Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty
Name and font size: His original name was Tuoba Hong. Because he changed his Han surname to
Yuan, he was also called Yuanhong
Years of birth and death: AD 466-499
Place of birth: Pingcheng (now north of Datong, Shanxi)
Nationality: Xianbei
Belief: Buddhism
p>Specialty: Poetry
Historical evaluation
Vigorously promoted the sinicization policy and promoted the integration of nationalities.
The Northern Wei Dynasty was founded by Emperor Daowu Tuoba Gui, who passed down six generations and five emperors, and it took 85 years to reach the famous Emperor Xiaowen.
Empress Feng used things, and Xiaowen was honored
Emperor Xiaowen (467-499) was the eldest son of Emperor Xianwen Tuoba Hong. He was born in Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) in August of the first year of Huangxing. Northeast of the city) Purple Palace. His mother, Mrs. Li, is the daughter of Li Hui, a wealthy family in Zhongshan. When Hong was not born, Empress Dowager Feng came to the court, and Emperor Xianwen obeyed her mother's orders. When Hong was born, the Empress Dowager returned to the government and raised her personally.
At the beginning of the third year of Emperor Xing's reign, when Hong was less than two years old, Mrs. Li still ordered him to die; in June, he was established as the crown prince. In August of the fifth year of Emperor Xing's reign, Emperor Xianwen passed the throne to the crown prince and called himself Taishang Emperor. Hong ascended the throne and changed his reign to the first year of Yanxing (471), when he was five years old.
When Emperor Xiaowen first came to the throne, the Supreme Emperor took charge of the government. At that time, the north was suffering from severe drought year after year, the rents and regulations were heavy, the officials were corrupt, the people were displaced, and the resistance struggles of the people of all ethnic groups continued. In September of the first year of Yanxing, more than a thousand people gathered in Gaoyang, Qingzhou, and called themselves the King of Qi. In October, the Chile tribe in Woye and Tongwan towns rebelled against Wei. Cao Pingyuan, a citizen of Shuofang, led his troops to attack Shiloubao and kill the generals; in November, Sima Xiaojun raised troops in Pingling. From February to March of the second year, Chile from the east and Chile from Lianchuan conspired to rebel one after another and moved north to Rouran; in July, Sun Yan, a citizen of Guangzhou, and Fei, a citizen of Hexi, also gathered to rebel. In February of the third year, the imperial court issued an edict stipulating that any county magistrate who could eliminate "robbers" in one county would concurrently govern two counties and enjoy the treatment of two county magistrates; those who could eliminate two "robbers" would concurrently govern three counties. Three years later he was promoted to the prefect of the county. The same was true for the official Erqianshi, who was promoted to governor three years later. The Supreme Emperor has been in power for several years and has taken some corresponding measures such as rewarding honest officials, severely punishing corruption, reducing rents and taxes, and encouraging farmers to teach farming, but they have had little effect, and the situation has not changed much. According to statistics, in the ten years alone from the first year of Yanxing when Emperor Xiaowen came to the throne to the fourth year of Taihe (471-480), there were more than twenty riots and rebellions in various places. The political situation of the Northern Wei Dynasty was at a critical stage. in serious turmoil.
In June of the first year of Chengming (476), when Emperor Xiaowen was just ten years old, the Supreme Emperor was poisoned to death by the Empress Dowager Feng. The Empress Dowager came to court for the second time in the name of the Empress Dowager and changed the year. The name is Taihe. The Queen Mother was resourceful, able to accomplish great things, reward and punish life and death, and make decisive decisions. She had rich political experience and talents. Since the first year of Taihe, she began to carry out a series of major reforms in social customs, politics, economy, etc., and carried out consciously Chinese. In December of the seventh year of Taihe (483), she ordered a ban on "marriages within the same clan and marriages of the same surname" and reformed Xianbei's old customs in terms of marriage. In June of the eighth year, she issued an edict on the class system and salary; in the ninth and tenth years, she again He personally presided over and promulgated the important land equalization system and the three-chief system, which brought significant changes to the society of the Northern Wei Dynasty. For details, please see the biography of Empress Dowager Feng. Emperor Xiaowen grew up under the care and training of the Queen Mother since he was a child. He was very filial to his grandmother and cautious in nature. Since the Queen Mother came to rule the court, he rarely participated in the affairs of the court. No matter how big or small, he had to submit to the Queen Mother's will.
In the fourteenth year of Taihe (490), Emperor Xiaowen turned twenty-three. By this time, he had grown into a young politician with outstanding talent, courage and knowledge. Under the long-term strict education and direct influence of the Queen Mother, he not only became proficient in Confucian classics and historical biographies, but also accumulated rich experience in governing the country and increased his practical talents. These all laid the foundation for the great cause of reform later. A solid foundation. In September of this year, the Queen Mother unfortunately died of illness. Emperor Xiaowen was extremely sad and cried for three days. He cried bitterly and said to his ministers: "I have been raised by the Queen Mother since I was a child. She is kind and strict. I have taught you the love of a minister and the way of a king and father." He also said in the edict: "I have been emperor since I was young, and I look up to the Queen Mother. The whole country is safe. My ancestors only focused on martial arts and did not study literature and education. It was her old man who taught me to learn the ancient ways. How can I not admire the merits of the Queen Mother? Who can't help but feel sad? "From then on, Emperor Xiaowen took on the burden of reform alone.
