Ernest Miller Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (Ernest Hemingway l899～1961) American novelist. Winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature and the founder of "journalistic" novels.
Born on July 21, 1899, he was the second child in a family of six. His mother made him practice playing the cello; his father taught him fishing and shooting. Childhood seems to be free of trauma. He was in the class of 1917 in middle school. He was an enthusiastic and competitive standard American boy; he had good academic performance, developed all-round sports (swimming, football, shooting, and secretly went to the local gym to learn boxing), and participated in debates. He played the cello in the school band, edited the school newspaper "The Hanger", contributed articles to the literary magazine "Bookboard", wrote short stories (already showing signs of a mature style in the future), and wrote poetry. He sometimes takes other people's cars to travel. Once I shot a heron in a game reserve, and I hid afterwards to avoid legal sanctions. Some critics believe that Hemingway's travel away from home shows that he lived a normal life in his childhood; but others believe that it symbolizes his early rebellion against the Oak Park lifestyle and reflects the tense relationships in his family life.
His father's and mother's interests must be completely opposite, which caused conflicting reactions and some hostility in him. His sister Marceline Sanford, who was two years older than him but had grown up with Hemingway, said his parents "loved each other" but admitted they "often bored each other." His mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a member of the Congregational Church and had strong religious ideas (she named her four daughters after saints), but she was also an artistically accomplished woman who arranged her family environment like a church organization. cultural salon. His father, Clarence Edgarz Hemingway, was an outstanding doctor, an enthusiastic and trained athlete, and a professional student of the natural world. He aroused his son's interest in outdoor activities. In the summer, they lived in a house near Petoskey Lake in northern Michigan. Dr. Hemingway sometimes took his son with him on medical visits across Walloon Lake to the Ojib Indian settlement; they often fished together. and hunting. They had a close relationship, although his father was a strict disciplinarian, even more strict and puritanical than Mrs. Hemingway.
The influence of his parents on him is clear at least at first glance. His love of the outdoors, training and bravery as an athlete never diminished. He loves music (although he hates cello lessons) and art, as always. He cherished Bach and Mozart and said that he learned writing methods from "study of harmony and counterpoint"; he also said that "I learned the same things from painters as I learned from writers." There is nothing available about Hemingway's childhood and adolescence in Oak Park to suggest that he was anything other than a normal adult. However, when we look at the creations of this extremely autobiographical writer, we find those stories about that period of time with Nick Adamus as the protagonist ("Indian Tent", "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife" , "The End of Something", "Three Days of Wind", "The Fighter" and "The Killer"), but writes about themes of violence and fear, chaos and disappointment - and loneliness; his classmates pointed out , loneliness and versatility were Hemingway's most outstanding points at that time.
Two months before he graduated, the United States entered the war. Carlos Becker wrote: "The paths he faced were college, war, and work," and Hemingway chose to work. There is something wrong with his left eye (he accidentally injured his left eye while training boxing and his vision declined. His vision in his left eye has never recovered since then) and he is not suitable for fighting. In October 1917, he began working as a trainee reporter at the Kansas City Star, one of the best newspapers in the United States at the time. For six months, he interviewed hospitals and police stations, and also learned excellent business knowledge from G.G. Wellington, the excellent editor of the Star. Hemingway learned for the first time in "The Star" that literature and sports, like life, must be trained.
This is where the power of inner drama lies. Because Hemingway seemed to want to make up for his artistic failures and overreacted in life. His actions in the real world still reflect his concern with tragic experiences and his urgent need to confront a hostile world and affirm his self-image. However, because the heroic spirit is too conspicuous and resolute, the characters' actions are too obvious. As a result, it gets to the point where it's hilarious, embarrassing, and often even annoying. If he was an artistic adventurer in the 1920s, then in the 1930s and 1940s the artist himself became an adventurer. His views on life have not changed, but his artistic skills have slackened.
