Lao Dan (dān) (about 571 BC to 471 BC), named Boyang, posthumous name Dan. Also known as Li Er ("Li Er" is a derogatory name for the word "Dan Ji" that was removed in half when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opposed Huang Lao's campaign, and there is no basis for it in the Han Dynasty). He was born in Qurenli, Li Township, Ku County, Chu State (this place was originally a feudal state of Chen State in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and there are disputes between Woyang, Anhui, and Luyi, Henan). One of my country's greatest philosophers and thinkers, Laozi's standard portrait
is revered as the ancestor of Taoism and a world cultural celebrity. "Historical Records: The Third Biography of Laozi and Han Fei": "Laozi was a native of Qurenli, Lixiang, Chuku County. His surname was Li, his given name was Er, his courtesy name was Boyang, and his posthumous title was Dan. The history of Zhou Shou's Tibetan Room." Note: ① "Laozi Inscription" written by Bianshao of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Laozi, whose surname is Li and whose courtesy name is Boyang, is from Xiangxian County of Chu. ... Xiangxian County is desolate and is now suffering, but the old city is still there. It is in the east of Laixiang, where the vortex river is. "Yang." Volume 23 of "Shui Jing Zhu" contains: "Whisui also bends to the east, south of the old city of Jinxiang County." ② In the first year of Yongxing, Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty ordered Wang Fu of Changsha to erect a monument saying: "I was born in Quwo. "Cao Pi's "Linwo Fu" mentioned Quwo: "The tall trees are near the Quwo, and the breeze blows and the water increases the waves." ③ Jin Gehong's "The Legend of Immortals" records that "(Laozi) his mother felt a big meteor. "There is a pregnancy." "Da Ming Yitong Zhi" records: "Meteor Garden is located in the south of Tianjing Palace in Bozhou. The stele says: There is a star flowing in the garden, and Laozi was born. This is the Notre Dame Hall in Yuan Dynasty. The ruins of Laozi lived in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Zhou Dynasty, he served as a treasurer in Luoyi, the capital of Zhou Dynasty. He was erudite and talented. When Confucius traveled around the country, he asked Laozi for courtesy. In his later years, Laozi rode a green ox to the west and wrote the five thousand words "Tao Te Ching" (also known as the Tao Te Ching) at Hangu Pass. It is called "Tao De Zhen" or "Laozi" or "Laozi's Five Thousand Wen"). It is said that Laozi converted Yin Xi, the general of Hangu Pass, at this pass. Zhongnan Mountain Valley River) and the undulating peaks, I stopped here and tied grass to practice Buddhist scriptures. It has been passed down to this day as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units and a national AAAA-level tourist attraction. It has been remembered by literati of all ages. There are more than 300 steles written by poets. It is known as the birthplace of Taoism. After his death, Laozi was buried in Xilou Temple. Some dialecticalists believe that the Tao Te Ching contains rich dialectical ideas. Philosophy and ancient Greek philosophy together constitute the two sources of human philosophy. Laozi is also revered as the "Father of Chinese Philosophy" because of his profound philosophical thoughts. Laozi's thoughts were inherited by Zhuangzi and were closely related to Confucianism and later Buddhism. Together, thoughts constitute the core of traditional Chinese thought and culture. After the emergence of Taoism, Laozi was revered as "Tai Shang Lao Jun", and Taoism said he was the eighteenth incarnation of Tai Shang Lao Jun; starting from "The Biography of Immortals", Lao Tzu was He was revered as a god. There are more than a thousand foreign versions of the Tao Te Ching, and it is the Chinese book that has been translated into the most languages. Laozi's ideological proposition is "inaction", and the ideal political realm is "neighbors looking at each other, like chickens and dogs." "We hear each other's voices, and the people do not interact with each other until they grow old and die." "Laozi" uses "Tao" to explain the evolution of all things in the universe. "Tao" is an objective natural law, and at the same time it has the "independence and unchangeable nature of Laozi
, Zhou "Laozi" contains a large number of simple dialectical views, such as the belief that everything has positive and negative sides, "the opposite is the movement of the Tao", and can be transformed by opposition, "the right becomes the strange" , Good things turn into demons", "Misfortune lies on the back of blessing, and blessing lies on the misfortune." He also believes that things in the world are the unity of "existence" and "nothing", "existence and non-existence arise from each other", and "nothing" As the basis, "all things in the world are born from existence, and existence is born from non-existence." "The way of heaven is to make up for the deficiency when there is damage, but the way of man is not the same. When the people are hungry, they feed on it." "The people despise death because they want to live a good life"; "The people are not afraid of death, so how can they be afraid of death?" ". His teachings have had a profound impact on the development of Chinese philosophy, and its content can mainly be found in the book "Laozi". His philosophical thoughts and the Taoist school founded by him not only made important contributions to the development of ancient Chinese thought and culture, but also The development of my country's ideology and culture over the past 2,000 years has had a profound impact. Some people think it was Lao Laizi, who was also from the Chu state. At the same time as Confucius, he wrote fifteen books to promote Taoism; others think it was Taishi Dan of Zhou Dynasty ( dān), lived more than a hundred years after the death of Confucius. The famous historian Sima Qian stated in his "Biographies of Laozi and Han Fei" in "Historical Records" that there were two speculations about Laozi and who he was. Said: Lao Laizi is also Lao Laizi. He wrote fifteen chapters on the use of Taoism. He said this at the same time as Confucius. "At that time, Sima Qian also suspected that I was Lao Laizi.
