Goethe is not only good at painting, but also has extensive research on natural science. There are lyric poems, blank poems, group poems, long narrative poems, pastoral poems, historical poems, historical dramas, tragedies, poetic dramas, novels, short stories, educational novels, epistolary novels, autobiographical poems, essays and other literary works. The most famous novels are Young Werther (1774), Faust (1774 ~ 183 1) and William Meister (1775 ~ 65438). The Trouble of Juvenile Support tells a romantic story about a young Werther who committed suicide in anger at feudal customs, hated bureaucrats and nobles, was incompatible with vulgar social reality, and was destroyed by feudal forces in love. Because it reflected the anti-feudal desire of a generation of young people, it was warmly welcomed by the masses, which made Goethe have a worldwide voice. Faust is based on the legend of Dr. Faust in Germany in the16th century, and it was processed and transformed. Write Faust as an ideal figure who keeps pursuing and making progress; His five stages of development, such as knowledge, love, politics, art and sideline, are all tragic stages written with the corruption of feudal regime, the disillusionment of pursuing classical beauty and the disillusionment of the blueprint of "rational kingdom" as the main contents; Become an artistic summary that European advanced bourgeois people constantly explore and pursue in the process of bourgeois rise. Tragedy is not only magnificent in structure and colorful, but also combines realism, romanticism and symbolism, which makes the whole thoughts, words and deeds of Faust and Mephistopheles the devil form a dialectical development relationship between good and evil, action and emotion, and success and failure. Therefore, his works rank alongside Homer's epic, Dante's Divine Comedy and Shakespeare's Hamlet as the four classic works of European literature. William Meister is divided into two parts: Learning Times and Roaming Times. It tells the story of the protagonist going out to seek the meaning of life, affirms the importance of practice, and draws the conclusion that the highest ideal of life is to benefit the society with professional skills.
The occurrence of the French Revolution has profound ideological roots. /kloc-in the first half of the 0/8th century, the famous enlightenment thought was deeply rooted in people's hearts with an irresistible trend. Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot and other outstanding thinkers and philosophers put forward a series of bourgeois democratic ideas, attacked the feudal autocracy, and prepared the conditions for the outbreak of the Great Revolution.
The French Revolution destroyed the feudal rule of France, spread the progressive thought of bourgeois freedom and democracy, and had a great influence on the development of world history.
German poet. 1749 was born in a wealthy family in Frankfurt on August 28th, and 1832 died in Weimar on March 22nd. His life and creation can be divided into five periods.
Study years and sturm und drang period (1765 ~1775)1765 Goethe went to the University of Leipzig to study law, and returned to China three years later due to illness. The lyrics and scripts with Rococo style were all written in Leipzig. 1770 went to Strasbourg to continue studying law, and obtained a doctorate in law the following year. In September, 1770, I met with Held. Under the influence of the latter, he read Homer's epics, Shakespeare's plays and Ossian, and began to collect folk songs. At this time, he wrote beautiful lyric poems such as Meeting and Parting, Song of May and Little Rose in the Wild. , created a new era of German lyric poetry. 177 1 Return to Frankfurt in August. In the following years, in addition to Prometheus and other poems, he also wrote the script Gotz von Berlichenken and the novel Young Werther, which became the most fruitful achievements of the turbulent movement. The epistolary novel Young Werther is largely based on the author's own life experience. Victor in the novel opposes feudal customs, longs for true love, demands personality freedom, and hopes to display his talents and ambitions. However, he hit a wall everywhere in humble environment and dark reality, and his unfortunate love gave him a heavy blow, so he had to die to get rid of it. The works express Victor's pain, longing, sentimentality and cynicism with rich poetry and strong feelings, and shout out the aspirations of a generation of young people to get rid of feudal shackles, establish natural social order and equal interpersonal relationships, and realize the value of life. After the publication of this novel, it aroused strong resonance among young people, immediately swept Europe, and established Goethe's position in the international literary world.
