The Ming Tombs are located at the southern foot of Tianshou Mountain, 10 kilometers north of Changping County. Emperors of all dynasties paid great attention to the choice of mausoleum sites. It is said that the Ming Tombs are vast in the Tianshou Mountains, the mountains seem to be enclosed, and the water and soil in the middle are deep. Chengzu issued an edict to enclose 80 miles of land as a forbidden area for the mausoleum, and renamed it Tianshou Mountain. From the construction of Changling (Ming Chengzu Mausoleum) at the foot of Tianshou Mountain to the burial of Chongzhen (Ming Sizong) in Tian Fei's tomb, thirteen emperors were buried here, so they are called the Thirteen Tombs. The Thirteen Tombs are: Changling (Chengzu), Xianling (Renzong), Jingling (Xuanzong), Yuling (Yingzong), Maoling (Xianzong), Tailing (Xiaozong), Kangling (Wuzong), Yongling Ling (Sejong), Zhaoling (Suizong), Dingling (Shenzong), Qingling (Guangzong), Deling (Xizong), Siling (Sizong).
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The word "Xian" in Xianling Mausoleum, in addition to "enjoy the offering", can also be interpreted as "holy". "Posthumous Law": "The wise and wise person is called Xian, and the knowledgeable and holy person is called Xian." It can be seen that "Xian" means praise.
The word "jing" in Jingling means "big" and "bright", as well as "admiration" and "admiration".
The word "Yu" in Yuling can refer to abundant clothing, and also refers to the peaceful administration of the people by lenient administration.
The word "Mao" in Maoling means "rich" and "beautiful".
The word "Tai" in Tailing means "peace" and "stability".
The word "Kang" in Kangling means "safe", "happy" and "prosperous". "Posthumous Law": "The origin is called Kang, the gentle and joyful is called Kang."
The word "Yong" in Yongling means "yielding" and "yuan".
The word "Zhao" in Zhaoling means "bright" and "light".
The word "ding" in Dingling means "peace" and "quietness". "Posthumous Law": "Pure conduct is not bad, and the law of peace and stability is called Ding in ancient times."
The word "Qing" in Qingling embodies the meaning of "goodness" and "blessing", and also refers to "the great conduct of the Tao" also".
The word "virtue" in Deling means goodness, beauty, justice, brightness and purity. Also, "Thanksgiving is virtue." "Posthumous Law": "Sui soft people, the power of admonishment and struggle, adhering to righteousness and promoting good deeds is called virtue."
The "Si" of Siling was determined by the Qing Dynasty. Because the Qing rulers had a political need to tolerate the relationship between the Han and Manchu tribes, in the words of Emperor Qianlong, they "revenged the previous dynasty", that is, avenging the previous rulers.
The relevant introduction of the Ming Tombs in Beijing is as follows:
Channgling:
Ming Changling is located at the southern foot of the main peak of Tianshou Mountain and is the third largest mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty. The first emperor Cheng Zuwen, Emperor Zhu Di (reign name Yongle), and the empress Xu are buried together in the mausoleum. It has the largest scale of construction among the Ming Tombs, the earliest construction time, and the best-preserved ground buildings. It is the ancestral tomb among the Thirteen Tombs, so it is also called "Changling".
Dingling:
Ming Dingling is the tomb of Emperor Shenzongxian Zhu Yijun (reign Wanli), the thirteenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Two of his queens are also buried here. The mausoleum is located at the foot of Dayu Mountain and southwest of Changling. It was built from 1584 to 1590 (from the 12th year of Wanli to the 18th year of Wanli). The main buildings include Lin'en Gate, Lin'en Hall, Baocheng, Minglou and underground palace. Covering an area of ??182,000 square meters. It is the only tomb among the Ming Tombs that has been excavated.
Zhaoling:
Ming Zhaoling is located at the east foot of Dayu Mountain. It is the twelfth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Muzongzhuang Emperor Zhu Zaihe (reign name Longqing) and his three queens. of joint burial mausoleum. Zhaoling Mausoleum is the first large-scale restoration and restoration of the mausoleum among the Thirteen Tombs. The Zhaoling Mausoleum has a construction area of ??35,000 square meters. It currently has the complete Jin'en Gate, Jin'en Hall and its east and west side halls, as well as the square city, Ming Tower, Baoding et al. The twelfth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Muzong Zhu Zaihe, and his three queens are buried here.
Yongling:
The Ming Yongling is located at the southern foot of Yangcuiling. The three queens are buried together in the mausoleum. After about 7-11 years of operation, the construction of Yongling was basically completed.
In addition to the square courtyard and treasure city of Yongling, there is also Wailuo City, which is not found in the previous seven tombs. Its structure is "big and powerful, and the meticulous craftsmanship of the stones is beyond the planning of Changling." Within Wailuo City, there are five divine kitchens on the left and five divine treasuries on the right. There are also long east-west streets modeled on the system of deep palaces and long alleys.
Xianling Mausoleum:
Xianling Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Renzongzhao, Emperor Zhu Gaochi (Hongxi) and Queen Zhang of the Ming Dynasty. Next to it, it is currently closed and not open. Its Shinto branches out from the north of Wukong Bridge in the north of Changling Shinto, and is about 1 kilometer long. There is a single stone bridge built on the way. The pavement is paved with city bricks in the middle and gravel on both sides for scattered water, which is very simple. Its orientation is south-west 200, covering an area of ??only about 42,000 square meters.