Edit this section of Laozi's works
"One Piece of Laozi's Tao Te Ching" by Dou Zhongliang
Laozi wrote a five-thousand-word "Laozi" in front of Hangu Pass Book, also known as "Tao Te Ching" or "Tao Te Ching". "The Tao Te Ching", "The Book of Changes" and "The Analects of Confucius" are considered to be the three ideological masterpieces that have the most profound influence on the Chinese people. "Tao Te Ching" is divided into two volumes, with 81 chapters. The first 37 chapters are the first part of the Tao Jing, and the 38th chapter is the second part of the Tao Te Ching. The ideological structure of the whole book is: Tao is the "body" of virtue, and virtue It is the "use" of Tao. About five thousand words. "Tao Te Ching" was a later title. Initially, Lao Tzu's book was called "Lao Tzu" without the name "Tao Te Ching". There have been many disputes over the year when it was written, and it is still uncertain. However, according to the dating of "Laozi" on the Guodian Chu slips unearthed in 1993, the book was written at least in the middle and early Warring States Period. For the collation and annotation of "Laozi" on Chu slips, please refer to Ding Si's new work "Guodian Chuzhu Shu Laozi's Collation and Annotation" and other books. "Laozi" uses "Tao" to explain the evolution of all things in the universe. He believes that "Tao gives birth to one, one gives birth to two, two gives birth to three, and three gives birth to all things." "Tao" is "the order (command) of Fu Mo and remains natural", so "human beings" The earth follows the heaven, the heaven follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature." "Tao" is an objective natural law, and at the same time it has the eternal significance of being "independent and unchangeable, moving forward without peril". "Laozi" contains a large number of simple dialectical views, such as the belief that everything has positive and negative sides, "the opposite is the movement of the Tao" and can be transformed by opposition, "the good can turn into wonder, the good can turn into monster", "misfortunes can turn into monsters", and "disasters can turn into monsters". It is where blessings depend, and blessings are where misfortunes lie." He also believes that all things in the world are "existence" and "nothing". The unity of Laozi's Tao Te Ching
, "existence and non-existence arise from each other", and "nothing" is the basis, "all things in the world are born from being, and being is born from none". In addition, there are a lot of people-oriented thoughts in the book: "The way of heaven is to make up for the deficiency when there is more than enough damage, but the way of man is not the same. If there is not enough damage, there will be more than enough to provide"; "The people are hungry because of the large food tax"; "The people despise death because they seek to live in peace"; "The people are not afraid of death, so why should they fear death?". His theory has a profound influence on the development of Chinese philosophy. There have been many translations of "Laozi" from ancient times to the present, and there are also many versions of the original text, so it is difficult to study. For a review of the various annotations of "Laozi", please refer to "One of the data collection plans of Laozi's "Tao Te Ching" - Xi Yanzi wrote a comprehensive and informative reading book for a specific type of beginners" [1] . I particularly recommend Mr. Feng Haitao's book "Tao De Jing Wisdom for Daily Use". The scriptures are reliable, the annotations are precise, the translation is rigorous, the interpretation is smart, and it is original for daily use.
