In the 31st year of Kangxi, that is, 1692 AD, Emperor Kangxi redeemed 14,458 Xibo, Gulecha, and Daur people from Horqin Mongolia, among whom 11,850 were able to wear armor and enlist in the army. , were compiled into 84 Niulu, supplementing Dingkou for the upper three banners of Manchuria: Zhenghuang Banner, Xianghuang Banner, and Zhengbai Banner. This group of people were stationed in Qiqihar, Boduna, and Wula respectively, under the jurisdiction of General Heilongjiang and General Ningguta. In order to distinguish them from Buddha Manchuria, they were collectively called Yiche Manchuria, that is, New Manchuria. Later, this group of people were successively Transferred to other garrison locations in the Eight Banners. Both Xibe and Daur later developed into a single ethnic entity, but the Gulecha people disappeared into the smoke and dust of history. Where did the Gulecha people go? What nation are they today? The origin of Xibo, Gulecha, and Daur, which Horqin Mongolia belongs to, Xibo. The genus of the Xibe people is still controversial. It is mainly divided into three types. One is the mainstream Xianbei theory; the other is the more controversial Jurchen theory; and the third is the place name theory. Xianbei theory generally believes that Xibo is the transliteration of Xianbei. The descriptions of Xibo in the literature include Xubu, Xibi, Xianbei, Xibi, Yabi, Shibi, Xiepo, Xibo, Shibo, Shibo, Xibai, Northwest , Xibo, Xibai, Xibo, Xibei, Shibo, Yabi, Xibo, etc., have been called Xibo since the Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of "Shuofang Beicheng" says: " "The pronunciation of Xianbei was changed to Xibo, also known as Xibei. In the south of today's Heilongjiang River, in the west mirror of Jilin, there was the Xibo tribe, the remnants of Xianbei. The Eastern Territory of Russia is called the Siberian Territory. It is also called Sibyl, and it is also called Xibailiya. They are both different translations of the Xianbei characters. It dates back to the time when Xianbei Tanshihuai was in full bloom, and there was the Eastern Territory of Russia. Later, its tribes migrated northward, and Miao descendants It still exists to this day and records the details. The name has not been changed, so it can still be tested. "Jurchen said that "Manchu Origins" records: ""Taizong issued an edict to Xibo of Nenjiang, saying: "I and your ancestors have the same origin." "This is what Huang Taiji said when he recruited Xibo and others to throw the flag after the Nine Kingdoms War. However, there is no basis for this statement. It is probably a relationship of clinging and exploitation. However, the language of the Xibo people is indeed similar to the Manchu language, and Most people in the Qing Dynasty believed that the Xibo people originated from the Suwan tribe of the Jurchen Guarjia clan. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen Suwanguar clan was controlled by three brothers, Fulhe, Niyahaqi and Zhucha. After that, the tribe was divided into three parts and migrated to Xibo. The tribe was divided into two parts. The main tribe lived in the central and western part of Xibo, with Choer City as the center, and the settlement or Suwan tribe. The meaning of "Northwest" is the name of the tribe, which was gradually translated into Chinese as Xibo. This point is recorded and confirmed in both the "General Genealogy of the Manchu Clan in Eight Banners" and the "Genealogy of the Guarjia Clan in Suwanbu, Manchuria". The theory of place names believes that Xibo is the transliteration of the Mongolian "shibiz", which means "swamp". Mr. Ying Yunping's "Origin of the Eight Banners" and other reviews believe that this is a large area in the lower reaches of the Nenjiang River centered on Moon Pao. The swamp, and the main activities of the Xibo people are located in the swamp. "Shibiz" means stream. People who have lived here for a long time, regardless of their ethnic origin, are named Xibo people. Over time, it was translated into Chinese as Xibo. Donghu Nationality Many tribes are named after the place where they live or the river, so the credibility of this point is very strong. It is recorded in "Shengwu Ji" by Guilecha: "" In the twenty-first year of Wanli (1593), Ye He. , Hada, Huifa, Ula (fourth tribe of Hulun), Horqin, Xibo, Gualcha (three tribes of Mongolia), Zhusheli, Nayin (two tribes of Changbai Mountain), 30,000 troops from the nine countries invaded and camped on the north bank of the Hun River , everyone in the country is afraid. This is the first time the name Gulecha appears in literature. This is the famous "Battle of the Nine Tribes" in history, also known as the "Battle of Gule Mountain". Nurhachi defeated the Hercynian Jurchens in Gule Mountain. The nine-department coalition led by Ye He changed the comparative situation of the Jurchen tribes in one fell swoop and became a turning point in the Jurchen unification war. The Gulecha tribe, Xibo and Horqin tribes that appeared in this battle were counted as the three Mongolian tribes, and historically. There are very few descriptions of Gualcha, but like most Donghu ethnic groups, the ethnic origin of the Gualcha people is also controversial. The Jurchen theory is that Gualcha and Xibo have the same origin, and the original Suwanbu Niyahaqi. After moving to Xibo, the main part became the Xibo tribe, while another small part moved to the northeast of Xibo. Today, in the Zhaoyuan area of ??Heilongjiang, the surname "Guarjia" is still used as the tribal name. Over time, it was translated into Chinese as Guole. The family genealogy of Fei Yingdong, the five founding ministers of the Later Jin Dynasty, given by the Japanese Mitamura Taylor in "Research on the Prehistory of the Qing Dynasty" also provides supporting evidence.