Qingling Mausoleum:
Ming Qingling Mausoleum, located at the southern foot of Huangshan Temple Erling in the Tianshou Mountain Mausoleum in Changping, Beijing, is the 14th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Guangzongzhen Zhu Changluo (era name Taichang) It is the joint burial mausoleum with the empresses Guo, Wang and Liu. The underground Xuan Palace in Qingling has "back, middle and front halls", which are separated by "heavy doors". In the sixth year of Tianqi (AD 1626), the ground construction was completed. The cemetery building consists of three parts: the Shinto, the mausoleum palace and the ancillary buildings outside the mausoleum palace. A single stone bridge was built on the Shinto. Near the mausoleum, there is a monumental pavilion for sacred merits and virtues. There is a stele erected in the pavilion, with the head of a turtle falling down and no words.
Maoling:
Ming Maoling, located at the foot of Jubao Mountain on the right side of Yuling, is the home of the eighth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Xianzong Chun Emperor Zhu Jianshen (reign name Chenghua) and Wang The burial mausoleum of the three empresses, namely, the Empresses Ji, Shao and others. Located at the foot of Jubao Mountain on the right side of Yuling Mausoleum, is the burial mausoleum of the eighth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Xianzong Zhu Jianshen (reign name Chenghua), and the three queens of Wang, Ji and Shao.
Kangling:
Ming Kangling, located at the eastern foot of Jinling (also known as Lotus Mountain or Babao Lotus Mountain), was the tenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Wu Zongyi, Emperor Zhu Houzhao (year-old). No. Zhengde) and Queen Xia's joint burial mausoleum. It took one year to build the mausoleum. The overall layout follows the previous system, with a round shape in the front and a back. The mausoleum was built in the 16th year of Zhengde (1521) and covers an area of ??27,000 square meters.
Jingling Mausoleum:
Ming Jingling Mausoleum, located under the east peak of Tianshou Mountain (also known as Black Mountain), is the fifth generation emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zhanji (reign name Xuande). ) and the empress Sun's joint burial mausoleum. Its Shinto branches from the south to the east of the Wukong Bridge in the north of the Changling Shinto, and is about 1.5 kilometers long. A single stone bridge is built on the way. The mausoleum is oriented 55° south to west and covers an area of ??about 25,000 square meters. The Baocheng was built into a slender shape with a round front and a back due to the terrain. The two-entry square courtyard in the front is connected with the Baocheng in the back. On the central axis, buildings such as the Lin'en Gate, the Lin'en Hall, the Three Gates, the Lingxing Gate, the Stone Offering Table, the Square City, and the Ming Tower were built in sequence.
Tailing:
Ming Tailing, located at the southeastern foot of Bijia Mountain, also known as "Shijiatai" or "Shijia Mountain", was the site of Emperor Xiaozong, the ninth emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The joint burial mausoleum of Emperor Zhu Youtang (reign of Hongzhi) and Queen Zhang. On June 5, the 18th year of Hongzhi's reign, construction of the cemetery was officially started, and the mausoleum was named Tailing. The eunuch Li Xing, Xinning Bo Tan You, and the left minister of the Ministry of Industry Li Ji supervised the project. Tens of thousands of officers and soldiers served in the Fifth Army Governor's Office and the three major battalions. It took four months and the Xuan Palace was completed on October 19 of that year. Xiaozong was buried in the mausoleum at noon. On March 22, the first year of Zhengde (1506), the ground construction of the cemetery was completed.
Deling:
Ming Deling is located at the western foot of Tanyu Ridge. It is the home of the fifteenth emperor Xizong of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Zhu Youxiao (reign title Tianqi) and his queen Zhang. Joint burial mausoleum. Xizong was "extremely skillful in nature, capable of many arts, and especially liked to create things." He once used axes, saws, and chisels to build a small pavilion of his own. "The carvings are exquisite, and even the most skilled craftsmen cannot match them." When they are happy, they even take off their clothes and sit naked anywhere. He "does not care about finished objects, but does not care about natural objects." He dismantles and modifies them at will for the pleasure of a short period of time.
Yuling:
Ming Yuling is located at the southern foot of Shimen Mountain, the west peak of Tianshou Mountain. It is the joint burial mausoleum of Zhu Qizhen, the sixth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Yingzong, and the empresses Qian and Zhou. On the seventeenth day of the first lunar month in the eighth year of Tianshun (1464), Yingzong passed away and was given the posthumous title of "Emperor Fa Tian Li Dao Ren Ming Cheng Jing Zhao Wen Xian Wu Zhi De Guang Xiao Rui". The death edict stopped the practice of martyrdom, ending the cruel system of palace burying. In May, Xuan Palace, the mausoleum, was built, and in August, Yingzong was buried in Yuling.
Si Mausoleum:
Si Mausoleum was built around 1642. It was originally the garden of Emperor Si Zong’s favorite concubine Tian Guifei. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng ordered people to bury Ming Sizong and Queen Zhou together in the tomb of Tian Guifei. In order to win people's support, he changed the name to Siling, making Siling the only mausoleum among the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty where the emperor and his concubines were buried together. , and compared with other tombs of the Ming Dynasty, the scale of Siling Mausoleum is also smaller.