Edit this paragraph The legend of Laozi
The birth of Laozi
The legend of Laozi’s birth According to legend, Laozi, who is regarded as Taishang Laojun by Taoism, is a descendant of Peng Zu. In the year Jia of Yang in the Shang Dynasty, the god Gong turned into Qi, and Laozi was born in the womb of Lishi, the daughter of King Xuanmiao. One day, Mr. Li was washing clothes by the river at the end of the village when he suddenly saw a yellow plum floating down the upper reaches. Lishi hurriedly used a branch to fish up the fist-sized yellow plum. At noon, Li Shi was hot and thirsty, so he ate the plum. From then on, Li Shi became pregnant. Li Shi was pregnant for 81 years and gave birth to a boy. This boy was born with white eyebrows, white hair, and a big white beard. Therefore, Li Shi named him "Laozi". I could speak since I was born. He pointed to a plum tree in the yard and said, "Li is my last name."
Zhong Kui and Lao Tzu
Xi'an Zhong Kui Cultural Research Institute and King Zhong Kui of Happy Valley Resort, Xi'an Zhong Kui's hometown, organized experts to collect Lao Tzu's portrait at the foot of Zhongnan Mountain in Qinling Mountains
Collected and compiled, "The Legend of Laozi and Zhong Kui" has been circulated for thousands of years in Hu County, Shaanxi Province, Zhong Kui's hometown. Legend has it that when Yin Xi, the commander-in-chief of Hangu Pass, saw Zi Qi coming from the east and Lao Tzu riding a green ox, he worshiped Lao Tzu as his teacher. He resigned and followed Lao Tzu westward along the Shenxian Road in Zhongnan Mountain in the Qinling Mountains. They traveled day and night, and stayed there for a few days. When I came to the foot of Jiangjun Mountain, I saw that the place was surrounded by auspicious clouds, like spring all year round, with criss-crossing streams, fish swimming in the shallows, birds singing, flying dragons and phoenixes, peonies blooming, and springs tinkling. It was truly a paradise. When I looked up, I saw only one The boulder is very strange, like a human figure, with a leopard head and eyes, an iron face and curled temples, with a sword in one hand and a fan in the other. Five bats are flying in the air, and they are full of righteousness. I can't stop sighing: "The Tao can be Tao, it is not Tao, the creation of the universe, heaven and earth At the beginning, the mother of all things wanted to see how wonderful it was, and it always happened that Zhong Kui blessed the house and won the first place in the list, a true god..." The five thousand words were recorded by Yin Xi, and it is known as the "Tao Te Ching" in the world. 》Yes.
Later, Laozi and Ixi tied the knot in Afuquan, herded horses in Nanshan, herded cattle on Lao Niu slope, preached under the immortal Matsushita of Nanshan, lectured on Qingliang Mountain after discovering the shortcut to Zhongnan, made elixirs in Louguantai, cast iron cases in Nanshan, and enjoyed the longevity of Nanshan. It is called the ancestral court of Taoism, the hometown of Zhong Kui, and the most blessed place in the world.
Edit this paragraph Laozi’s philosophy
Laozi tried to establish a theory that encompasses everything in the universe. Laozi believes that all things follow this law (Tao): The interior of things themselves is not single and static, but relatively complex and changing. The thing itself is the unity of yin and yang. Things that are opposite to each other will transform into each other, which is the transformation of yin and yang. Laozi’s Teaching of the Scriptures (partial)
[2] Methods (virtue) come from the laws of things (Tao). Laozi's "inaction" does not take "inaction" as the goal, but "doing" as the goal. Because according to the "Tao" mentioned before, "inaction" will be transformed into "action". The brilliance of this kind of thinking is that although it is not subjectively aimed at obtaining benefits, it can objectively achieve better benefits. From "The sky and the earth move on their own without being pushed, the sun and the moon shine by themselves without being burned, the stars follow their own order without being arranged, animals come into being by themselves without being made by man, this is what nature does, so why bother with man?" (See Laozi's story Confucius asked below. Rites, paragraph 4) It can be seen that the "nature" mentioned by Laozi is not a concept similar to God. The