Nian Gengyao.
Born in the 18th year of Kangxi (A.D. 1679), the ancestor of Qing Dynasty (Aisingiorro Xuanye); Emperor shizong of the Qing dynasty was sentenced to death in prison in the fourth year of Yongzheng (AD 1726), at the age of 48.
The word Lianggong, named Shuangfeng, was originally from Huaiyuan County, Fengyang Prefecture (now Anhui Province), and was later transferred to the Han Army with a yellow flag.
I have studied since I was a child, and I am quite knowledgeable.
In the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi (AD 17), he was a scholar at the age of 22.
Jishi Shu was changed, and the academician courtyard was appointed for review.
I have served as the examiner for the provincial examinations in Sichuan and Guangdong for many times, and moved to the Cabinet with a bachelor's degree.
The official ranks include the Governor of Sichuan, the Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, the General of Fuyuan, the seal of Taibao, and the first-class public.
strategizing and galloping the battlefield: I have cooperated with various armies to quell the chaos in Tibet; He also led the army to quell Luobu Zangdanjin in Qinghai; He has made great achievements in many wars.
When he entered Beijing in the second year of Yongzheng (AD 1724), he was favored by the emperor.
In the third year of Yongzheng (AD 1725), in December of the lunar calendar, the situation suddenly changed, and Yong Zhengdi cut off his official position and took away his title, and tied for 92 major crimes.
In the fourth year of Yongzheng (AD 1726), he was given suicide in prison.
after the general situation of Nian Gengyao, I also want to briefly introduce his family background.
Nian Gengyao's family background.
With regard to Nian Gengyao's distant ancestor, it is particularly necessary to introduce that his great-grandfather met in spring.
in the spring of the year, his real name was Yan, and his father was a military commander in the Yuan Dynasty. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, he was killed while guarding Chuyang. After his father died, Yan Yuchun took refuge, went to Huaiyuan and lived in Zhetang Village, Xujiahe, north of the county. In the early Ming dynasty, in the process of reporting household registration and naturalization, due to the local accent, "Yan" was mistakenly changed into "year", so it was called "year meets spring". This is the beginning of Nian Shi and the first ancestor of Nian Shi in Huaiyuan, Anhui.
in the Ming dynasty, the ministers of the household were rich in years (strangely, Nian Gengyao named his son Nianfu), that is, they met the spring clan in years.
Nian Gengyao's father is very old, and he used to be a post-writer, the head of the Ministry of War, a doctor in the Ministry of Punishment, an imperial adviser in Henan Province, an assistant minister in the Ministry of Industry, and a governor in Huguang. Seal a first-class male and a teacher. (So, Nian Gengyao is the official second generation! )
Nian Gengyao's elder brother, Xirao Nian, once served as assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, chief minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and supervisor of Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory; His brother, Fa Yao, wrote the annals of Dingfan Prefecture. Another brother's year is Yao, and the year is Yao. The information is unknown.
Nian Gengyao's eldest sister, Nian Shi, is married to Hu Fengyi [Hu]. Hu Fengyi used to weave in Suzhou; In the fourth year of Yongzheng (AD 1726), the court ordered Zhang Kai, the governor of Jiangsu Province, to succeed Suzhou Weaving Gao Bin to check the weaving tariff money and grain during Hu Fengyi's tenure, and made a decree to blame him, so he hanged himself with Nian Shi and his concubine on March 3 of the same year.
Nian Gengyao's second sister, Nian Shi, was the side Fujin of Yong Zhengdi when she was in the imperial residence; After Yongzheng acceded to the throne, she was named the imperial concubine, and she was honored as the imperial concubine. Give birth to three sons and one daughter, all of them will die.
Nian Gengyao's main room, Nalan Xingde (son of a great scholar, Pearl), is a famous poet in the early Qing Dynasty, who is the author of the phrase "Life is just like seeing for the first time" which is said to be overused at present. ]' s daughter.
Nian Gengyao's step-room: the daughter of Su Yan, the assistant Lord protector of Manchu imperial clan.
after talking about Nian Gengyao, why do you want to talk about his family background?
It is to make it clear to everyone that when we look at people, whether they are ancient people or modern people, we should be comprehensive, and we should not stick to one end and focus on points and areas.
The comprehensiveness mentioned here generally includes the following aspects:
First, to know people and discuss the world: to know people, we must first look at their times, social environment and political atmosphere.
