In order to distinguish tropical cyclones, it is necessary to give them a separate name. Tropical cyclones were first distinguished according to their positions (mainly the latitude and longitude of their centers), which is quite troublesome and often unsatisfactory. Until the early 19th century, some Spanish-speaking Caribbean islands named hurricanes according to the calendar time when they landed. For example, three hurricanes hit Puerto Rico: Santa Ana on July 26, 1825, and San Felipe on September 13, 1876 and 1928. It is reported that in the late 19th century, Australian forecaster Clemen Langer named tropical cyclones after politicians he hated. Later, the military department named tropical cyclones according to the alphabetical order of English words (ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, etc.). During World War II, Americans named tropical cyclones after women. At the end of 197s, at the request of American feminist movement, the naming list was expanded and named after men and women. In oral and written communication, especially in alarm, people gradually accept the advantages of using named tables. Names should be short, popular and easy to remember, so as to convey information to millions of people in tropical cyclone threat areas, so as to avoid confusion when the same area is affected by more than one tropical cyclone at the same time. This practice was soon widely adopted in the western hemisphere.
in the 197s, the naming system was used in all tropical cyclone-prone areas. After the end of 197s, under the coordination of the regional tropical cyclone committees of the World Meteorological Organization, the naming of tropical cyclones went international. In most regions, the tropical cyclone nomenclature table (usually using male and female names alternately) is formulated by the tropical cyclone committee in the region, and the more important task of the tropical cyclone committee is to promote and coordinate the tropical cyclone disaster reduction actions in the region. Specific practices vary from region to region. The designated meteorological center is usually responsible for naming tropical cyclones in alphabetical order. Some regional naming tables are recycled, some regions often make new naming tables, and some regional naming tables are used from scratch after use. If a tropical cyclone is notorious, such as causing serious casualties or huge property losses, the name of the tropical cyclone should be removed from the list of names and replaced with another name of the same sex, and the first letter should be the same. Some areas use four digits to name tropical cyclones, the first two digits are the year, and the last two digits are the sequence number of tropical cyclones in that year, and some also add geographical indicators. For example, the first tropical storm in the Bay of Bengal in 1991 was named BOB 919(BOB is the abbreviation of Bay of Bengal). The 25th typhoon in 199 was named 925. Some countries have made nomenclature tables for their own use, for example, the United States has made nomenclature tables for the Northwest Pacific and the North and Central Pacific, and the Philippines has also made nomenclature tables for typhoons in the Northwest Pacific. The name of typhoon in the Northwest Pacific used by joint typhoon warning center in Guam is often adopted by other countries in the region.
Most members of the Typhoon Committee come from countries and regions affected by typhoons. For many years, the Typhoon Committee has a system of numbering typhoons, that is, the Typhoon Center, the Tokyo Regional Professional Meteorological Center, is responsible for numbering tropical cyclones that reach the intensity of tropical storms. According to the resolution of the 31st session of Typhoon Committee, a new naming method for tropical cyclones was implemented from January 1st, 2. This method will be used in the communiqué issued by members of the Typhoon Committee to the international community. It is also used by members to issue tropical cyclone warnings in local languages. The Typhoon Committee will continue to use tropical cyclone numbers.
China has always adopted the method of tropical cyclone numbering, and the tropical cyclones occurring near the center of the northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, west of longitude 18 degrees and north of the equator, are numbered according to the order of their generation. For example, tropical storm 968 was the eighth tropical cyclone generated in the above-mentioned waters in 1996. When it developed into a strong tropical storm, it was called a strong tropical storm 968. When it continued to develop into a typhoon, it was called a typhoon 968. Of course, when it decays into a tropical storm, it is also called tropical storm 968. When a tropical cyclone decays into a tropical depression or degenerates into an extratropical cyclone, the numbering is stopped.
From January 1st, 2, when the Central Meteorological Observatory issued the tropical cyclone warning, it will continue to use the tropical cyclone number and the tropical cyclone name. Typhoon formation:
In the summer of the Pacific Ocean, where the sun shines directly and the temperature continues to be high, a large amount of water on a large area of the ocean surface evaporates. Evaporating water will gradually repel other gas components in the air, which will increase the humidity of the air sharply. This kind of high humidity air is a prerequisite for the formation of a typhoon!
when external conditions (such as cooling or automatic condensation of water vapor) promote the moisture condensation of high humidity air, the pressure of air will drop sharply, resulting in atmospheric negative pressure relative to the surrounding space, which is the central negative pressure of typhoon. Once this negative pressure is formed, the surrounding air will be replenished immediately. Because the negative pressure often starts from the high altitude with low temperature, it also forms a large air vortex that rotates from bottom to top and around to the center-this is the typhoon eye!
Therefore, the cause of typhoon comes from the negative pressure of air, the negative pressure comes from the condensation of water vapor, and the water vapor comes from the high temperature generated by the continuous direct sunlight in summer! In the end, the sun is the fundamental cause of the typhoon!
The most important evidence for the above hypothesis is that typhoons are all formed on the sea surface, and they are in the hot summer with direct sunlight. Moreover, when typhoons gradually land on the land through the sea surface, they will gradually weaken into low pressure and gradually disappear. This is because the sea surface where typhoons pass is an area where the moisture of high-humidity air condenses, while the humidity of air over the land is much lower, so they cannot form a strong air negative pressure center, so they can only be formed. Typhoon classification: Supertyphoon: the maximum average wind speed near the center of the ground floor is ≥ 51.m/s, that is, it is 16 or above.
strong typhoon (STY): the maximum average wind speed near the center of the ground floor is 41.5-5.9 m/s, which is 14-15.
TYphoon (ty): the maximum average wind speed near the center of the ground floor is 32.7-41.4m/s, which is 12-13.
severe tropical storm (STS): the maximum average wind speed near the bottom center is 24.5-32.6m/s, that is, the wind force is 1-11.
tropical storm (TS): the maximum average wind speed near the center of the ground floor is 17.2-24.4m/s, that is, the wind force is 8-9.
tropical depression (TD): the maximum average wind speed near the bottom center is 1.8-17.1m/s, that is, the wind force is 6-7. Typhoon has seasonality: the laws and characteristics of typhoon mainly have the following points: First, it has seasonality. Typhoons (including tropical storms) usually occur between summer and autumn, the earliest in early May and the latest in November. Second, it is difficult to accurately predict the landing location of the typhoon center. The wind direction of typhoon changes from time to time, which is often unexpected, and the landing location of typhoon center is often different from the forecast. Third, typhoons are rotary. When landing, the wind direction is generally north first and then south. Fourth, the damage is serious. It is very destructive to unstable buildings, overhead lines, trees, ships at sea, fish culture in sea cages, coastal crops and so on. Fifth, strong typhoons are often accompanied by heavy rains, tides and tsunamis. Sixth, when a strong typhoon occurs, manpower is irresistible and it is easy to cause casualties. Typhoon Hagupit: At 2: on the 9th, tropical storm 814 was generated in the east of the Philippines, named "Hagupit" (Hagupit, meaning whipping in Filipino), and intensified into a severe tropical storm on the afternoon of the 2th.