law of all things (Tao) is specified by nature, that is, "Tao follows nature." Some people have misunderstood the meaning of nature here. It should be noted:. In fact, human life is like the existence of the universe, and no one can rationally point out its purpose. Therefore, irrationally choosing a certain goal(s) becomes the only option. I look at the problem from the infinitely high position of Tao. Therefore, Lao Tzu only mentioned the "method" but did not point out the "purpose". This gives us a revelation: why should people suffer so much to deliberately achieve their goals? Doing nothing and being carefree is also a way to live in the world. Regarding Laozi's cosmology, according to the previous Tao, "nothing" and "being" (the existence of all things means "being") will transform into each other. Therefore, Laozi believes that all things in the universe come from nothingness and move toward nothingness. For example: human life and death (please refer to the story of Laozi below: The death of the saint "The life of Lao Dan in the past was from nothing to something", "The death of Lao Dan today is from something to nothing"). Dialectics belongs to methodology, and methodology includes Taoism. Those contents in Laozi's Taoism that are very similar to dialectics have always been praised by people. Compared with the above-mentioned view that Laozi's thought attempts to be all-inclusive, there is another view that Laozi's Taoism belongs to the category of pure methodology. According to the introduction of Guangxi Normal University's "Laozi Enlightenment", its arguments are roughly as follows: 1. In terms of its original meaning in Greek, "methodology" is also "theory of Tao", and the root word meta in Greek means follow, Along, along, hodos means road, and "method" means "the road that people follow." Methodology or theory is a general discussion about goals and ways to achieve them. It is an exploration of how a person or a team should choose a path to achieve their goals. 2. The original meaning of "Tao" refers to the "road" that people follow in order to reach a certain destination. It is the "following of operation", which is extended to the behavioral norms, behavioral norms and methods of doing things that people follow in their behavior and dealings. The organizational paradigm of the system, the procedural rules of operation, and the movement laws of various entities, etc. Talking about Tao means talking about "how we should go" in the process of moving towards the goal. 3. The original meaning of "De" is "the place where the heart and conduct lie" (the zigzag shape of virtue is composed of heart, conduct, and straightness, and leads directly to the Mingdao Palace
value and Zhi). It is about the actor's state of mind, A judgment of where an action reaches or stands in a certain evaluative space. Discussing morality is to evaluate and compare people's "walking level". 4. Taoism is a discussion about Tao and morality, and a commentary on behavior based on an ideal paradigm. Among them, the choice of the road refers to the actor's choice of his own behavior, rather than the delineation of the route outside him; it is the choice of "walking method" or "travel regulations", rather than the environmental road conditions. Or grasp the laws of the world outside oneself. Its focus is to examine the relationship between behavioral methods, behavioral modalities, and behavioral results, and then establish an ideal paradigm for general actors to imitate and follow. It is not about discussing the empirical issues of how the world or objective existence operates. 5. A person can "go" from childishness to maturity, and a country can "go" from autocracy to democracy and peace.
"Walking" has a very abstract and broad metaphorical meaning. The essence of Laozi's Taoism is to analogize walking in ordinary three-dimensional space to "walking" in "description space" or generalized "value space". Going to a certain place in the ordinary three-dimensional space is represented by becoming a certain name in the "description space", and it is represented by achieving a certain virtue in the "value space". Therefore, the methodological issue is also the issue of "walking"; what kind of path to take, what kind of existence to become, and what kind of goal to pursue are the basic questions of Laozi's Taoism.