Emperor Xiaowen of Wei's Tour
Moved the capital to Luoyang
Emperor Xiaowen inherited the Queen Mother's legacy, reused Han scholars, further implemented reforms in all aspects, and promoted Chineseization in an all-round way. He imitated the etiquette of the Han Dynasty, built the Mingtang, built the Ancestral Temple, guarded the ceremony, welcomed the spring in the eastern suburbs, plowed the fields himself, offered sacrifices to Shun, Yu, Zhou Gong, and Confucius, supported the country's elders and common people, and allowed the ministers to observe three years of mourning. . In November of the fifteenth year of Taihe (491), he imitated the Han official system, determined official grades, and assessed prefecture and county officials. He stipulated in the examination edict: "Those who pass the examination of the top two thousand stone officials will be tested as the fourth grade." A general will be given a yellow horse to ride on; those who pass the exam will be appointed as generals of the fifth rank; those who pass the exam will be given a set of clothes. "In the winter of the same year, Taiyue officials were appointed, and Yale was agreed upon, excluding Zheng and Wei Zhiyin; The imperial eunuch Gao Lu discussed ancient music with the music officials, and formulated the rhythm based on the Six Classics of Confucianism and the music records of various countries.
In the first month of the 16th year of Taihe, the fifth rank edict was promulgated. The edict stipulated that all distant clan members who were not descendants of Taizu Tuobagui and those with different surnames were demoted to the rank of duke, the duke was demoted to the rank of marquis, and the duke was demoted to the rank of marquis. For uncle, the son and the male remain unchanged. Although the name is changed, the rank is the same as before. The male is the first rank, the marquis is the second rank, the uncle is the third rank, the son is the fourth rank, and the male is the fifth rank. He also ordered the ministers to discuss the order of the Five Elements, and adopted the suggestions of Secretary Cheng Li Biao and others, thinking that the Jin Dynasty should inherit Cao Wei's virtue, and the Northern Wei Dynasty should inherit Jin's water virtue. In April, a new law was promulgated, which abolished the cruel punishments (car splitting) and beheading in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and changed them to the third level of beheading, beheading and hanging. With the exception of Tongzu, the three tribes of Yi surrendered to one clan, and the clan executed itself to suppress itself.
The most important measure taken by Emperor Xiaowen to promote Sinicization was to move the capital to Luoyang. The capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty was located in Pingcheng for a long time. It was cold in the north of Pingcheng, with wind and snow in June, and wind and sand often occurred. At that time, someone wrote a poem "Bei Pingcheng" and said, "Being sad for Pingcheng, driving horses into the clouds, the Yinshan Mountains are often covered with snow, and the pine trees are barren. Wind." A popular song also goes like this: "If you freeze to death on the top of a mountain (today's east of Datong City, Shanxi Province), why don't you fly away and live happily!" The harsh climate and environment make it difficult to adapt to economic development; the northern location is more difficult to adapt to. It was not conducive to the Northern Wei's rule over the entire Central Plains region, so Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In order to ensure the smooth progress of the capital move, Emperor Xiaowen made careful arrangements: In May of the 17th year of Taihe (493), he summoned all officials and announced that he would attack Qi from a large scale, and planned to make the capital move a fait accompli during the southern expedition. At the court meeting, he first asked Taichang Qing Wang Chen, who was in charge of the ancestral temple's sacrifices, rituals, music and rituals, to divine good and bad fortunes. When he saw the Ge Gua, he happily said: "The Xiangzi of the Ge Gua is about Tang, The martial revolution is in accordance with heaven and in accordance with man. No hexagram is more auspicious than it!" Upon seeing this, the ministers did not dare to say anything. Rencheng Wang Cheng stood up to object, and Emperor Xiaowen said angrily: "The country is my country, does Rencheng want to obstruct the use of troops?" Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am a minister of the country and know how to use troops. It's dangerous, how can you not say anything!" After a while, Emperor Xiaowen calmed down and said, "Everyone has his own opinion, it doesn't matter." After retreating from the court, he immediately summoned Wang Cheng of Rencheng. Ping withdrew and discussed with Cheng Ji alone: ??"This move is indeed not easy. But the country has emerged from outside the fortress and moved to Pingcheng. This is a place where military force can be used, and civil governance cannot be implemented. It is really difficult to change customs now! Emperor Weihan's residence, The King of Heluo wants to take advantage of this opportunity to move to the Central Plains in a large-scale expedition to the south. What do you think of Rencheng?" Tuoba Cheng was reminded and replied in agreement: "Your Majesty wants to move to the Central Plains to explore the world. The people know this. It should be Daqing." Emperor Xiaowen asked again worriedly: "The customs of the Xianbei people in the north are very attached to the old land. If they move the capital, they will be panicked. What can be done?" Cheng replied decisively: "It's an extraordinary thing, no. What most people can think of is that as long as His Majesty makes up his mind, what else can they do?" When Emperor Xiaowen heard this, he said excitedly: "Rencheng, you are really my Zhang Liang!" In June, he immediately ordered the construction of the river. He built a bridge to prepare the army to cross the river; he also taught martial arts in person and ordered Li Chong, the minister, to be responsible for the selection of talented and brave men. In July, he made Prince Xun the crown prince, issued a proclamation, and moved a letter to the territory of Qi, announcing the southern expedition. He issued an edict to recruit civilians and troops in Yang and Xu states. He also sent Wang Yu of Guangling to wait for the festival to appease the six northern towns and mobilize the spirit. ride. At this point, the preparations are basically ready.