Secondly, it depends on his family background: his grandfather and father; Look inside his brothers and sisters; Looking at his Taishan in-laws; Look at his son and daughter.
thirdly, it depends on how he treats people: not only should he observe his superficial articles; We must also understand its dark means.
in this way, you can see it thoroughly and clearly.
after talking about Nian Gengyao, let's talk about the general situation of his conviction.
overview of Nian Gengyao's conviction.
Nian Gengyao is brilliant. With the emperor's preferential treatment and special treatment, and his meritorious service in leading troops to fight, he is arrogant and indulgent.
When Nian Gengyao wrote to governors and governors, he denounced their names.
please ask the imperial court to send guards to accompany the army as a guide before and after your trip, so that these people can whip and fall the stirrup for themselves.
When Nian Gengyao entered the Emperor's pilgrimage, he asked Governor Li Weijun, Governor Fan Shijie and others to kneel by the roadside to see him off. After Nian Gengyao arrived in the capital, he ran rampant in the way of the son of heaven. It is impolite for princes and ministers to go out to meet Nian Gengyao as a grand gesture of respect.
Nian Gengyao is in the border area, and when Mongolian princes and nobles visit him, they all kneel down; Even the forehead is like this.
Nian Gengyao once recommended Hu Qiheng and Jing Hao, Shaanxi's political envoys, to the court, saying that these two men could be entrusted with important tasks. The emperor immediately appointed Jing Hao as the governor of Sichuan and promoted Hu Qiheng as the governor of Gansu. After he illegally played the Sichuan Governor Cai Wei, Cai Wei was arrested and charged.
Nian Gengyao's servants, Sang Chengding and Wei Zhiyao, were all promoted repeatedly because they followed him in the army. Sang Chengding official to minister; Wei Zhiyao official to lieutenant.
Nian Gengyao also asked the imperial court to send dozens of famous officials to join the army, and the emperor gave permission.
after Nian Gengyao went back to the Hajj Emperor, he immediately dismissed Jin Nanying and others, and invited Ding Song, who was in charge of the army, to act as the agent for providing foodstuff.
All the above are external events of Nian Gengyao's incident. I guess Yong Zhengdi's dissatisfaction with Nian Gengyao has not lasted for a day or two.
Therefore, the emperor took advantage of the mistake in writing the throne to blame Nian Gengyao, and ordered Hu Qiheng to lead his illegally played officials to the imperial capital.
In the third year of Yongzheng (AD 1725), in the first month of the lunar calendar, the former governor of Sichuan, Cai Wei, was arrested and taken to the capital, and Yong Zhengdi summoned Cai Wei to see him. When Cai Wei was summoned to Yong Zhengdi, he spoke in detail about Nian Gengyao's cruelty and greed, and also talked about Nian Gengyao's framing of officials.
Subsequently, Yong Zhengdi made a special decree to forgive Cai Wei's crime.
This indicative action shows that the emperor has publicly torn his face with Nian Gengyao, and of course, it was the emperor who severely slapped Nian Gengyao on the cheek.
in the third year of Yongzheng (ad 1725), on the second day of the second lunar month, there was a vision in the sky, and the so-called spectacle of the combination of the sun and the moon and the five stars connecting the pearls appeared. To this end, Nian Gengyao went to celebrate, and there was a saying that "Xi Di Chao Gan". Yong Zhengdi was furious, saying that Nian Gengyao had deliberately turned the word upside down. He told me:
"Nian Gengyao doesn't need to expect me, so Nian Gengyao's meritorious military service in Qinghai is between our approval and disapproval, which is still undecided."
at this time, it happened that Hu Qiheng also returned to the DPRK.
Hu Shiheng went inside to see Yong Zhengdi, and Yong Zhengdi cut his office by playing against absurdity with Hu Shiheng.
Then, Yong Zhengdi ordered that many military affairs of officers and men should be increased and laid off outside the arrow-shooting furnace, and Nian Gengyao's suggestion would no longer be adopted.
In the third year of Yongzheng (AD 1725), in April of the lunar calendar, Yong Zhengdi gave an order:
"The matters and personnel recommended and illegally played by Nian Gengyao are very inappropriate; He sent soldiers to build a city in Nanping. In the meantime, he never cared for the local ethnic minorities. As a result, these people panicked and caused trouble. Instead, he said that the surrendered people rebelled again and deceived the court. The Mongolian people in Qinghai suffered from famine, and he concealed the disaster and kept it secret. He is negligent, neglects his duties, and is useless. He can't continue to serve as the governor and be appointed as the general of Hangzhou. "
Immediately, Yong Zhengdi ordered Yue Zhongqi to act as the deputy governor, and ordered Nian Gengyao to hand over the seal of General Fuyuan.