Edit this anecdote about Laozi
Laozi was born
In the summer and June of 577 BC, the king of Song Dynasty, Mr. ***, passed away, and his right teacher Hua Yuan Take charge of state affairs. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism sit side by side
The Huan clan, headed by Zuo Shi Yushi, had long wanted to seek political power, but had no choice but to lose control of it when the Duke was in power. Now that I see Mr. *** passing away, I want to take the opportunity to cause trouble. Because his plans were not kept secret and the news leaked out, he was expelled from the Song Dynasty by the Dai clan headed by Hua Yuan. After that, he appointed Xiang Rong as Zuoshi, Lao Zu as Sima, and Yue Yi as Sikou; he established a new king, who was Song Pinggong. Yushi led more than 200 members of the Huan clan to flee to Chu State, where they stayed for three years. In the summer and June of 573 BC, the Chu State launched an army to attack the Song Dynasty and captured Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province) of the Song State. They sealed Yushi and Yufu to defend the city, and left three hundred chariots to assist in the defense. Song Pinggong summoned the courtiers to discuss the matter and asked: "The enemy is strong and we are weak. The Chu soldiers invaded and occupied Pengcheng. They are my confidants! If you sit back and ignore it, there will be endless troubles! Who is willing to pull out this fortress for me?" As soon as he finished speaking, the class walked out. One person said: "Foolish minister, I would like to go!" King Ping took a look and saw that this man was two feet tall, with thick eyebrows and big eyes, broad cheeks and shoulders, powerful and strong. He turned out to be Sima Laozuo. Hua Yuan expressed concern and said to Ping Gong: "Yu Shi is cunning and Yu Mansion is cruel. Pengcheng is occupied by three hundred Chu chariots and three thousand guardsmen. They are very powerful. Although Sima is highly skilled, bold, strong and brave, he may not be able to defeat him." "Win." Lao Zuo said logically: "Yu Shi is like a worm that eats books; Yu Mansion is like a dog that ties up chickens. What's the point? Lao Zuo is willing to surround Pengcheng with his family. If the city doesn't conquer him, he won't return!" King Ping promised. He sent Lao Zuo as the general and led 20,000 troops to recapture Pengcheng. It is said that the Song Dynasty surrounded Pengcheng and attacked day and night. Lao Zuo was brave and mighty and took the lead, which greatly boosted the morale of the Song army. In less than half a month, the Pengcheng defenders were in danger. One day, Yushi and Yufu were supervising the battle on the city. They saw Song soldiers as numerous as ants, all of them bravely climbing up the ladder to the city, everyone vying for the first place. They also saw a general with a silver helmet and silver armor, a golden sword and a white horse, galloping on the battlefield. Go up and dispatch your troops and generals. A Chu general asked: "Who is this Song general?" Yushi replied: "It is the new Sima and the siege general Lao Zuo." The Chu generals discussed one after another: "The general who attacked the city was not behind the army to observe the enemy's formation, but he How can you not boost morale by galloping left and right in front of the army! From this point of view, Pengcheng is too dangerous!" But Yu Shi was a scheming man, and he said to his subordinates: "Everything will succeed but it will fail. Success, there are many examples in history, how do you know that our army will be defeated? Lao Zuo is brave and takes the lead, which is the root of his success; he is stubborn and arrogant, which is the root of his failure. "The Chu general asked: "The Zuo division seems to have a plan in mind, what good plan does it have?" Yu Shi replied: "The two armies are facing each other, the commander is in the front or the rear. Now the Song soldiers are attacking the city, and the commander is in the front. It's a taboo for military officers to gallop in the face of arrows! I have a little plan. If I follow the plan, it's hard to say whether the Song army will succeed or not." It turns out that Yu Shi asked his subordinates to shoot Lao Zu with hidden arrows. Zuo Zheng was supervising the battle in front of the army. Suddenly an arrow flew from the sky and hit his chest five inches. Unfortunately, he fell from his horse and died. The Song army was leaderless, defeated, and fled in all directions. Lao Zuo's family members are in the Song camp's military tent. There are maids, dozens of generals, and dozens of guards. Suddenly, they heard that Lao Zuo had been killed in battle, and saw the defeated army coming like a tide. All the generals hurriedly drove to protect the old lady and fled. Fight and flee, by evening, although the pursuers had disappeared, the old lady was left with only two maids and a driver. The generals did not dare to stop for a moment, so they walked forward in the dark under the stars and the moon, panicking and running in the southwest direction. At dawn the next day, I came to a remote village and asked the villagers about the way to the capital of Song Dynasty. They all shook their heads and said they didn't know. The general only knew that he should go west, but he didn't know that he had already turned south. A group of four people took a detour and traveled for seven days. They still did not see the Song capital, but came to Chen Guoxiang Yi (now east of Luyi, Henan). While walking, the old lady suddenly felt pain in her abdomen. It turns out that the old lady is seven months pregnant. In order to fulfill the promise made by the emperor, the old man set out with his family to fight with determination to win. At this time, the army was defeated, and the old lady felt the sorrow of losing her husband and fled to another country. Her heart was anxious, her body was tired, and the fetus in her abdomen was moving and the pain was unbearable.