In August, Emperor Xiaowen paid his respects to Empress Dowager Feng at the Yonggu Mausoleum, and led a group of hundreds of officials and more than a million people on foot and cavalry to set out from Pingcheng to the south. Taiwei Tuoba Fu and Guangling King Tuoba Yu were ordered to stay in Pingcheng, and Henan King Tuoba Qian was appointed as the cavalry general to be responsible for the military in the Guanyou area, together with Sikong Muliang, Annan General Lu Yuan, Pingnan General Xue Yin, etc. *** guard Guanzhong together. Before leaving, Taiwei Pi asked the palace officials to follow him, but Emperor Xiaowen sternly reprimanded him, saying: "We don't talk about age when we are in Lin Rong, so we can't ask for anything without permission."
"The army lined up out of the city. Along the way, the lineup was neat and majestic. Wherever it passed, there was no trace of autumn. It passed through Hengzhou and Sizhou and arrived in Luoyang at the end of September.
It was late autumn and rainy Continuously, the army was resting on the spot and waiting for orders. Emperor Xiaowen inspected the old site of the Luoyang Forbidden City in the rain, but what he saw in front of him was a dilapidated scene of broken walls and overgrown weeds. He lamented that the place treated his ministers and said: "The Jin Dynasty does not cultivate merit. , the ancestral temple and the country fell into ruins and were ruined like this. I really feel sad. After saying that, with tears streaming down his face, he recited the poem "Millet Lili": "That millet Lili is the seedling of that millet." The pace is slow and timid, and the center is shaking. Those who know me tell me that I am worried. Those who don’t know me can’t tell you what I want. Long sky, who is this! …" After chanting to the point of sadness, the courtiers also shed tears. Then they visited Luo Bridge, Lin Taixue, and the Stone Classic. After taking a short rest in Luoyang, they ordered the six armies to continue marching south. Emperor Xiaowen's body Wearing military uniforms, holding whips in hand, they rode horses to the front of the team; the group of soldiers were exhausted after a long march and were unwilling to continue moving in the rain, so they knelt in front of the horses, kowtowed and cried, please stop south.
Emperor Xiaowen deliberately asked: "The temple calculation has been decided and the army will continue to advance. What are you still talking about?" "Shang Shu Li Chong and others remonstrated: "No one in the world is willing to do this, but your majesty wants to do it. I don't know what your majesty's purpose is to go against the generals and march south? I dare to ask you to die. Emperor Xiaowen said angrily, "We want to run the world and unify it." You Confucian scholars have repeatedly obstructed our plans. If you continue to talk nonsense, you will be dealt with according to military law. "Anding, Wang Xiu and others cried and remonstrated again and again. Emperor Xiaowen was still angry and told his ministers: "This time we mobilized troops and mobilized a large number of people, the scale was not small, but nothing was achieved. What can we do to show to future generations?" If you teach like this, how can you be famous for thousands of years? If we don't march south, we should move the capital here. This opportunity cannot be missed. What do you think, princes and ministers? The plan has been decided and cannot be swayed. Those who want to move the capital stand on the left, and those who don't want to move the capital stand on the right. "As soon as he finished speaking, Anding, Wang Xiu and others stood on the right side. Nan'an Wang Zhen and others saw that the situation was not good and hurriedly said: "The ancients said, 'Those who achieve great success do not seek help from others.' If Your Majesty stops the southern expedition and moves the capital to Luoyang, this will be the wish of your ministers and a great joy for the people! "All the ministers shouted "Long live!" "At that time, although many Xianbei ministers were unwilling to move inland, they were more afraid of the southern expedition, so they had no choice but to comply and did not dare to raise any objections, so they decided to move the capital.