At this time, Nian Gengyao probably didn't wake up. He was still intoxicated with his power. He also believed in the so-called "mutual affection" between himself and the emperor. Perhaps, he had other ideas ...
After his position was replaced, Nian Gengyao went to the office and said,
"I dare not live in Shaanxi for a long time, and I dare not go to Zhejiang immediately. Now I am in Yizheng (now).
It is obvious that Nian Gengyao's behavior, to put it more seriously, is against the orders of the DPRK; To be naive, he is waiting for Yong Zhengdi to change his mind; To put it bluntly, he is still arrogant and putting on airs.
Nian Gengyao's behavior of walking halfway, staying still and asking for instructions on the job annoyed Yong Zhengdi even more. Yong Zhengdi was so furious that he ordered Nian Gengyao to go to Zhejiang immediately.
Because the wind direction of the imperial court has changed, the emperor's intention has been made clear. In addition, due to Nian Gengyao's power and arrogance; Due to Nian Gengyao's behavior, accumulated dissatisfaction, jealousy and hatred also began to ferment. At this time, everything was very unfavorable to Nian Gengyao.
The so-called "the wall toppled over and everyone pushed", all of a sudden, in the imperial court, Nian Gengyao's disintegration was criticized.
Yi Duli, governor of Shanxi, Fan Shijie, governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, Yue Zhongqi, governor of Henan, Huang Bing, assistant minister, Shan Choushu, former governor of Zhili, and others wrote letters to the emperor to expose the guilt of Tang Yao.
In addition, Shi Yizhi and Gao Qipei, assistant ministers, went to Shanxi to verify Fan Shijie's illegal performance of Nian Gengyao's sending soldiers around Heyang People's Fort and killing innocent people. Yong Zhengdi ordered that the matter be divided into different cases to discuss the crime.
At this point, the imperial court deposed Nian Gengyao as the general of Hangzhou, and granted him Zhang Jing, an idle man, who was handed down from the second-class duke to worship him.
The so-called worship of Rable Hafan is also regarded as the worship of Lable Hafan, the title of knighthood, and the seventh rank of Spyker in the early Qing Dynasty. In the first year of Qianlong (AD 1736), it was named "Riding a Duwei" in Chinese; It is the second level of the four-level world post under the knighthood of public, Hou, Bo, Zi and Male; It is divided into second-class and four-class.
Finally, all the posts in Nian Gengyao will be cut.
In the third year of Yongzheng (AD 1725), in December of the lunar calendar, Nian Gengyao was arrested and taken to the capital, where Wang Dachen, San Fa Si and Jiu Qing were interrogated together.
Next, let's talk about the specific investigation institutions that handle Nian Gengyao's case.
Nian Gengyao case investigation agency
Nian Gengyao's behavior and behavior were investigated by Wang Dachen, the Third Law Department and Jiuqing Joint Conference Office.
1. Wang Dachen
The so-called Wang Dachen was an office set up by Yong Zhengdi from the first day of his accession to the throne to the establishment of military department; Its full name is: Wang Dachen, Prime Minister of the Great Qing Dynasty.
second, the three law departments
The so-called three law departments inherited the system of the three law departments in the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, and the judicial organs were still the Ministry of Punishment, Dali Temple and Duchayuan. But at this time, the functions and powers of the three organs were very different from those of the Ming Dynasty.
The Ministry of Punishment in the Qing Dynasty was still the central judicial organ, but its scope of authority far exceeded that of the Ming Dynasty, and it enjoyed not only judicial power, but also the right to review and execute penalties.
The status of Dali Temple in Qing Dynasty was far inferior to that of the previous generation, and its main duty was to review the cases that the Ministry of Punishment planned to sentence to death.
Duchayuan is a law and discipline supervision organ, which not only examines death penalty cases, but also participates in autumn trial and hot trial (in Ming and Qing dynasties, it was stipulated that every year from the 1th day after the first trimester to the day before beginning of autumn (in beginning of autumn, it will end on July 1st), when the weather is hot, all cases of migration and flogging will be reduced, which is called "hot trial". ), but also supervise the officials.
As criminal cases from other provinces are reviewed by the Ministry of Punishment, those who do not submit to the joint trial are not questioned by Duchayuan and Dali Temple, and those who should be tried by the Ministry of Punishment. In the lawsuit prison of Jingshi, the Ministry of Punishment hears them regardless of whether they are consulted or not. Therefore, among the three legal departments, the Ministry of Punishment has a particularly heavy authority.