The maid was panic-stricken, and the family hurriedly parked the car on the side of the road and ran to the village to find an old woman. Within a few moments, a cry of "wow wah" could be heard inside the caravan, and a premature baby boy was born. This was Lao Tzu, the son of Lao Zuo. When I was born, I was weak but had a big head, broad eyebrows and wide ears, eyes as clear as pearls in the abyss, and a nose with double bridges like a rut. Because his ears grew bigger, he was named "Dan"; because he was born in the Gengyin Year of the Tiger (571 BC), his neighbors also called him Xiao Li'er, which means "little tiger". Because people in the Jianghuai area call "cat" "li'er", which sounds the same as "li'er". Over time, Lao Dan's nickname "Li Er" became his famous name "Li Er" and was passed down from generation to generation. The old woman who delivered the baby saw that the mother and child were pitiful, so she let the family of five live in her home. My father-in-law makes a living by opening a pharmacy. His surname is Chen, and he is called Father Chen, so everyone calls the old woman Mother Chen. Mother Chen had no children, but was kind and enthusiastic, so she gave up three rooms in the west wing to let the old lady and her family live. The old lady was extremely grateful when she met this kind-hearted person in a time of crisis. Although she was displaced during the war, she came from a wealthy family and could still survive by carrying some valuables with her. In addition, the family general often helps Mr. Chen make a living, and the two maids take care of the housework. The five members of the family, old and young, live a comfortable life. From then on, the wife and children of General Lao Zuo of Song State lived in Chen State.
The smart boy
Lao Dan was smart since he was a child, quiet and studious, and often pestered his family members to hear about the rise and fall of the country, the success or failure of wars, sacrifices, divination, and stargazing. The old lady hoped that her son would be successful, so she asked Mr. Shang Rong, an old man from Shang Dynasty who was proficient in the rituals and music of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, to teach her. His business knowledge is astronomical and geographical, and he is well versed in ancient and modern etiquette. He is deeply respected by Lao Dan's family. One day, Professor Shang Rong said: "Human beings are the most precious among heaven and earth, and the king among all people is the most important." Lao Dan asked: "What is heaven?" The teacher said: "Heaven is the pure and pure one above." Lao Dan asked again: "What is Qing Qing?" The teacher said, "Qing Qing is space." "What is above space?" The teacher said, "Above space, Qing is Qing. "What's above it?" "What's above the Qing Dynasty is the Qing Dynasty." Lao Dan asked again. "What is the end of the Qing Dynasty?" The gentleman said: "The sages have not passed it on, the ancient books have not recorded it, and the foolish teacher dare not speak nonsense." At night, Lao Dan asked his mother about his doubts, but the mother could not answer; when he asked the generals, the generals could not Word. So I raised my head to look at the sun, moon and stars, and lowered my head to think about what was in the sky. I couldn't sleep all night. Another day, Mr. Shang taught: "In the Liuhe, there are people in heaven and earth. The sky has its way, the earth has its geography, people have their relationships, things have their nature and the way of heaven, so the sun, moon and stars can do it; there is geography, so Mountains, rivers, and seas can be made; there are human relations, so they can be divided into elders and inferiors; they have physical properties, so they can be distinguished from short and strong." Lao Dan asked: "How can mountains, rivers, and seas be separated?" Are they made by man? Who distinguishes the old and the young? Who distinguishes the long and the short? "How can God do anything?" The teacher said, "God has the ability to change. He is the work of creation, so he can do things." Lao Dan asked, "Where does God's power come from? When will God's power be prepared?" Mr. He said: "It has not been passed down by previous teachers, and it has not been recorded in ancient books. A foolish teacher dare not speak falsely." At night, Lao Dan asked his mother about his doubts, but her mother could not answer. When you ask your generals, they will be speechless. So he looked at things and thought about them, touched them and sorted them out, and for three days he didn't know the taste of food. Another day, Mr. Shang taught: "The king is the one who regulates the world on behalf of heaven; the people are the ones governed by the king. If the king does not follow the will of God, he will be defeated, and if the people do not obey the king and pastoral care, they will be guilty. This is the way to govern a country." "Lao Dan asked: "The people's livelihood is not for the king. It is understandable if they do not obey the king and pastoral care. The king's life is the will of heaven. How can it be that the king does not obey the will of heaven?" The teacher said: "God sent the king to regulate the world on his behalf. When you are born, you will be outside; when you are outside, you will not receive your orders. When you are born, God will not accept your orders." Lao Dan asked: "God has the ability to change things, so why doesn't he create a king who obeys orders? "The master said: "It has not been passed down by the sages and it has not been recorded in ancient books, so a foolish teacher dare not speak falsely." At night, Lao Dan asked his mother about his doubts, but his mother could not answer; when he asked the generals, the generals could not speak. So I asked the people of Xiangyi for advice. I walked all over the land of Xiangyi. I didn't know how wet it was when it rained, and didn't notice the wind blowing. One day, Mr. Shang Lao taught: "In all things in the world, harmony is the most important thing. If there is discord, there will be war, and war will kill each other. If you fight each other, you will hurt both sides, and hurting both sides will be harmful but useless. Therefore, doing things to benefit others will benefit yourself, and doing harm to others will bring harm to you. It will harm yourself." Lao Dan asked, "If the world is at peace, it will cause great harm to the people. Why don't you take care of it?" The teacher said, "If the people fight, they will lose a small peace. If you lose a small peace, you will get a small disaster. But you can do it." Governance. If a country fights, it will lead to great harm; if it loses great peace, it will lead to great disasters. If the king fails to do so, how can he govern himself? It has not been passed down, and it has not been recorded in ancient books, so foolish teachers dare not speak falsely.