Between the publication of "The Sun Also Rises" and the unpublished "A Farewell to Arms", Hemingway divorced Chadley and married Pauline Paley, the fashion style editor of Vogue. After paying money to get married, they returned to the United States and settled in Keyvis. In 1927, Hemingway completed and published his second collection of short stories, "Men Without Women." In 1928, when he was writing the first draft of "A Farewell to Arms", Pauline gave birth to their first child (she gave birth to two sons in one month); when he was revising the first draft, he learned the news: He His father suffered from diabetes and committed suicide due to financial difficulties. He used a pistol that his own father had used during the Civil War. Twenty years later, Hemingway recalled in the preface to his illustrated book A Farewell to Arms: "There were good times and bad times in that year," but he also said that he was "living in a book" and "much better than I was." Pleasant at any time." In the early thirties, he was financially prosperous, happily married, and adventuring. Over the years, he hunted ducks and elk in Wyoming and Montana, hunted big game in Africa, and fished off Keyvis and Bimini aboard his custom-built Pilar yacht. These were the years of the Great Depression. The country was depressed by the economic crisis, but Hemingway was more like a fanatical Boy Scout. Between 1934 and 1936, he wrote twenty-three lively but unworthy articles for Desire magazine, describing hunting and fishing, which provided a perspective on the urban victims of the Great Depression. Spiritual refuge. In Hemingway's rough and arrogant face and strong body, they saw the face of a hero in a period of bad luck; his implicit prose and concise dialogue showed the typical "beautiful grace under pressure." Two works of non-fiction he published over the years reinforced this image. One is "Death in the Afternoon" (1932), which praises the ritual of bullfighting, and the other is "The Green Hills of Africa" ??(1935), which describes a hunting trip and rehearses the tragedy of man and beast, but almost at the top of his lungs praises the dignity of human courage. .
In the early 1930s, Hemingway wrote relatively few novels. In the 1920s, Hemingway published two novels, thirty-five short stories, a parody, some poetry, and a considerable amount of correspondence. The major work he produced in the first half of the 1930s was "The Winner Takes Nothing" (1933), a collection of fourteen short stories. In 1936, he published one of his best short stories, "The Snows of Kilimanjaro," in which the protagonist is a writer who ridicules himself for not being able to write the work "he should write."
From 1937 to the end of World War II, the artist Hemingway was still his adventurer, but he just changed his costume. Beginning with Henry Morgan's words in "The To Have and the Have Not" (1937) - "A man can't do anything... he can't do anything good if he's good" - Hemingway and his protagonists sacrificed their private affairs and turned to the world collective responsibility arising from the crisis. At least on the surface, the Great Depression and the Spanish Civil War shattered Hemingway's belief that the writer's main task was to "write directly and sincerely about people" and that "anyone who sees politics as a way out is lying." ." Left-wing critics, who had long derided what they saw as Hemingway's gleeful isolationism, now welcomed his shift. In fact, Hemingway did not turn left in his novel creation. His characters followed the old path - adventure, loneliness, and the result was a dead end. They re-enter the world because democracy may be better than fascism, but although they are mixed with the people, they are not members of the people. So did Hemingway.
No matter what war he participated in, it became his war. He fought as always, with his own conditions and reasons.
In early 1937, Hemingway went to Spain. Officially a reporter for the Arctic American Newspaper Alliance, he is not an impartial bystander. He borrowed money to buy relief troops for troops loyal to the Communist Party and the government, spoke at the Second National Writers Conference of the United States to attack fascism, assisted in the filming of the pro-*** and government film "Spanish Land" (1938), and published his The only long play, "The Fifth Column," describes this conflict. In 1939, he purchased a property in the "Lookout Farm" on the outskirts of Havana. In the house on the top of the property, he wrote the novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls" about fascism, democracy and individuals.