Third, Jiuqing
The so-called Jiuqing was different in Ming and Qing dynasties.
in the Ming dynasty, the great nine ministers were six ministers (criminal, industrial, official, ritual, household and soldier), as well as the imperial censor, the official of Dali Temple and the general political envoy of Douchayuan. Xiao Jiu Qing is Taichang Temple Qing, Taipu Temple Qing, Guanglu Temple Qing, Zhan Shi, Hanlin Bachelor, Crack in the Temple Qing, imperial academy Sacrifice Wine, Yuanma Temple Qing and Shangbao Siqing.
in the imperial edicts of the Qing dynasty, six departments and nine Qing dynasties were often mentioned together, so it can be seen that six departments were not counted among the nine Qing dynasties. There are different opinions about which officials Jiuqing refers to. Its Xiao Jiu Qing refers to the Zongren Fu Cheng, Zhan Shi, Taichang Temple Qing, Taibu Temple Qing, Guanglu Temple Qing, Crack Temple Qing, imperial academy's wine offering, Shuntian prefect Yin and Zuoyou Chunfang bastard.
In the same month, after Wang Dachen, San Fa Si and Jiu Qing jointly investigated and discussed the matter, they reached a conclusion and reported it to the imperial court. Nian Gengyao committed the following crimes:
Five crimes of treason;
9 crimes of bullying;
16 crimes of trespassing;
13 crimes of madness;
six crimes of monopoly;
18 crimes of greed;
15 crimes of erosion;
6 crimes of avoiding the moment;
4 crimes of cruelty;
*** counts 92 major crimes.
Now, let's briefly talk about Nian Gengyao's 92 major crimes.
Nian Gengyao's 92 major crimes.
1. Five crimes of treason:
1. Being with Jing, Zou Lu and others, conspiring against each other;
2. Play and hand in Zhu Pi's imperial edict, deliberately hide the original fold, falsely claim that it was destroyed, and dare to copy it and submit it;
3. See the poem "Essay on the Western Expedition" written by Wang Jingqi, a native of Zhejiang Province, ridiculing the imperial court, and his book "The Great Hero Can't Be Deemed" is so crazy that it can't be played illegally;
4. The family keeps 28 chain mail and 4, arrowheads, and privately stores lead pills, all of which are prohibited by military supplies;
5. Forge false prophecies.
2. Nine crimes of bullying:
1. Unauthorized transfer of officers and soldiers, capture of Heyang salt owl, killing more than 8 innocent people, and inquiring by order, no one was injured at first, and then six people were injured;
2. Nanping officials build cities, connive at their private frontiers, harass and violently change the people, or they will not participate;
3. Fabricating troubles, and participating in the participation of Du Tong Wu Ge and others in Zhenhai Fort (referring to marching without discipline, but also pointing out the defeat of the war);
4. When being dismissed from Xi 'an, Xianning was privately instructed to order Zhu Jiong, and the buyer kept it;
5. Tongtong cheated with Zhao Shihe, and even ordered Liu Yitang to take the name of Zhao Xun, the late martial arts commander, and go to Wugong County to play skillfully;
6. Put the curtain guests Zhang Taiji and his son, Zhao Qi, the younger brother of Zhao Shihe, and Fu, the elder brother of Yi, in eighteen cases, risking their lives in the military;
7. Wei Zhiyao, a family member, has a fortune of hundreds of thousands of gold, and he has never taken bribes.
8. For those who have worked in Xining, there are only 62 employees, and 19 employees are reported in the book;
9. Retired Wang Zhiqi risked his name to enter the military service, so that others could take his place, and he was awarded the award of Guangdezhou.
3. Sixteen crimes of trespassing:
1. Going out to fill the road in loess, officials make up for cleaning the street;
2. Check the military attache and introduce him with the green head card;
3. Set up a bed and sit upright in front of the dragon sign in Huifu;
4. Wear four-piece clothes without authorization, and use a goose yellow knife to load the bag;
5. Wear yellow bags for clothes;
6, officials feed, all clouds are ready to advance;
7. Yizi wears four dragons to make up the clothes;
8. make the north kowtow to thank you for everything belonging to the staff;
9. Governor Li Weijun and Governor Fan Shijie knelt down to greet them and accepted them without hesitation.
1. Kneel the King of Zasak County, Mongolia;
11. The writing governor is the title of the book official;
12. When you enter Beijing, you will find that the pavements will be closed due to overlapping bridges along the way.
13. Located in the mansion, the walls are painted with four-claw dragons;
14. Draw a four-claw dragon in the drum hall of Yuanmen, and encourage musicians to wear satin embroidered robes;
15, privately made