Li Chong said: "Your Majesty will decide on Dingluo. The towns, ancestral temples and palaces cannot sit on horses and wait for parades. I hope that your Majesty will return to Pingcheng for the time being until the business is completed, and then prepare cultural relics for your visit. Emperor Xiaowen replied decisively: "I will inspect the prefectures and counties and stop at Yecheng for a while. I will return as soon as spring begins. It is not appropriate to return to the old capital." "He sent King Cheng of Rencheng back to Pingcheng to inform all the remaining officials about the move of the capital, and encouraged him meaningfully: "Today is really the so-called 'revolution'. The king must do his best! "
Emperor Xiaowen knew very well that all the great leaders had similar and different views on the matter of moving the capital. Once, he asked Wei Weiqing and Zhennan General Yu Lie: "What do you think of Ai Qing?" "Yu Lie replied bluntly: "Your Majesty's foresight is beyond the comprehension of simple people. To be honest, happiness and nostalgia are just half and half. Emperor Xiaowen said: "Since you don't express any objection, it means you agree and support the move of the capital." I sent you to return to Pingcheng and entrust you with all the political affairs in Taiwan. "
Luoyang has experienced wars for a long time, and the old palaces were dilapidated. Emperor Xiaowen stationed himself in Jinyong City in the northwest corner of Luoyang. There is Wangnan Temple in the west of the city. When he has free time, he often visits the temple and talks about Buddhism with the monks. In the northeast of the city, there is In Shangshangli, where the stubborn Yin people lived in the past, Emperor Xiaowen changed its name to Wenyili and ordered the courtiers to live there. The courtiers ridiculed each other and soon left one after another. In early October of this year, he issued an edict to recruit Sikong Muliang and others. Li Chong, the minister, and Dong Jue, the general minister, were both responsible for building the new capital of Luoyang. Later, they led a northern patrol, entering Henan from the west of Jinyong, passing through Hulao City (today's Bishui Town, Xingyang County, Henan) to Huatai (today's Huatai) East of Huaxian County, Henan Province, he set up an altar and a temple in the east of Huatai City, and told his ancestors about the move of the capital. He also ordered the officials from Anding to go to Pingcheng to welcome his family. In November, he moved to Yecheng to serve as an official. p>
When King Cheng of Rencheng arrived in Pingcheng, all the remaining officials were shocked when he learned about the move of the capital. Cheng quoted various historical facts about the move of the capital and gave detailed explanations. Cheng then rushed to Manan to return to Yecheng, and Emperor Xiaowen was convinced. After receiving the report, he was very happy and said: "If it were not for the city, my great cause of moving the capital would not be successful. "
At this time, Wang Su, the Secretary of the Southern Qi Dynasty, founded Ye and surrendered to Wei. Wang Su, after the Prime Minister Wang Dao of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was erudite and talented, especially knowledgeable about old affairs. Emperor Xiaowen heard that Wang Su had arrived in Ye. Friendly introduction and thoughtful response to questions.
Wang Su was quick in his words and answered fluently without losing the etiquette of a monarch and his ministers. When he talked about the way to serve the country, he cited scriptures and classics, stated how to control chaos, and spoke eloquently, which was in line with Emperor Xiaowen's wishes. Emperor Xiaowen listened attentively, nodding and sighing. While talking, he came closer to the table without feeling tired at all. Wang Su then took the opportunity to talk about Xiao Qi's danger and opportunity, and urged a large-scale southern expedition. From then on, Emperor Xiaowen became more interested in marching southward, and he treated Wang Su with courtesy and courtesy. His dear old ministers were indifferent to each other, and he often retreated to talk to Wang Su alone, sometimes until late at night. Wang Su was also loyal and devoted, hiding nothing. Naturally, the monarch and his ministers get along well with each other, just like Liu Beizhi and Kong Ming. At that time, Emperor Xiaowen wanted to promote rituals and music and reform old customs. Wang Su presided over the formulation of most of the court rituals and cultural relics. Emperor Xiaowen valued this Han minister very highly and affectionately called him "Wang Sheng".
In January of the 18th year of Taihe (494), Emperor Xiaowen returned to Luoyang. Zhongshu Dailang Han Xianzong wrote a letter saying: "I heard that your Majesty will inspect Zhongshan this summer. Last winter, your Majesty was stationed in Huaye City. During the farm break, he worshiped in the house, which cost the people a lot of work. Kuangxia month is when silkworms and wheat are harvested. Farming is extremely busy during the season, so how can the people survive! Moreover, the six armies are marching in the scorching heat, and there is a risk of disease. I hope that your majesty will return to Pingcheng as soon as possible, so as to save the various states from the hardships and to concentrate manpower, material and financial resources to complete the project as soon as possible. Luodu Camp Renovation Project. "He also said: "The old foundation of Luoyang Palace was built by Emperor Ming of Wei Dynasty. In previous generations, some people have ridiculed him for being too luxurious. The house should be regarded as luxurious, and it is appropriate to establish a system and control it according to the opportunity of migration. "Emperor Xiaowen looked at the seal and said it well, and many people adopted it.
