1. The discovery and record of Mount Everest According to popular sayings, records about Mount Everest can be traced back to the Yuan Dynasty, when Mount Everest was named "Tseringma". However, I have no way of looking up the name of the Yuan Dynasty documents on which this theory is based, and I have no way of knowing what empirical materials can be used to support the conclusion that "Tseringma" is Mount Everest. We can now see that more precise records began in the early Qing Dynasty: In 1714, the Qing government sent Shengzhu, the director of the Lifan Academy, Lama Chuerqin Zangbo and Lanben Champa, who had studied mathematics at Qintianjian, from Beijing on a special trip to Tibet. Local mapping maps. Under extremely difficult conditions, Katsumi and others used the latitude and longitude diagram method and the trapezoidal projection method to conduct preliminary measurements of its position and height. In 1717 (the fifty-sixth year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty), the "Comprehensive Map of the Imperial Mountains" drawn by the Qing government clearly marked the location of Mount Everest and officially named it "Zhu Mu Lang Ma A Lin" ("A Lin" in Manchu) mountains). This map was made into a Manchu copper plate in 1719, a Chinese wooden plate in 1721, and a French map in Europe in 1733. On these maps, Mount Everest appears and is named in different characters such as Manchu, Chinese, and French. However, apart from the location, this description did not mention the precise height of Mount Everest. Besides, the picture itself no longer exists. Therefore, it’s better to “take the doubt out of the doubt” or have an attitude of preparing for the exam. 2. Changes and "diversity" in the name of Mount Everest Regarding the naming of Mount Everest, according to Chinese literature, in addition to "Tseringma" to be tested, the name "Zhumulangma Alin" is a reliable starting point. In Tibetan Here "Zhumu" means goddess, 'Langma' is the name of the mountain, and 'Alin' is Manchu, meaning mountain peak. The full text of Zhumu Langma Alin is simply translated as Goddess Peak. "This name is very close to the current Qomolangma. In addition, the "Unification of the Qing Dynasty" in 1744 contains "Zhu Mu Lama Mountain", the "Waterway Outline" in 1761 contains "Zhu Mu Langma", and the "Zhu Mu Langma" in 1760. By 1770, the "Thirteenth Row Map of Qianlong" was marked as "Qomolangma Alin", the "Weizang General" in 1795 was marked as "Zhumolangma", the "Geographical Map of the Imperial Dynasty" in 1822 and the "Zhumolangma" in 1844. "The Map of the Unification of the Qing Dynasty" was marked with the name "Qomolangma". "On May 8, 1952, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Publishing of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China issued an announcement on the name of Mount Qomolangma and other issues. The name is confirmed. However, people on the Nepalese side have their own name for Mount Everest. They call it Samarghata, which is transliterated in Chinese as "Sagarmatha" and translated literally as "peak as high as heaven", or "god of the sky", etc. . Regarding the origin of this name, it is recorded that: "In 1951, the Rana family, as a puppet of the British colonialists, was forced to hand over the power that had been hereditary rule for 105 years. The Kingdom of Nepal gained independence. Everest This colonial name was also replaced by the original name 'Samarghata', which is the name given to the world's highest peak by the Nepali people living on the southern slope of Mount Everest, which means 'as high as the heavens'. There is also a question you can prepare for: Which one was the first to discover and name Mount Everest, the Chinese or the Nepalese? Because to fully describe Mount Everest from the perspective of a geographical discovery, the naming process is limited to the discovery on the Chinese side. Inappropriate. In addition, from the perspective of terrain, it is obviously easier to observe the majesty of Mount Everest from the south side of the Himalayas. Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that people living in the southern foothills of the Himalayas discovered Mount Everest earlier. In the West, the most popular name for Mount Everest is "Everest", which is transliterated into Chinese as "Everest". He was the director of the British Survey of India in 1852. In 2006, the bureau measured the height of Mount Everest, which was the earliest known accurate measurement of the height of Mount Everest. Later, the British named the peak Mt. Everest. The name of "Sir Sir Les" has become the name of the world's highest peak in Western literature. From the general historical trajectory of geographical discoveries, we can see that many major geographical discoveries since Columbus's voyage around the world were the result of colonial expansion and the impact of wealth A by-product of that pursuit, but one that cannot be written off, is the high level of professionalism that characterized many explorers throughout history.