In the early Weimar period (1775 ~1786)17751,Goethe came to Weimar at the invitation of Duke Auguste of Weimar Principality, and served as a state senator and other positions, and gained nobility in 1782. His duties include leading mine development, managing traffic, leading the army, taking charge of water conservancy and finance, and participating in various literary and artistic activities. Busy official business, flashy court entertainment and frustrated love made him unable to get the peace and time needed for his creation. Compared with Strom Delong's period, the poems of this period tend to be stable, and the enthusiastic praise of nature and life has turned into in-depth observation and exploration, as well as thinking about the relationship between man and nature. Goethe's poems, such as The Wanderer's Nocturne and To the Moon, and narrative ballads, such as The Devil and the Fisherman, were written in this period.
During the Italian and French Revolution (1786 ~ 1793), Goethe changed his name and surname on September 3rd, 1786, and quietly traveled to Italy. Italy's beautiful scenery and perfect classical Greek and Roman art intoxicated him. During this period, he changed the prose draft of "Iphigenia of Doris" into poetic style, and completed the tragedy "Egmont". The former expresses his classical humanitarian ideal through the characters in Greek mythology. The latter, based on the historical fact that the Dutch people rebelled against Spanish rule and fought for national independence in the 6th century A.D./KLOC-0, shaped Egmont into a hero deeply loved by the people.
1in June, 788, Goethe returned to Weimar from Italy, resigned from all administrative positions, only served as the director of the theater and was in charge of mining. In July of the same year, she fell in love with Christian Woolpius, a female worker in a fake flower factory, and lived together. She got married on 1806. Great changes have taken place in his poetic style since his trip to Italy. He no longer expresses the primitive power and excited cry of nature through turbulent emotions, but pursues the beauty of tranquility, simplicity and harmony embodied in Greek and Roman art in ancient Goethe's former residence, in order to transform people's personality, realize classical humanitarian ideals and pay more attention to the form of poetry. After returning to Weimar, the image of Faustina, a Roman girl, appeared in the group poem Elegy for Rome, interwoven with the image of Christina, expressing sensual enjoyment and indicating the poet's awakening sexual desire. 1789 Completed the script "Tokugawa do Tasso". Through the experience of Italian poet Tasso in court life in the Renaissance, the script expresses Goethe's own anguish and ambivalence in Weimar court. Antonio, a competent minister in the play, and Tasso, a sentimental and talented poet, are two sides of Goethe himself.
1789 The bourgeois revolution broke out in France. Goethe disapproved of violent revolution and wrote some works mocking the masses and revolution. 1792, Goethe joined the Pu 'ao-Ao coalition forces to levy laws with Duke Auguste. The following year, Mainz responded to the French Revolution and established the first republic in German history. When the allied forces besieged the city occupied by the French army, Goethe accompanied the duke in this battle. Thirty years later, this experience was recorded in 1822' s Collection of Laws with the Army and The Siege of Mainz.
During the cooperation with Schiller (1794 ~ 1805), Goethe made friends with Schiller at the end of July 1794. Since then, they have had frequent contacts and close cooperation. Although their personality views are different, they learn from each other and benefit from each other. Schiller died in 1805 10, which was Goethe's second creative achievement after Sturm and Delong. In addition to satirical short poems and many ballads, Goethe also wrote many important philosophical poems and poems expressing literary views, and completed the novel The Learning Age of William Meister, the long narrative poems Herman and Doulutai and Faust. This is the narrow German classical literature period in the history of literature, also known as Weimar classical literature period.
In his later years, Schiller died on1May 9, 805, which was a great blow to Goethe. He felt that he had lost his "half life" and his creation was greatly affected. Later, he pulled himself together, wrote a sonnet and published the novel Marriage. The latter wrote a tragic story of four men and women reunited because of the change of sexual attraction. The poet used this story to explore the contradiction and conflict between spontaneous emotion and moral norms, which was influenced by the prevailing romanticism at that time. From 18 13, Goethe studied the poetry of Arabia and Persia, and the literature and philosophy of China and India. 1814 ~1815' s trip to southern Germany restored his youth. He wrote many beautiful poems, which were later supplemented, totaling 240, forming an important collection of poems, The East and the West. Like the four seasons in China and Germany, it is an outstanding effort of the poet to integrate the eastern and western cultures.
He was afraid of the almost crazy passion of occupying the Bastille during the French Revolution. He believes that all changes in human society should be completed through evolution, just like nature. When Schiller, Vilander, Herder and other German intellectual elites welcomed jacobins, Goethe was silent. He disliked the idea of copying what happened in France directly to Germany. He indulged in Spring of Nature to alleviate his disappointment with reality.