In March, Emperor Xiaowen visited Pingcheng in the north. He visited the Taiji Hall and introduced the remaining officials to discuss moving the capital. He informed the ministers: "I will move the capital to Luoyang. Each of the ministers will talk about his ambitions." Yanzhou governor Mu Zhu first went out to kneel and said: "Moving the capital is a big deal. In my humble opinion, it is not appropriate to move the capital." Emperor Wen calmly asked: "Please tell me the reason why you can't move the capital!" Mu Shu plausibly said: "The country has the crown of Rouran in the north, Jingyang in the south (the leader of Qi's regime) who has never been conquered, and Tuyuhun in the west. There is a problem in Goguryeo in the east. The four parties have not been pacified and the country has yet to be unified. Therefore, it is impossible to conquer the four parties. If there are no horses, how can we win? Horses often go out to the north, and the pastures are located in Dai County. Why worry about the lack of horses? Today, Dai County is located in the north of Hengshan Mountain, outside Jiuzhou, and is not the capital of the emperor. For this reason, the capital was moved to the Central Plains. "Mu Hei was still unconvinced. Then why not: "I heard that the Yellow Emperor's capital was in Zhuolu. From this point of view, it is not necessary for the ancient saint kings to have their capitals in the Central Plains." Emperor Xiaowen responded: "The Yellow Emperor lived in Zhuolu because the world was not yet settled; after it was settled, it was also Move the capital to Henan. "Shang Shu Yu Guo continued: "I don't think Daijun is more beautiful than Yi and Luo, but since the late emperor, I have lived here for a long time and the people have been safe. Once they move south, everyone may not be happy." He said in a reproachful tone: "Your Majesty personally led the Sixth Army to attack the Xiao family in the south last year. When he arrived in Luoyang, he sent King Cheng of Rencheng to Pingcheng to announce the decree, and ordered ministers to discuss moving to Luoyang. At first, I was frightened by the decree. Moving the capital For important matters, you should ask divination to determine whether it is auspicious and then make a decision. "Emperor Xiaowen replied patiently: "Zhou Gong and Zhao Gong are ancient sages who can predict the situation in the prime minister's house and go to camp Luoyi. There are no such sages today. What a benefit! Moreover, "Zuo Zhuan" said that "divination can resolve doubts, and there is no doubt about the divination." The sage God also said it was "good luck" when Huang Di's divination failed. A person with perfect virtue can predict the future more accurately than a tortoise. An emperor can call his home from all over the world, whether it is south or north, how can he always live in one place! My distant ancestors have lived in the desolate land outside the Great Wall for generations; Emperor Pingwen began to live in the same place. In Dongmugen Mountain, Emperor Zhaocheng built the new city of Shengle (now Hohhot City), and Emperor Daowu moved the capital to Pingcheng. Why can't I move the capital to the Central Plains?" His words left everyone speechless. Although Qinglong, the former governor of Huaizhou, and Lu Wen'en, the former governor of Qinzhou, still held a stubborn attitude, they all resigned from Qu Li. The next day, Emperor Xiaowen visited the court in person and announced an edict to partially move the capital to Luoyang.
In the seventh month of autumn, Emperor Xiaowen left Pingcheng and continued his northern tour, Linshuo Prefecture, climbed Yinshan Mountain, watched Yunchuan, and inspected Huaishuo, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan and other important military towns. Wherever he passed, he asked about the sufferings of the people, and gave chestnuts and silk to the poor, embarrassed, and lonely old people.
In mid-September, he returned to Pingcheng Palace, still undecided, and issued an edict to evaluate the performance of the third year. He personally deposed all the officials in the imperial court. The minister ordered Lu Rui, Zuopu She Yuanzan, Shangshu Yuguo, and Sanqi Chang to serve Yuanjing. , Zhongshuzi You Zhao and more than ten people were dismissed, demoted, or deprived of their salaries because they were unable to perform their duties to the best of their ability and violated Yan Zhijian's advice. Their faults were listed in person and they were acted upon in accordance with the law. The Minister of the Ministry of Personnel and Wang Cheng of Rencheng were proud of their merits and were also relieved of their posts as Shaobao. Emperor Xiaowen said meaningfully to Lu Rui: "Xianbei people often say, 'Xianbei customs are simple and crude, so why use knowledge of books!' When I heard such words, I felt really bad. There are many people who know books nowadays, how can they all Sage, it depends on whether he learns or not! I have been in charge for nine years, conducting performance appraisals on all officials for three years, reviving rituals and music, and am aiming to change the customs and enlighten hundreds of millions of people. Why do I need to move to the Central Plains? I just want your descendants to gradually accept good customs and be knowledgeable. If you live in Daibei forever and encounter an emperor who is not good at writing, you will inevitably face a wall!" Lu Rui replied hypocritically: " It is indeed as the Holy One said. If the Xiongnu Jinri Monument did not become an official in the Han Dynasty, how could he be famous for seven generations?" Emperor Xiaowen was very happy after hearing this.
In October, Taiwei and Pingyang Gongpi were appointed as Taifus, recorded the ministerial affairs, and stayed in Pingcheng. Emperor Xiaowen paid his last respects to the Ancestral Temple and moved the ancestral tablets. He set out from Pingcheng, passed through Yecheng, and returned to Luoyang in late November. In order to clear up the Liupins, he appointed Cui Liang, the official of the Qinghe clan and Shangshu, as the official official, responsible for the election; in order to solve the problem of the lack of war horses after moving to Luoyang, he ordered the rear army general Yu Wenfu to inspect the pastures and selected Henan, slightly north of Luoyang. The Mengxian area was used as a new pasture and was named Heyang Pasture. Every year, a large number of livestock were moved from the Hexi Pasture in the Hexi Corridor to Bingzhou (today's Shanxi area), and then moved southward to Heyang step by step. This allowed the livestock to gradually get used to the water and soil. No death or injury. Heyang Pasture raises 100,000 horses and numerous miscellaneous livestock all year round. Yu Wenfu is the chief health supervisor and specializes in management, so that the livestock thrive well and there is no wastage.