“In 1773 AD, Britain completed the bloody conquest of India through its main agency for invading Asia, the East India Company, and immediately established a governor-general to directly rule the entire territory of British India, and then began to control Tibet and its surrounding vassal states. Invasion, successively occupied Bulukba, Chemengxiong, Gorkha and Kashmir and other countries, and then targeted Tibet. "When the British were conducting surveys in the Himalayas, Initially, they conducted telemetry measurements on the Indian plains and did not enter Tibet and Nepal. Therefore, there was no way to know what the locals called those huge peaks, so they adopted the naming method of Roman numerals, numbering the mountains from east to west. Mount Everest ranks fifteenth. In 1858, Ua, director of the British Survey of India, suggested and approved by the Royal Geographical Society to name their unknown Mount Everest 'Epheresh' (also translated as 'Epheresh' in the old translation). '). Their measurement of the direction of Mount Everest was more than 130 years later than that of the three Shengzhu researchers in China. But in terms of elevation measurement, it is still questionable which one comes first and which one comes last. 3. Let numbers speak. In today's era, we are all too familiar with the saying, "let numbers speak". In 1852, a survey team headed by the Englishman Waffle used geodesy to measure Mount Everest on the Indian plains at 8,840 meters, confirming it for the first time as the world's highest peak. This is the first time humans have accurately measured the height of Mount Everest. Compared with the accurate measurement more than 100 years later, the error is only 8.13 meters, and it still uses telemetry. There is also such a story about the British's first test of Mount Everest. The story goes that in 1852, a "Brahmin explorer" rushed into the British Triangulation Bureau in India and breathlessly announced that he had discovered the world's highest peak, which was 29,002 feet (8839.917 meters) high. Everyone present suspected: impossible. But after measurement and verification, they found that the measurement number was accurate. In 1858, the British Royal Geographical Society approved the naming of Mount Everest - "EVEREST". Another reason is that Ephilus, the then director of the Survey of India, was also the inventor of geodetic triangulation. people. Anyone who has read Huang Renyu's "The Fifteenth Year of Wanli" or is more or less familiar with sailing, mountaineering, and traveling through primeval forests will understand that the accuracy of numbers is often a matter of life. In the era of geographical discovery, the "power of knowledge" and the doomed decline of the Eastern Empire could actually be fully reflected in the elevation measurement of Mount Everest. Without the ability to accurately grasp astronomy and geography, even if there is any talk of "going out" or "looking at the world", it is destined to be nonsense that cannot be implemented. After the British first measured the height of Mount Everest in 1852, many countries have used many different measurement methods to measure the height of Mount Everest. But some errors are huge. For example, in the early 20th century, foreign countries used the barometric method to measure Mount Everest at 8,882 meters. Our country also used this method and quoted this number on the map. In 1954, the Survey Bureau of India measured Mount Everest again from the south slope based on the 1852 measurement and obtained a figure of 8847.6 meters. In 1975, under the organizational principle of "mountaineering, surveying, mapping, and scientific research," China set a 3.5-meter target mark on Mount Everest for the first time, and measured the height of Mount Everest at 8,848.13 meters. In March 1987, the United States, Italy and other countries reported a startling news: American astronomer Professor George Wolstein measured the height of my country's K2 from satellite information to be 8859 meters, 11 meters higher than Mount Everest. . In the same year, Italian Adito Dechio led a team to use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to calculate the height of Mount Everest at 8,872 meters and the height of K2 at 8,616 meters, once again confirming that Mount Everest is the world's highest peak. However, although Dechio's measurement maintained Mount Everest's supreme status as "the world's number one", it was called the least accurate measurement in the 20th century. This evaluation is also quite puzzling, because the measurement with worse accuracy in the 20th century was "8882 meters." Between May and October 1992, the United States and Italy used GPS technology and photoelectric rangefinder technology respectively to re-measure Mount Everest. Elevation, the data provided by Dexio is 8846.10 meters, which is 2.03 meters less than the data measured by China in 1975.