Avenue has evolved into a deity worshipped by people, which began at the beginning of Taoism. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Ling initiated Zhengtian Daoism, claiming to be "too clear and mysterious", which won the true biography of the old gentleman. The Legend of the Immortal said: "Zhang Daoling thought hard and refined his ambition, and suddenly there was a world under heaven ... or he claimed to be a history under the column, or he was called a boy in the East China Sea, which gave the mausoleum a new way to gain a positive alliance." This "history under the column" from heaven is the pre-Qin thinker Laozi, and the history of Laozi is tasted as the history under Zhou Zhu. "Lao Zi Xiang Er Zhu" also said: "When it is scattered, it becomes qi, and when it is gathered, it becomes a grand old gentleman." Interpretation of Classics in Three Days also said: "There is a void in the nether world, but there is nothing in the void, so there is no change in the mysterious qi, vitality and initial qi, and the three qi are chaotic, so that the mysterious jade girl and the jade girl are born, and the mixed gas condenses and turns into Lao Zi. Born from the left armpit of the mysterious jade girl, she was born with a white head, so she was named Laozi. Laozi, Laojun also. " (9) In this way, Laozi, who was originally a philosopher, was deified by Taoism and became the leader of Taoism. ?
In addition, in the early period, Zhengyi also absorbed the folk beliefs in Bashu area and the worship of the three officials of ethnic minorities. Interpretation of Classics in Three Days records that Zhang Daoling was in Shu County in the third year of Yongshou in the Eastern Han Dynasty (157 years). "With the courtiers of the Han Dynasty, the blood of Baima was the alliance, and the iron coupons of Danshu were the letter. With the three officials of heaven, earth and water, and the general of Tai Sui, * * * used the dharma for three days forever." (1) In addition, the scriptures also contain the naive gods of the heavenly teacher, such as the moral father-in-law, the Taishang father-in-law, the Heavenly Emperor, the Nine Old Immortals, the Nine Emperors, the newly-born Laojun, the Five Emperors, the Queen Mother of the West, the Lady of Shangyuan, the 1,2 official kings, and Your Majesty Taiqingyu. In another early Tianshidao's "Official Works of Zhengyi French Classics", there are also numerous deities in heaven and earth, such as Jiushui Zhang, Tianchang Jun, Tiangang Jun, Anqi Jun, Chisha Jun, Tianxuanjun, Qinglong Jun, Guanxi Jun, Jiudi Jun, Siming Jun, Bi Nvjun, the general who broke the city, the general who broke the prison, the general who solved the suffering, the general who was in Taiyin Jun, and the general who broke the prison. Star Jade Girl, Emperor Jun, Suzaku Jun, etc., all of them have their own directors, either collecting evil spirits, treating diseases and relieving pain, or praying for rain and sunshine, benefiting the city and settling down, and their scope covers almost all aspects of people's daily life. It can be seen that the composition of the early Taoist deity system is quite complicated, but it still lacks systematicness and orderliness. ?
With the development of Taoism in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, some emerging Taoist schools such as Shangqing School and Lingbao School appeared one after another, and a large number of new Taoist gods appeared, such as Yuanshi Tianzun, Lingbao Yuanzun, Yuanwang in Yuanshi, Taiyi Yuanjun, Northern Emperor, Naive God, Miaoxing Zhenren, Thirty-two Heavenly Kings, Five Heavenly Demons, Immortal King, Childless Son and Bai Yuan Zun. However, the gods worshipped by various factions are really different, and their sources are also different, so they are mostly irrelevant and slightly unordered. For example, the first deity worshipped by the Lingbao School is the Yuanshi Tianzun, which is a new deity created by quoting the ancient myth-Pangu opened the heavens and the earth, and transforming it. The title Ge Hong's Book in the Pillow says: "In the past, the two instruments were not divided, and they were brilliant, but they were not formed. The heavens and the earth, the sun and the moon were not, like a chicken, chaotic and mysterious, and Pangu was a real person, the essence of heaven and earth, and they swam among them since the Yuan Dynasty." (11) Pangu has been transformed into a Taoist deity, the King of the Yuan Dynasty. As for the thirty-two heavenly emperors in the Taoist deity, they are taken from Buddhism. In ancient China, it was said that there were nine days, and Professor Tao quoted the "Three Realms Theory" of Buddhism, saying that there were "four Brahms, three realms and thirty-two days", and the thirty-two heavenly emperors were enshrined, all of which were obviously similar to Buddhism.