"At night, Lao Dan asked his mother about his doubts, but she couldn't answer; when he asked the generals, the generals couldn't answer. So he visited the people of each town and read the books of each town. He didn't know the heat when it was hot, and he didn't know the cold when he was cold. .
Study in Zhou dynasty
Mr. Shang taught for three years. He came to say goodbye to the old lady and said: "I have little knowledge and am very smart. How can I teach you after three years?" "Now that I'm saying goodbye, it's not because I teach without end, nor because Dan'er is not diligent in learning. In fact, I've learned to an end. Dan'er's desires are endless, and what he has is exhausted, and his supply is endless. Isn't it also difficult? Dan'er, ambition He is a boy with great ambitions from afar; Xiangyi is a remote and isolated place. If you want to carve out the raw materials and turn them into jade, you need to go to the Zhou capital for further study. There is a sea of ??classics and a cloud of wise men. It is not a holy place in the world. Hearing this, the old lady felt troubled: First, Dan'er was only thirteen years old, and it was difficult to return to the capital of the Song Dynasty. Why not go to the capital of the Zhou Dynasty and ascend to Jiutian? Ernai Lao only has this root left, so how can we rest assured that he will be alone? I was hesitating and didn't know how to answer, but unexpectedly, my husband had guessed the difficulty and hurriedly said: "To tell you the truth, my senior brother is a doctor of Zhou Taixue. He is knowledgeable and broad-minded. He loves talents and respects the virtuous. He makes a living by cultivating people and assisting virtuous people. It is my duty to recommend talented people. They are all selected from the public. They are not provided with food and clothing. They are treated like their own children. The doctor heard from the old man that he is eager to learn and think, and he is very intelligent. I have been looking forward to seeing him for a long time. Several servants passed by this place and wrote to me to take Dan'er to Zhou. This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, please cherish it!" After hearing this, the old lady couldn't help but feel sad and happy. Thanks to Mr. Xi's recommendation, Dan'er has the chance to enter the Zhou Dynasty and has a way to climb the Dragon Gate. Sad about the separation of mother and son. When can we see each other again? When I think about this, it feels like Dan'er is thousands of miles away, and I feel sad and unable to control my heart, and burst into tears. Lao Dan threw himself into his mother's arms and cried, "Mom, don't be sad. Dan'er will never let down the teacher's high expectations. When I succeed in my career, I will definitely come to pick up my mother as soon as possible!" After that, mother and son hugged each other and cried. After crying for a long time, the mother and son became happy and thanked the husband for his recommendation. Three days later, the whole family and Mr. Shang saw Lao Dan off five miles away. Lao Dan knelt down and worshiped one by one, mounted his horse and headed westward with the doctor's servant. The old lady watched Dan'er's figure disappearing into the distance, then got into the car and returned gloomily. "Lao Dan entered the Zhou Dynasty, met with doctors, and entered Taixue. He learned everything from astronomy, geography, and human relations. He read "Poetry", "Books", "Yi", "Calendar", "Li" and "Yue", and read all cultural relics and regulations. , learned everything about history books, and made great progress in three years. The doctor recommended him to be an official in the collection room. The collection room was the place where the classics of the Zhou Dynasty were collected. No. When I was in it, I was like a dragon swimming into the sea, and the sea was vast and the dragon was leaping; like an eagle spreading its wings in the blue sky, and the sky was high enough for birds to fly. With the purpose of clarifying morality, he moved to the post of guardian of history three years later, and his reputation spread throughout the country.
Confucius asked about rituals