Verb infinitive: "infinitive symbol to verb original form"
1. Used as subject
( ) 1. Is ______ easy to finish the design before National Day?
A. this B. that C. it D. he
( ) 2. It ______ forty-five minutes ______ there by bus.
A. cost; to get B. takes; getting C. takes; to get D. takes; to get to
When the infinitive of the verb is the subject, the predicate verb of the sentence is often singular, and its positions are as follows Two types:
(1) Put the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence. For example:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2) Use it as the formal subject and put the real subject infinitive at the end of the sentence. It is often used in in the following sentences.
① It＋be＋noun＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
② It takes sb some time to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
③ It+be+adjective+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
④ It＋be＋adjective＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.
Note:
Infinitive compound Whether to use for or of as the preposition of structure mainly depends on the nature of the preceding adjective. Generally speaking, the adjectives before of are careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise, etc., which not only describe the characteristics of the person, but also describe the characteristics of the infinitive action. The adjectives before for are dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary, etc., which generally describe the characteristics of the infinitive action, but not the characteristics of the person. If it is preceded by a noun, use for.
2. Used as predicatives
( )The first thing is the teacher.
A.greet B.greeting C.to greet D.to greeting
( ) This house is in .
A.living B.to live C.live D.to living
The infinitive of the verb is used as a predicate, often Explain the content, nature and characteristics of the subject. For example:
The best way to improve your English is to join an English club.
3. Used as object
1. Can be followed by verbs with to The main verbs with infinitives as objects are:
ask, choose, agree),
expect, hope, decide, learn),
Prefer, plan, know),
Hope, want, would like / love. Such as:
1)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.
2)He prefers to eat white bread and rice.
3 )Id love to visit Mexico.
2. When the object in the compound object is an infinitive, first replace the infinitive with the formal object it, and put the infinitive after the complement, such as:...feel / find / make / ... it adj. / n. to do....
Such as:
( )I find it difficult everything.
A.to remember B.remember C.remembering
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
4. Used as attributive
( )1.I'm hungry. Get me something ____.
A eat B to eat C eating D for eating
( ) 2. –Have you got everything ready for the trip?
- -Yes. There's nothing ______.
A. to worry about B. need to worry about C. to worry at all D. worrying about
( ) 3. He is a nice person ______.
A. to work with B. working with C. worked with D. to be worked
1. The subject or object of the sentence is the logical subject of the infinitive of the verb, When there is a logical verb-object relationship between the infinitive and the noun or pronoun it modifies, the active form of the verb infinitive is used. Such as:
1)I cant think of any good advice to give her. Object-verb relationship
2)Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch.
2. When the nouns modified by the infinitive of the verb are place, time, way, etc., the infinitive and these nouns show a verb-state relationship or apposition relationship. Such as:
1)He needs time to do homework.
2)Is that a good place to hang out?
3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.
5. Used as a complement
( ) Their teacher often ______ them a funny story ______ his class lovely and interesting.
A. tells; to make B. talks; to make C. says; makes D. speaks; makes
When the infinitive of the verb is used as the complement , complement the object in active voice sentences, and complement the subject in passive voice sentences. The object or subject of the sentence is the logical executor of the infinitive action. If the infinitive is to be done, the object or subject of the sentence is the logical recipient.
1. The main verbs that use the verb infinitive with to as complement in active and passive voice sentences are:
Ask for permission (ask, allow, permit, advise) ,
Expect, invite, encourage (expect, suppose, invite, encourage),
Teach, tell, want (teach, tell, want),
Wait, hope, and be willing (wait for, wish, would like / love). Such as:
1)Id invite her to have dinner at my house.
2)Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.
3)Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones.
2. The infinitive of the verb is used as a complement. When there is no to in the active voice sentence, and when there is to in the passive voice sentence, most verbs are sensory verbs and causative verbs. , including
four "look": look at, observe, see, watch,
three "let": have, let, make,
two " "Listen": hear, listen to,
One "feeling": feel, one "attention": notice.
1)This picture makes me feel tense!
2) Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams
3. be said, be sure, happen, seem, etc. can be followed by the infinitive of the verb with to as the subject complement of.
Such as:
1)He doesn't seem to have many friends.
2)Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.
( ) 1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs.
A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered
( ) 2. "Don' t always make Michacl ______ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear." Mr Bush said to his wife.
A. do B. to do C. does D. did
( )3. The young lady watched her daughter ______ a yo-yo yesterday afternoon.
A. to play with B. playing with C. to play D. plays
( )4. Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made ___ by his little sister ____.
A cry; to cry B crying; crying C cry; cry D to cry; cry
6. Used as adverbial
( ) 1. The ice is thick enough ______.
A. to walk on B. for walking C. to walk D. to walk on it
( ) 2. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ______.
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
⒈Adverbial of purpose
★ I stayed there to see what would happen.
2) Bob took down my telephone number in order not to forget it.
3)I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen.
4).I hurried to Professor Wang's house only to find he was out.
I hurriedly went to Professor Wang's home but found that he was out.
2. Adverbials of reason are often found in "sb. be adj. to do..." structural sentences. Such as:
1) We are glad to hear the news.
2)I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well
3. Adverbials of result are mostly found in "too...to", "enough to..." and "so...that..." structural sentences. For example:
7. Infinitive phrases with question words
( ) 1. There is no difference between in the two words. I really don't know ______.
A. what to choose B. which to choose C. to choose which D. to choose what
( ) 2. Excuse me. Would you please tell me ______ buy a digital camera?