The Shangqing school also created many new gods, and began to comprehensively sort out the Taoist deities, thus producing the map of true spiritual position, which is known as the Taoist mandala. It can be seen from the preface of Tao Hongjing, the frontispiece, that the purpose of this book is to straighten out the rank of immortals and saints and correctly show the position industry. "I wish to kneel, please, should appoint a pecking order. If the truth is different, the severity of the encounter will be investigated. Based on the words of the three gentlemen, I learned the best; When you get off work, you can't reach your wisdom. Although the real person with the same name, there are several genuine products; All eyes are immortal, and immortals also have hundreds of billions of grades. " Therefore, this spectrum of Taoism in the Southern Dynasties divides many true spirits into seven groups of gods, which are composed of three systems: heaven, earth and ghost, including the seven worlds of Jade Qing, Shangqing, Taiji, Taiqing, Jiugong, Dongtian and Fengdu, each with its own main gods, which govern the whole universe. For example, "Fengdu Beiyin Emperor, Yandi Dating Family, taboo Qingjia, the Sect of ghosts and gods in the world, ruled Luofeng Mountain, and replaced it for three thousand years." "Xin Xuanzi, from the cloud forbidden Yuan Zhonglang, will be the division of ghosts and gods in wuyue." (12) There are more than 5 ghosts and gods on the left and right sides of Beiyin Emperor, such as Qin Shihuang, Wei Wudi, Zhou Wenwang, Gongsun Du, Ma Rong, Tao Kan, Wang Yishao, Deng You, etc. Most of them are military commanders and literati in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. In particular, it should be pointed out that except for the six or seven true spirits listed in the first order, which are purely gods, most of the more than 7 true spirits in the other six orders are Taoist people or historical figures. This feature and phenomenon is noteworthy because it involves the teachings of Taoism. It is also a problem that must be considered in the study of Taoist theology and theology. The contents collected in Volumes 83 and 84 of the Northern Zhou Taoist Book The Supreme Secret are basically the same as those in The Supreme Secret, but there is no rank, and the order of the arrangement of the gods and the truth is different, especially the position is reversed, that is, Deng You, the last one in The Supreme Secret, appears at the beginning of the volume. This is because the latter is divided into eight levels from bottom to top according to the degree of cultivation, namely, getting a Taoist priest, getting a Taoist priest, getting a Taoist priest, getting a Taoist priest in Jiugong, getting a Taoist priest in Taichi, and even getting a Taoist priest in Shangqing. The two seem to be different in form, one from top to bottom and the other from bottom to top, but their connotations are the same. The purpose is to unify the Taoist deities and provide people with a relatively complete worship group. Of course, the number of Taoist gods mentioned in the book "The Supreme Secret" and the introduction of miracles far exceed the content of "The Map of True Spiritual Position". For example, there are many true spirits in The Ascending and Descending of Lingguan, All Saints, Body and Spirit, but most of them are not found in The Map of True Spiritual Position. In a word, this is the first time to weave the Taoist system of God and Truth, which has a very important symbolic significance in the history of Taoism. It marks the beginning of the development of Taoism from the scattered situation of early factions and fragmented, to the mature stage of the unification of various sects and the convergence of beliefs. ?
from the time of the Tang dynasty, after the historical process of the integration of various Taoist schools in the northern and southern dynasties, the highest Taoist deity, Sanqing, was determined to be the most holy, namely, the Jade Qing, the Lingbao and Taiqing (Taishang Laojun), and the Taoist deity system also entered a new pattern. They either appeared in the relationship of master and apprentice, or descended from the road, and built the trinity of Sanqing respecting God. This is another milestone in the history of the development of Taoist deities, because in the universe where all the true gods are everywhere, there is finally a truly supreme god who commands the immortals. All the sects in Taoism, no matter where the gods in their sects come from and how complicated their composition and appearance are, must obey and worship the gods in Sanqing. Since then, the belief of Taoism has focused on the worship of Sanqing deity, which has played an inestimable role in the development and growth of Taoism. ?