With the relocation of the capital, a large number of Xianbei people continued to pour into the mainland, and the Northern Wei government was faced with many new problems: the custom of the Xianbei people was to braid their hair with a left skirt, men wear hakama pleats, and women wear clothespin collars Xiaoxiu, most people can't speak Chinese, which is not in line with the customs of the Central Plains; and when the newly moved people first came to Luoyang, they didn't live in a room with a rafter, they didn't have enough food to store, they were not good at agriculture, and they were nostalgic. If these problems are not solved in time, it will seriously hinder the exchanges between various ethnic groups and the economic and cultural development, which is not conducive to the consolidation of the Northern Wei Dynasty. With the support of Han scholars such as Wang Su, Li Chong, Li Biao, and Gao Lu, Emperor Xiaowen immediately began to reform Xianbei's old customs and fully implement Sinicization after moving to Luo.
Reform the old customs of Xianbei and fully implement Chinese culture
On December 2, an edict was issued prohibiting scholars and civilians from wearing Hu clothing, and stipulated that Xianbei and other ethnic minorities in the north should all wear Han clothing. Hundreds of officials changed into the court uniforms of Han officials. A few days later, an edict was issued to exempt the relocated households from three years of rent and encourage them to farm on the land newly granted by the government; many of them were also selected as Yulin and Huben to serve as imperial guards.
At this time, Xiao Daocheng's nephew Xiao Luan killed Hailing King Xiao Zhaowen, usurped the throne and established himself as Emperor Ming. When the news came, Emperor Xiaowen angrily accused Xiao Luan of being unfaithful and unjust, so he used this as an excuse to launch an attack on Xiao Luan. He first sent the southern general Xue Zhendu to Xiangyang, the general Liu Chang to Yiyang, the Xuzhou governor Tuoba Yan to Zhongli, and the Pingnan general Liu Zao to Nanzheng. They divided the four groups to attack Qi. At the end of December, he personally led an army of 300,000 to the south and crossed the Huaihe River to reach Shouyang. Due to the tight defense of Shouyang, the Wei army could not capture it, so they had to abandon Shouyang and attack Zhongli eastward along the Huaihe River. Liu Chang and Wang Su, with a number of 200,000, jointly besieged Yiyang. As a result, they were attacked by the Qi army from both inside and outside and were forced to rescue the siege. Zhongli was unable to attack for a long time. Wei soldiers were seriously injured and killed, and several other troops were also frustrated one after another. In March of the following year, Emperor Xiaowen was forced to withdraw his troops. When he returned to Pengcheng, the sad news that Feng Xi had died of illness came from Pingcheng. Feng Xi, the father of Empress Feng and the father-in-law of Emperor Xiaowen, was worshiped as Grand Master. Tuoba Pi and Shangshu Ling Lu Rui, who were unwilling to move the capital, hurriedly sent someone to send a seal to invite Emperor Xiaowen to return to Pingcheng for the funeral. Emperor Xiaowen said angrily: "Since the beginning of the world, how can an emperor come from afar to attend the funeral for his uncle? Now that we have just started to run Luoyang, why should we seduce you and make you unjust? If you stay in Taiwan and serve as servants, you can pay the emperor Shi was demoted. "He ordered people to mourn Feng Xi on the spot and send people to meet Feng Xi's coffin and bury it in the south of Luoyang. In late April, Emperor Xiaowen entered Lucheng (now Qufu, Shandong), personally worshiped Confucius, worshiped four Kongs and two Yans as officials, selected one person from the Kong clan to be a holy marquis, and ordered Yanzhou to repair Confucius' tomb. Re-erect the monument.
Leaving Lucheng and heading north to Suisui (now the south bank of the ancient Yellow River in Chiping, Shandong), he ordered the visitor in charge of etiquette, Pu Shechengyan, to prepare a boat. He planned to enter the Yellow River from Si River and go west along the river to return to Luo. Cheng Yan admonished: "The river is fierce and fast, and it is not suitable for your Majesty to take a boat." Emperor Xiaowen replied: "Because there is no water transportation road in Pingcheng, the people in Jingyi are poor. Now moving the capital to Luoyang will make the transportation roads in all directions smooth, and the Yellow River is dredging rapidly. , people find it difficult to cross. I am doing this just to enlighten the hearts of the people. I know you are sincere, but I cannot accept your suggestion today. "
Taihe Nineteenth Year (495). In late May, Emperor Xiaowen returned to Luoyang from the front line. Regardless of the fatigue of his saddle and horse, he immediately summoned his ministers to discuss banning nonsense. He asked the ministers: "Do you want the Wei Dynasty to compare with Yin and Zhou Dynasty, or do you want Han and Jin to surpass the previous dynasties alone?" Wang Xi of Xianyang replied: "The ministers hope that your majesty will surpass the previous sage kings." Emperor Xiaowen He asked again: "But should we change our customs or continue to stick to the old ways?" Xi replied: "May your Majesty's politics be improved day by day." Emperor Xiaowen then asked: "Is it just for yourself, or do you want to pass it on to future generations?" Xi replied He said: "I would like to pass it on to hundreds of generations." Emperor Xiaowen said: "If this is the case, then reforms must be made, and you must not disobey the order." Then he announced to all officials: "From now on, the Xianbei language and other northern minorities will be banned. The language must be Chinese. If you are over thirty years old, your habits may be difficult to change suddenly. If you are under thirty, everyone in the court is not allowed to use the old language. If you knowingly break the rules, you will be demoted and removed from office. "Quiet!" He publicly scolded Shangshu Zuopu and said to Li Chong, "I once discussed this matter with Li Chong, but Li Chong said, 'People from all over the world have different opinions. I don't know who should be regarded as the emperor's words?' Standard language. "Li Chong's words are worthy of death!" So he faced Li Chong and scolded him: "You have failed the country and should be punished by the censor!" Li Chong was so frightened that he quickly took off his official hat. Kowtow to apologize. Then, Emperor Xiaowen severely criticized the left-behind officials and said: "Yesterday I saw women still wearing pin-collared sleeves. Why didn't you obey the previous edict? If my words are wrong, you should argue with the court. How to obey the order when entering and disobey when going out? ? "All the officials apologized together. In June, an edict was officially issued: "You are not allowed to speak in the language of Northern customs in the court. Anyone who violates this will be removed from the official position."