Emperor Kangxi also mentioned the theory of homology many times when he paid attention to the small tribes controlled by Horqin Mongolia. The "Biography of Naiji Tuoyin II" describes a story where Emperor Kangxi invited the living Buddha Tuoyin Hutuktu to go to Horqin to recruit officials. The edict of Lecha and other tribes: ""The Ten Banners of Horqin are your Danyue and my uncle's family. There are our Manchu Xibo and Huleqin tribes. You go and invite the Xibo and Huleqin people. If you want to give Zhai Qi Nuo Yan, recruit them here. "" The Mongolian theory is that Gulecha's predecessor was the ancient Gorros tribe, that is, the tribe of the Mongolian hero Naren Khan, and its nomadic land was in the Songnen Plain area where the Gulecha tribe later lived. According to the "General History of the Mongols", Genghis Khan's younger brother Habtu-Hasar's 16th grandson Ubas took over this area according to the Mongolian enfeoffment, and named Gorros as the tribe's title, but some of the remains of Naren Khan He believed that the Gorros of the Boljijin family were no longer pure, so he refused to merge. In order to distinguish the new Gorros, he named them Guercha and Guelcha, which means people by the river. Some people also believe that in the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), the main force of Guolecha had surrendered to Hou Jin and was named Narenhan Sumu. However, the incorporation of related technologies into Shangsanqi Zhengbaiqi was only during the Kangxi period, and Zhengbai Banner became the Shangsan Banner during the Shunzhi period. Daur The Daur people are less controversial in modern times. Both scholar's research and later DNA verification point them to an ancient nation - the Khitan. Scholars generally believe that the Daur people originated from the Dahe tribe, one of the eight major tribes of Khitan. With the changes in history, they have also incorporated part of the ancestry of the Mongolian, Jurchen, Ewenki, Xibo and other ethnic groups. Some experts have extracted DNA from the Daur people and compared it with ancient specimens, confirming that the Khitan and the Daur people have the closest genetic relationship and are descendants of the Khitan people. Daur is the transliteration of Dahe or Daheer. "Manuscripts of Qing History" and "Manzhou Origins" call it Dahur, and "Qing Shilu" calls it Dahu'er. Most of the various documents record similar transliterations. . Subordination of the Sanbu and Horqin The Songnen Plain basin where the Sanbu lived was under the control of the Uliangha Mongolia at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was destroyed, and it was a branch of the Mobei Mongolian tribes. In the Ming Dynasty, three guards were established here: Taining Guard, Duoyan Guard, and Fuyu Guard, collectively known as the "Three Guards of Wuliangha" or the "Three Guards of Duoyan". The relationship between the Three Guards of Duoyan and the Ming Dynasty was intermittent. When Tartar and Wala were strong, they raided the borders of the Ming Dynasty. When the Ming Dynasty was strong, they were ordered to obey orders. The Ming court also appeased and attacked them many times. During the period of Emperor Jianwen, Ubas, the 16th grandson of Genghis Khan's younger brother Habtu-Hasar, led his troops to move into the area controlled by the three guards of Ulyanha, took over the Gorros tribe, and became Ulyanha's deployment, which was later The formation of Horqin Mongolia. During the Yongle period, the main force of the three guards of Uliangha gradually moved south due to Chengzu's campaign against the Tatars, and the original pasture was inherited by Horqin Mongolia. "Records of Manchuria" records: "The Khan of the Hada Kingdom, whose surname was Nala and whose name was Wan, was from the Hulun clan. He later lived in Hada, so he was named Hada. He was the son of Chechemu of the Ula tribe and the seventh-generation grandson of Naqibulu. His ancestor, the governor of Xina, was killed by his tribe, Darhan, and fled to Suiha City of the Xibo tribe. "This is the first time that Xibo appears, and it still appears under the name of a tribe. It is not a subordinate of any tribe, as mentioned in the previous article. According to the account of the Battle of the Nine Tribes, Gulecha and Xibo are the three Mongolian tribes alongside Horqin, which proves that the two sides are neighbors at most. The real change came from this battle of the Nine Tribes. Nurhachi defeated the Nine Tribes, and the weaker tribal organizations of Gulecha and Xibo were broken up. Most of the Jiading who participated in the war were incorporated into the Eight Banners Manchuria and stayed there. Some of the tribesmen in their hometown also came to seek refuge with Houjin, while others became completely subordinate to the Horqin Mongolian nobles. In the fourth year of Tiancong, that is, 1630 AD, Huang Taiji organized Horqin Mongolia into ten banners, which did not include Xibo, Gulecha and Daur. Kangxi's Redemption and Distribution The main reason why Emperor Kangxi