during the song dynasty, the Taoist deity system was perfected and finalized, but it has not changed much since then, and it has been passed down to this day. From the Taoist books, such as Shangqing Lingbao Dafa, Lingbao's Scholarly Book, Daomen Customization, Daofa Huiyuan, and Fahai Legacy Pearl, we not only collected and sorted out the pedigree of Taoist deities in the past thousand years, but also created a large number of new deities under the influence of Buddhism tantra, thus enriching the Taoist deities. The genealogy of immortals since the Song Dynasty can be summarized into ten levels. The highest level is Sanqing, Liuyu (or Siyu); The second layer is the Heavenly Emperors, such as Nine Heavenly Gods, Five Spirits and Five Heavenly Kings, and Thirty-two Heavenly Emperors. The third layer is the sun, the moon and the stars, such as the five stars and the twenty-eight stars. The fourth floor is the Mimiya Emperor, the Sanyuan True King, and the Four Sages Marshal. The fifth layer is to pass on the scriptures and teach the ancestors, such as exorcist in Xuanzhong, Lingbao Third Division, Santian exorcist, etc. The sixth floor is the god of nature, such as Lei Gong Dian Mu and Fengbo Rain Master. The seventh floor is the gods of mountains and rivers, such as the Five-Yue Emperor, the Immortal Officer of the Ten Kingdoms, the Sea Dragon King, and hundreds of water gods. The eighth floor is Luofeng ghosts and gods, such as Fengdu Emperor, Fusang Emperor, Leng Shen, the owner of hell, etc. The ninth floor is a variety of law enforcement meritorious deeds, direct messengers, golden couple, incense officials, and so on; The tenth floor is the Town God Land, Liuding Liujia, Taisui Siming, etc. This is a very large but strict and orderly Taoist god system, and its number is incalculable. The so-called "three realms are high and the gods are ten thousand days", and the ten sides are sacred, and the teachers of the past dynasties are true. "Because of the classics, they are educated, and they have made laws to record people. Do three times, pass through; Six books and eight styles are invented by each other. Spreading in the sky is the way for all saints to return; Descending to the world, opening the door for group students to practice. " (13)?
the above is the basic situation of the Taoist system of spirit and truth. Then, under the fundamental belief of recognizing the supreme power of Sanqing, what is the appearance of the Shenxiao Sect? Compared with other Taoist sects, what are their characteristics? Through the following introduction, we can understand these situations.
Taoist deity
Pangu
also known as the King of the Yuan Dynasty, fulisenior.
Sanqing
Yuanshi Tianzun
Lingbao Tianzun, also known as Taishang Daojun
Moral Tianzun, also known as Taishang Laojun (also known as Taishang Daozu in Journey to the West)
Liuyu
The wife of the Central Jade Emperor: the Queen Mother, also known as the Queen Mother of the West
The Heavenly Emperor in the Northern Arctic <
The Oriental East Pole Qinghua Emperor Taiyi saves the suffering Buddha
The Western Taiji Emperor (under the command of the Eight Grand Marshal, the Pentagonal God of War (Sky God of War, Earth God of War, Man God of War,
Arctic God of War and Antarctic God of War))
Mother of the earth
Inheriting heaven to imitate the later earth emperor
Five parties and five elders
Southern Antarctic Guanyin
Oriental God who worships grace
Dong Wanggong, the immortal of three islands and ten continents, is the great emperor of Donghua, No. Mu Gong)
Yuan Jun, the mysterious spirit of the northern Arctic (the Morita of the Twenty Days in Buddhism)
The Great Immortal of the Central Yellow Pole and Yellow Horn
The Immortal Table of the Central Heavenly Palace
Clairvoyance, clairvoyance, golden boy, jade girl, Leigong, Dian Mu (the Virgin of Golden Light),
Fengbo, rain teacher, and so on. Yuchan, WU GANG, Marshal Tianpeng, Marshal Tianyou, Nine Days Xuan Nv, Twelve Golden Hairpins, Nine Obsidian Stars, Sun Wandering Gods, Night Wandering Gods, Taiyin Stars, Sun Stars, Wu Dexing Gods, Yousheng Zhenjun
Tota Kings Li Jing, Jin Bing, Mu Bing (Walker Hui 'an) and Santan Haihui Gods. Earth dumb
Three-official emperors
Heavenly officials, Earth officials and Water officials
Four heavenly kings
Growth heavenly kings, country-holding heavenly kings, multi-heard heavenly kings, wide-eyed heavenly kings
Four-valued meritorious deeds
Li Bing, the moon god Huang Chengyi and Zhou Deng, the sun god.