In the same month, Emperor Xiaowen issued another edict, stipulating that he should move to The Xianbei people in Luoyang must be buried in Henan after death, and are not allowed to be buried in Pingcheng. As a result, the Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang from Dai County all became people from Luoyang County, Henan County. They began to manage small plots of land and built several houses. They tried their best and gradually became individual farmers in the Central Plains. . Emperor Xiaowen also issued an edict to abolish long rulers, abolish big battles, and replace heavy scales based on the system in the ancient "Zhou Rites", and issued it throughout the country.
In August of that year, the Jinyong Palace in Luoyang was completed, and the imperial edict was issued to establish Guozixue, Taixue and Four Primary Schools in Luoyang City. One day, Emperor Xiaowen, accompanied by his courtiers, visited the Hualin Garden in the palace and admired the former Jingyang Mountain. These two scenic spots were built by Emperor Cao Wei Ming. They were once extremely luxurious, but were later ruined due to long-term wars and wars. Guo Zuo, the minister of Huangmen, said: "The benevolent man loves the mountains, and the wise man loves the water. They should be restored." Emperor Xiaowen was moved by the scene and sighed: "The Emperor Wei Ming lost the front with luxury, how can I follow suit?"
In September, the renovation project of the new capital was initially completed, and the six palaces, civil and military affairs of Pingcheng were all moved to Luoyang. In that month, the emperor's younger brother Wang Yong of Gaoyang was appointed as the governor of Xiangzhou. Before leaving, Emperor Xiaowen warned: "Being a herder is both easy and difficult. If his body is upright, he will not do what he is told, so it is easy; if his body is not upright, even if he does not It's difficult to obey orders. "
The Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties adopted the "nine-grade Zhongzheng system" to select officials, and Emperor Xiaowen followed suit. On the first day of December this year, he introduced the ministers to the Guangji Hall and announced the Nine Ranks Decree in public, preparing for the election of hundreds of officials. He said to the ministers: "There has always been something deplorable about the country: the ministers are unwilling to publicly point out the monarch's gains and losses. What worries the ruler is that he cannot accept advice, and what worries the ministers is that he cannot be loyal. From now on, I recommend If there is something wrong with someone, you must speak out about my fault; if there is a talented person but I cannot detect it, you should also recommend it. On the 30th day of the lunar month, the ministers gathered in the Guangji Hall to award official hats and court uniforms, and changed them to Hufu. Hundreds of officials were seated, and the seats were full of nobles and nobles. It was very lively.
Since the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the arrival of Taihe, money has not been used. Public and private transactions are often bartered, and the commodity currency economy tends to stagnate. In this year, Emperor Xiaowen ordered the Taihe Five Baht coins to be minted, and also allowed private minting of Taihe coins.
However, regardless of public or private smelting, one must pay attention to the quality of coins, strive for excellence, and cannot mix them with other things. After the new coin was minted, it was ordered to be circulated in the capital and various states and towns, and all officials inside and outside were paid according to the standard of silk, with a discount of 200 for each piece of silk. The five-baht coin soon became popular throughout the north, promoting the development of commodity exchange.
In the first month of the 20th year of Taihe (496), Emperor Xiaowen ordered the Xianbei compound surname to be changed to a single-syllable Han surname. He said in the edict: "The old clans of all the heroes who moved to Luoyang from Daijun will have to change their surnames if they have the same surname." Therefore, the royal family Tuoba changed his surname to Yuan, and the Ba clan was changed to the Changsun clan, and the Daxi clan was changed to the Yuan clan. The Xi family and the Yi family are the Shusun family, the Qiu Muling family is the Mu family, the Buliugu family is the Lu family, the He Lai family is the He family, the Dugu family is the Liu family, the He Lou family is the Lou family, and the Wu family is the Yu family. The surname is Yu, Yuchi is Wei, and the rest cannot be changed to Ji. After changing their surnames, the Xianbei people's surnames no longer repeated strange and unusual names, but were exactly the same as the Han surnames. The Xianbei people took a new step on the road to Hanization.