A few days after the novel was published, Pauline Puffer divorced him on the grounds of "abandonment." Within a week, Hemingway married his third wife, Martha Gellhorn, a novelist and journalist from St. Louis. They lived together for five years. In the first two years of their marriage, they went to China. As a war correspondent, Hemingway wrote reports for the now-defunct New York newspaper The Afternoon. In these reports, Hemingway believed that a war between Japan, Britain and the United States was unlikely, but it was not impossible. He had the foresight to point out that if Japan attacked American bases in the Pacific or Southeast Asia, war would be inevitable.
During the period from 1942 to 1944 when he was sent to General Patton's Third Army as a non-military reporter for "Curieu" magazine, Hemingway controlled "Pillar". "The USS" - equipped with communications and explosives facilities at the government's expense - patrolled the sea and became a disguised anti-submarine warship. Although the Pilar did not encounter a submarine (if it did, Hemingway was prepared to order himself to throw grenades and incendiary bombs from the conning tower), Hemingway's reports may have helped the Navy detect the location of some submarines and blow them up. Shen, Hemingway was honored for these achievements. In 1944, Hemingway cooperated with the Royal Air Force in the United Kingdom and flew several times to participate in combat. He was not injured. However, he was injured in a car crash during a blackout in London, and his head and knees were injured. Several newspapers published his obituary, but soon after, on the day of the Allied landings, Hemingway watched the battle for several minutes at Fox Green Beach in Normandy before returning to the ship.
Although he nominally belonged to General Patton's army, he acted with the 4th Infantry Division of the First Army and participated in the liberation of Paris and the Battle of the Bulge. His description of his boldness and bravery may be exaggerated or distorted, but his actions were indeed more like a warrior than a reporter. He patrolled and interrogated very effectively at a post outside Paris, gathering intelligence for the advance of General Leclerc's troops. During the German counterattack, he took part in fierce battles with short weapons at the risk of his life in the Schutemann Forest. Military personnel have a better impression of him than his colleagues in the press. His colleagues were angry, perhaps because of his arrogant attitude, perhaps because he exaggerated how he personally led a small guerrilla force to liberate the Tourist Club and the Ritz Hotel. A group of reporters accused Hemingway of violating the Geneva Conference's rules prohibiting war correspondents from participating in combat. Hemingway appeared in court, was spared a conviction after a short trial, and was later awarded the Bronze Star. When the war ended, Hemingway was forty-six years old. The image of the war-torn and indomitable veteran he painted for himself was no longer a pencil sketch, but a gloomy full-length portrait in oil paint. What else? Through his words and actions, Hemingway showed that he had to make a new beginning in life and art. During the war years, he only published reports on the Sino-Japanese War for "Afternoon" and telegrams taken from the European theater for "Curieu". Now he claimed generally to be writing a work, a novel about "land, sea, and sky." As if to intensify his sense of renewal, Hemingway divorced Martha Gellhorn in late 1945 and returned to Lookout Farm in March 1946, accompanied by his The fourth and final wife was Mary Welsh, another journalist from Minnesota.
After 1940, Hemingway published the novel "Across the River and Into the Woods" (1950), which was not the major work that readers expected. He nearly died of erysipelas a year ago. The actual cause was that dust got into his eyes and his eyes became inflamed after rubbing them. However, Hemingway exaggerated this small incident and said that when he was hunting wild ducks near Venice, a bit of bullet got stuck in his eyes. He decided to write this smaller work while he was in hospital. Objective circumstances could not change critical opinion, and the work was attacked in an unpleasant way. Milder critics said it was "emotionally boring" and believed Hemingway still had potential; most critics brutally attacked it as self-pitying self-parody. In Colonel Richard Cantwell, Hemingway's autobiographical figure is prominent, nagging his inescapable themes—death, loneliness, love, and bravery—that crystallized his experience in the forties. Since then, he has continued to delve deeper into past experiences, as if nostalgia can compensate for artistic incompetence. He changed from an artist to an explorer to an adventurer pursuing art, and this cycle is almost over.