The four great marshals, namely, the Four Gods of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, Huaihe River and Jishui River
Marshal Ma, also known as the King of Huaguang and Emperor Huaguang
Marshal Zhao is Wu Caishen Zhao Gongming, also known as Marshal Zhao Xuantan
Marshal Wen Wen Qiong, and the Ministry of Dongyue Emperor
.
Five truths
Golden light reveals truth, silver head reveals truth, Polo reveals truth, Polo monk reveals truth, Maha reveals truth
Five true monarchs
Oriental year-old MuDeZhenJun, South YinghuoDeZhenJun, West Taibai Jinde ZhenJun, < Central Town Star Tude Zhenjun
Wuyue
Dongyue Taishan Tianqi Rensheng Emperor Nanyue Hengshan Si Tianzhao Shengsheng Emperor Zhongyue Songshan Zhongtian Chongsheng Emperor
Beiyue Hengshan Antian Xuansheng Emperor Xiyue Huashan Jintian Wishing the Holy Emperor
(Wuyue Dijun: Dongyue Dijun, named jin hong, Donghua Dijun's younger brother. The other four emperors were the four sons of Donghua Emperor. ) and Bixia Yuanjun
Wudou Xingjun
Dongdou Xingjun, Xidou Xingjun, Zhongdou Xingjun, Nandou Xingjun and Big Dipper
Liuding Liujia
Liuding is the goddess of Yin and jade, Ding Mao Shen Sima Qing, Ding Ji Shen Cui Juqing, Ding Wei Shen Shi Shutong,
. Hu Wenchang, the God of Jiashen, Wei Yuqing, the God of Jiachen, Meng Feiqing,
, Jia Yin's article on gods
Six Stars in Nandou
The first Tianfu Palace: Si Ming Xing Jun
The second Tianxiang Palace: Si Lu Xing Jun
The third Tianliang Palace: Yanshou Xing Jun
The fourth Tiantong Palace: Yi suan Xing Jun
The fifth Tian Shu Palace: Due Xing Jun
The sixth Tianji Palace.
The first star of the Beidou Yangming is greedy for wolves
The second star of the Beidou Yinjing giant gate
The third star of the Beidou Lu Cunxing
The fourth star of the Beidou Xuan Ming Wenqu
The fifth star of the Beidou Lian Zhen
The sixth star of the Beidou Wu Quxing
On the seventh day of the Beidou, the star of the Beidou was defeated
(The star of the Beidou in The Lion Camel)
Tian Shu, Tian Xuan, Tian Ji and Tian Quan are also called Dou Kui or Xuan together, and later Samsung formed bucket handle, which is called Ping)
The Eight Immortals
Tie Guai Li, Han Zhongli, Lv Dongbin, He Xiangu, Lan Caihe, Han Xiangzi, Cao Guojiu and Zhang Guolao
The growth kings. Deng bowen, Xin Hanchen, Zhang Yuanbo, Tao Yuanxin (four eyes)
Nine Obsidian Stars
Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Saturn, Luoqi (Eclipse Star), Jidu Star, Purple Star and Moon Star
Twelve Yuan Chen. Dangerous Moon Swallow, Chamber Fire Pig, Wall Water Jacket, Kuimu Wolf, Loujin Dog, Stomach Soil Hooper, Zanri Chicken, Bi Yuewu, Gunfire Monkey, Alnilam, Muan Jing, Ghost Golden Sheep, Liutu Jacket, Xingri Horse, Zhang.