In order to further integrate the Xian and Han nationalities, Emperor Xiaowen also strongly advocated intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people. He took the lead in recruiting the daughters of prominent Han noble families such as Fan Yang Lu Min, Qinghe Cui Zongbo, Xingyang Zheng Xi, Taiyuan Wang Qiong, Shaanxi Li Chong, etc. to serve as harems. He personally hired a wife for his sixth brother, and ordered his eldest brother Xianyang Wang Xi to marry him to Yingchuan. The daughter of Li Fu, the prefect of Shaanxi Province, and the daughter of the second brother Wang Ganpin of Henan Province, who is now a senior official in the district. The second brother Wang Yupin of Guangyang is a hussar who consults to join the army. The daughter of Zheng Pingcheng of Xingyang is the daughter of the second brother Wang Yongpin of Yingchuan. Dr. Fan Yang, Lu Shenbao's daughter, his second brother, King Xie of Shiping, hired a daughter named Li Chong of Shaanxi, who was a court official, and his younger brother, Wang Xiang of Beihai, hired a daughter named Zheng Yi of Xingyang, a doctor in the Ministry of Officials. Among the six princesses, except Mu Minngle from Daijun, who was one of the eight nobles of Xianbei, the rest were all famous Han nobles in the Central Plains.
Emperor Xiaowen also adopted the family hierarchy system of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, dividing the Xianbei nobles into clans by surname, and granting different official positions and privileges according to the level of the surname and clan. He said in the edict: "People in Daijun originally had no surnames and clans. Even though they were the descendants of meritorious officials and sages, they could not distinguish them clearly." He regarded the size of merit and the level of official title as the only criteria for formulating surnames and clans. The surname is higher than the clan, and those that meet the regulations are called county surnames. According to the above standards, county surnames are divided into four levels: A, B, C, and D, which are called the four surnames. The imperial edict stipulates very specifically: In addition to the Yuan family of the imperial family and the eldest grandson, unclesun, and Xi family members of the same clan as the imperial family, the eight surnames Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji, and Wei have been in the family since Emperor Daowu Tuobagui. , with great honors in the world, and all the princes, it is clear that he is the first of all surnames in Xianbei, his former residence, and is on par with the four surnames of the Han nationality. He is not allowed to be awarded a low-level official or a dirty palace, and can only be an upright official or above. But it turned out that he was a tribal leader. Since the beginning of the emperor (the reign name changed by Tuoba Gui after he entered the Central Plains, that is, 396-397), for three generations, the official positions have been above the level of giving, governor of the state, general of the town, and prince pindeng. Surname; if the person is not a tribal leader, but since the beginning of the emperor's reign, the person whose official position has been above the minister or the prince without being demoted in the middle will also be the surname. Even though they are descendants of tribal leaders but their official positions are not prominent, they are considered a clan; if they are not originally descendants of tribal leaders and their official positions are prominent, they are also considered a clan. He also ordered Sikong Muliang, leading general Yuan Yan, Guangyang Wang Jia of the Central Guard Army, Shangshu Lu Xiu and others to conduct detailed examination and approval according to the above regulations, list the books and accounts, and report to the emperor for approval. At the same time, Huang Menlang, Situ Zuo Changshi Song Bian and others were ordered to stipulate that the Han ethnic groups in various states were divided into Sihai surnames, county surnames, state surnames and county surnames. They made great changes to the original family hierarchy. change.
On one occasion, Emperor Xiaowen and his courtiers discussed domestic surnames, clans and people. Many ministers believed that the Xue family should be a major clan in Hedong. Emperor Xiaowen objected and said: "The Xue family is from Shu, how can it be given the county name!" General Xue Zongqi, who was the imperial guard at that time, stood up with a halberd in his hand. Hearing this, he was indignant and went out to report: "My distant ancestors Guangde served as an official in the Han Dynasty all his life, and he was called Hanchen by people at that time. He followed Liu Bei to Shu and was called Shuchen by people at that time. After two generations, the Xue family moved back to Hedong, and has been inherited for six generations. , you are not from Shu! Your Majesty is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor and has been granted the title of Northern Territory. Can you say that you are a barbarian? If you cannot take the county surname today, I will die!" After saying this, he threw the halberd on the ground in anger! , smashed to pieces. Emperor Xiaowen saw this situation and said slowly: "Well, my surname is A, and you are B, how about it!" So he adopted the Xue family as the county surname, and then said humorously: "You are not 'Zongqi' , but 'starting a clan'!"
On another occasion, Emperor Xiaowen was discussing election matters with his ministers. He asked his ministers: "In modern times, everyone has his own distinction between high and low birth.
Is this really the case? "Li Chong did not answer directly, but asked instead: "I don't know if officials have been set up since ancient times, are they for the children of high-ranking families, or are they for the good governance of the country? Emperor Xiaowen replied: "Of course I want to govern the country." "Li Chong asked again: "If this is the case, why does your Majesty focus on family merit today instead of issuing an edict to select talents? Emperor Xiaowen said disapprovingly: "If there is.