redeemed the Xibo, Gulecha, and Daur people was the need to defend the Northeast. At that time, the Russian forces of the Tsar had already entered the Northeast. After the "Treaty of Nerchinsk", although the national boundaries were determined, they were still ready to move. , and there was a rebellion in Galdan in the west, Kangxi still had no time to visit eastward, and was in urgent need of strength to fill the gap in the defense of the northeast. In a sense, for Emperor Kangxi, Xibo, Gulecha and Daur could all be said to have the same origin, and a large number of people from the three tribes at the beginning of the country were able to cast flags for better control, and at the same time, it also prevented the Mongolian tribes from getting bigger. effect. At that time, Horqin Mongolia was not only a generational in-law of the Qing royal family, but also an important ally in controlling the various Mongolian tribes. Kangxi could not seize it directly, so he had to use redemption. According to later accounts, the owner of an adult who could wear armor and enlist in the army could even receive a ransom of 80 taels of silver.
After the Xibe, Gulecha, and Daur people were redeemed, they were immediately organized and assigned to garrison. Initially, they were stationed in Qiqihar, Boduna, and Wula. Qiqihar assigned 1,000 armored men selected from Xibe and Daur to garrison, and later selected There were 2,600 Yu Ding, compiled into 24 Niu Lu. Among them, there are 2,850 Xibo people and 750 Daur people. The assistant leaders of each Niulu are all Xibo people. Boduna assigned 2,000 armored soldiers from Xibo and Gulecha to join the army, and moved most of the Xibo people to the vicinity of Boduna. A total of 40 cattle records were compiled. The Ula garrison is mainly composed of Xibo people, with a total of 20 Niulu. These 84 Niulu armored men are mainly engaged in military tasks, while Yu Ding has to cultivate land. Half of the harvest is used to support the armored men and half is paid to the official grain. Of course, there are still many policies to be implemented for these three tribes, such as the supply of cattle, exemption from official grain taxes, etc., and since the three tribes have controlled Horqin Mongolia for many years, most of them can only speak Mongolian, and official schools have been established to teach Manchu, etc. . Thirty-eight years after Kangxi's reign, the armored men stationed in the three places began to be transferred to various places. Except for a few, most of them were mixed with the Eight Banners Manchuria. Where has the Gulecha gone? The Xibo and Daur people are important components of the 56 ethnic groups in China, but the Gulecha has disappeared from historical records. Why is this? First of all, whether according to the Mongolian or Jurchen theory of Gulecha, Gulecha is a smaller tribe with a smaller number of people. During the battle of the Nine Tribes, most of the Chengding who went out to fight in Gulecha were dispersed. Except for those who died in the battle, Most of the flags were incorporated into the Eight Banners of Manchuria. Subsequently, the Gulecha people were purged three times in the later Jin Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. A large number of people, cattle and horses were taken captive. These people were all brought into Manchuria. These people are different from the Gulecha people who were redeemed in the later period. They belong to Buddhist Manchuria, that is, old Manchuria. As the Qing army settled the Central Plains, it had already been integrated into the Eight Banners Manchuria. Later, the number of Gulecha people who gradually came to invest and redeem was smaller. They were dispersed and incorporated into the Niulu of Manchuria, Xibo, and Daur, and gradually integrated into the Niulu. Moreover, the Gulecha people basically did not form large settlements after being dispersed. , it will be difficult to form a complete clan in the later stage. The Xibo people have a large number of people. Although a large number of people were integrated into Manchu and other Niulu during the distribution process, thematic settlements still exist. For example, in many areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China, the ethnic origin can still be determined. At the same time, the number of military officers among the Xibo people is also large, and their energy is also What the Gulecha people cannot compare to, during the Kangxi period, the Xibo people even built a family temple in Shengjing. In addition to the Horqin part, the Daur people still have tribal remains in Heilongjiang and Siberia. At the same time, they are indeed slightly different from the Manchus, and many customs can be distinguished. The Gulecha people have not gone anywhere. They are still on this land. They may be Manchus, Xibes, Daurs, or even Hans, etc. In the great river where the Chinese nation merges, there are hidden histories of the confluence of countless small ethnic groups. In the meantime, I’m waiting for your discovery.