An Guojun.
Qin Zhuangxiang King Ying Yiren, also known as Zi Chu (249 BC - 247 BC), reigned for 3 years and was the father of Qin King Ying Zheng. In 249 BC, the king of Eastern Zhou contacted the princes and planned to attack Qin. When the foreigner learned of this, he immediately sent Lu Buwei to lead an army of 100,000 people, and attacked and destroyed 7 cities of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in one fell swoop, and moved the Duke of Eastern Zhou to Yu Yangren Ju. The last remnants of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were eradicated. Then, the Qin army continued to encroach on the three Jin Dynasties and captured large areas of land.
Qin Shi Huang Ying Zheng (246 BC - 222 BC) was the first founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty to complete the unification of China. Later generations called him "one emperor through the ages." He ascended the throne at the age of 13. At the age of 21, an adult coronation ceremony was held in the old capital Yongcheng. From then on, he officially ascended the throne to "manage the affairs of the state". At the age of 39, he completed the historical cause of unifying China and became emperor. From 230 BC to 221 BC, the six kingdoms of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi were successively destroyed, completing the great cause of unifying the country and establishing the first unified, multi-ethnic, authoritarian central government in Chinese history. Centralized country - Qin Dynasty. Qin Wangzheng believed that his contribution was better than that of the previous Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, so he named himself "Emperor". After destroying the Six Kingdoms, he conquered the Xiongnu in the north, conquered Baiyue in the south, unified currency, unified weights and measures, used chariots on the same track, and wrote books with the same text, abolished the feudal system and replaced it with the system of counties and counties, built the Great Wall, burned books and harassed Confucians. Some of the policies he formulated have been used for thousands of years. His merits can be called "one emperor through the ages." Of course, his merits and demerits are still debated by later generations.