A. what to B. where to C. what I can D. where can I
The infinitive of the verb can be preceded by the interrogative pronouns what, which, who or interrogative adverbs how, when , where, why, etc. This structure functions as a noun, used as an object, subject, predicate, etc. in a sentence, or used alone. It should be noted that the infinitive after why does not contain to. Such as:
1. Used as a component of a sentence.
1)I don't know what to try next. (as object)
2) Where to go is not decided yet. (as subject)
2. When used alone, it is equivalent to a special question
1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)
2)Why go there?( =Why do we / you go there?)
( ) 1. The teacher told the students ______ in class.
A. not talk B. don't talk C. didn't 't talk D. not to talk
( ) 2. "Mr Zhang, you'd better ______ too much meat. You are already over weight," said the doctor.
A. not to eat B. to eat C. not eat D. eat
8. The negative form of the infinitive of the verb
The negative form of the infinitive is not / never to do. .., the negative form of the infinitive without to is not / never do...such as:
1.Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other. 2.His parents tell he never to drive after drinking.
Practice in class:
( )1. My mother often asks me ______ early.
A. get up B . got up C. getting up D. to get up
( ) 2. We are told ______ everywhere. It's our duty to keep our school clean and tidy.
A. not to make much noise B. to throw waste paper
C. to draw D. not to spit
( ) 3. The boy was too busy ______ his father last term.
p>A. to hear from B. to write to C. hearing from D. write to
( ) 4. Look! How heavy the rain is! You'd better ______.
A. don't go now B. stay here when it stops
C. not leave u
ntil it stops D. not to leave at once
( ) 5. –Bob, would you like to come to our dinner party? -- ______.
A. Yes, I would B. Yes, I'd love to C. No, I wouldn't D. No, I don't go
( ) 6. Tracy can't play the match now. please ______ instead .
A. have Lily do it B. have Lily to do it C. make Lily to do it D. let Lily to do it
( ) 7. You must be very tired. Why not ______ a rest?
A. to stop to have B. to stop having C. stop to have D. stop having
( ) 8. There is going to ______ an English party this evening in our school.
A. to be B. to have C. having D. being
( ) 9. You'd better ______ a policeman at this moment.
A. not to sent for B. won't sent for C. don't sent for D. not sent for
( )10. The teacher will show him ______.
A. to use B. use it C. how to use it D. uses
Gerund
Gerund (doing) is a The –ing form of verbs plays the role of nouns in sentences, for example, walking, playing, running, etc. Gerunds can be used as subjects, verb objects, preposition objects, and predicates in sentences.
1. Gerunds can function as nouns and can serve as subjects, objects, predicates and attributives in sentences.
① As subject: Playing football is my fabourite sport.
② As object: She is intersted in dancing.
③ As predicate: My fabourite sport is dancing.
④ As the attributive: He is in the reading room.
1) The gerund serves as the object of the preposition: Object of a preposition
A. 1 . I'm used to sleeping with the windows open.
2. We are interested in learning more about your work. We are interested in learning more about your work. Click on the relevant situation.
3. The Americans succeeded in landing on the moon. The Americans succeeded in landing on the moon.
b. by doing sth.
1.Pat turned off the tape recorder by pushing the stop button.
2. We show other people that we are happy by smiling. We show other people that we are happy by smiling. Happy.
3. Wang improved his English by watching films. By watching movies, Wang improved his English.
C.go shopping / swimming / fishing / hunting / skiing / bowling / dancing /
hiking / mountain-climbing
2) Only gerunds can be used The words are as follows:
finish, deny, enjoy, consider, miss, mind, keep, discuss, imagine,
admit, escape, understand, practice, complete, suggest, spend ( time doing)
1. We finished eating at 7:30 last night. We finished eating at 7:30 last night.
2. I don't enjoy being laughed at by other people. I don’t like being laughed at by other people.
3. It kept raining for three days. The rain continued for three days.
4. We appreciate having had the opportunity to meet the king. We are very grateful for the opportunity to meet the king.
Special expressions with gerunds with –ing form: (requires memorization)
1.
have fun doing sth. 2. have a good time doing sth.
3. have trouble (in) doing sth. 4. have difficulty (in) doing sth
5. be busy doing 6. feel like doing
7. be used to doing 8. look forward to doing
9. what about doing…/ how about doing… 10. pay attention to doing
Some verbs can be followed by infinitives or gerunds, but the meanings are different:
When some verbs are followed by infinitives or gerunds, the meanings are quite different. It should be chosen according to the context of the sentence.
1. remember, forget, regret to do The action has not happened
The action of doing has happened
I remembered posting the letter today. I remembered posting the letter today. Gone.
Please remember to post the letter today. Please remember to post the letter today.
2. mean to do intend to do something
mean doing means...
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
3. try to do try to do something
try doing try to do something
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in another way.
4. stop to do stop one thing and do another thing (infinitive
stop doing stop doing something
On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper.
You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.
5. can't help doing Can't help doing...
can't help to doCan't help doing...
I couldn't help(to) finish this matter． I can't help with this.
She can’t help smiling． She couldn't help but smile.
6. go on to do to do different things or things with different contents
go on doing to continue to do something, refers to the continuation of the same action
He went on to talk about world situation.
He went on reading Lesson Ten. He continued with Lesson 10.
After reading Lesson Nine, he went on to read Lesson Ten.
After finishing the ninth lesson, he continued to read the tenth lesson.
7. Sensory verb; do indicates the completeness of the action
doing indicates the continuity and progression of the action
4. help is followed by the infinitive of the verb. As a complement, to may or may not be present. Generally speaking, the to table provides indirect help, and the to table does not provide direct help. In passive voice sentences, or when using the negative form of the infinitive as a complement, to is required. Such as:
1.They can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.