Birds and Planes
Fish and Submarines
Bats and Radar
Dolphins and Sonar
Below This is the information I found
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In our country, there have long been examples of imitating creatures. According to legend, more than 3,000 years ago, our ancestors imitated birds and built nests in trees to protect themselves from predators; more than 4,000 years ago, our ancestors "saw a flying puffer and knew it as a car", that is, Seeing the flying grass spinning in the wind, he invented the wheel and made a car with wheels. The construction of the mountain gate in front of the main hall in ancient temples looks a bit like an elephant's posture in terms of its architectural structure. The pillars are round and thick, as if they are like the legs of an elephant.
The hard-working and brave working people in ancient my country have long had various wonderful fantasies about the gorgeous sky and soaring eagles. According to historical records from the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Chinese people invented kites more than 2,000 years ago and used them for military communication. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lu Ban, a craftsman from the State of Lu, whose real name was Gongshu Ban, first began to develop a flying wooden bird; and he was inspired by a toothed grass blade that could scratch the skin and invented the saw. According to "Du Yang Zabian", there was a Han Zhihe in the Tang Dynasty who was "good at carving wood in the shape of luan, crane, crow, and magpie. The movement and stillness of drinking and pecking were indistinguishable from the real thing. He kept the violence in his belly and released it. The flying clouds can reach a height of three feet to one or two hundred steps before descending. "During the Western Han Dynasty, some people used bird feathers to make wings and flew down from high platforms in an attempt to imitate the flight of birds. The above examples are enough to show that the working people in ancient my country conducted detailed observations and research on the flapping and flight of birds. This was also one of the earliest bionic design activities. The "Shenhuo Flying Crow", a rocket weapon invented in the Ming Dynasty, also reflects people's desire to learn from birds.
The working people of ancient my country were also very effective in imitating aquatic animals - fish. By imitating the fish living in the water, the ancients cut down wood and chiseled boats, made fish-shaped hulls out of wood, and made double oars and single oars after imitating the pectoral fins and tail fins of the fish, thus gaining the freedom of water transportation. Later, as the production level improved, the dragon boats that appeared were somewhat influenced by the shapes of many animals. The rocket weapon "Fire Dragon Out of Water" used in ancient water battles somewhat imitates animals. The above examples illustrate that the early bionic design activities of the working people in ancient my country created extraordinary achievements in developing my country's glorious ancient civilization.
The history of foreign civilizations has generally gone through a similar process. In ancient Greek mythology, which contains rich production knowledge, someone used feathers and wax to make wings and escaped from the labyrinth; and Tyre invented the saw. Legend has it that this was inspired by the shape of the fish's back bone and the snake's palate bone. came out. In the fifteenth century, the German astronomer Miller built an iron fly and a mechanical eagle and performed flight demonstrations.
Around 1800, Kelly, a British scientist and one of the founders of aerodynamics, imitated the spindle shapes of trout and woodcock and found a streamlined structure with low resistance. Kelly also designed a wing curve that imitated bird wings, which played a great role in promoting the birth of aviation technology. During the same period, the French physiologist Maret conducted careful research on bird flight. In his book "Animal Machines", he introduced the relationship between the weight of birds and the area of ??their wings. The German Helmholtz also discovered from studying flying animals that the weight of flying animals is proportional to the cube of the body's linearity. Helmholtz's research pointed out the limitations of the body size of flying objects. Through detailed research and careful imitation of bird flight organs, and based on the principles of bird flight mechanisms, people finally created a glider capable of manned flight.
Later, the designer designed the cantilever of the excavator based on the body of the crane. During World War I, people got inspiration from the wild boars that survived the poison gas war and designed a gas-proof anti-virus model based on the nose of the wild boar. mask. What principles do submarines use to float and sink flexibly in the ocean? Although we have no evidence to investigate whether submarine designers consulted the biological world when designing submarines, it is not difficult to imagine that designers must understand that the swim bladder is an important organ used by fish to change the proportion of water in the body so that it can float in the water. Frogs are amphibians. Sports workers have carefully studied the movements of frogs in the water and summarized a set of swimming movements that are both labor-saving and fast - breaststroke.
In addition, the webs made for divers are almost completely made in the shape of the frog's hind limbs, which greatly improves the diver's ability to move in the water
Flies and Spaceships
Annoying The flies seem to have nothing to do with the magnificent aerospace industry, but bionics has closely linked them.
Flies are notorious as "stinky hunters", and they can be found in any smelly and dirty place. Flies have a particularly sensitive sense of smell and can detect odors thousands of meters away. But a fly does not have a "nose", so how does it rely on its sense of smell? It turns out that the fly's "nose" - olfactory receptors are distributed on a pair of antennae on the head.
Each "nose" has only one "nostril" connected to the outside world, which contains hundreds of olfactory nerve cells. If an odor enters the "nostrils", these nerves immediately convert the odor stimulation into nerve electrical impulses and send them to the brain. The brain can distinguish different odor substances based on the difference in nerve electrical impulses generated by different odor substances. Therefore, the fly's antennae act like a sensitive gas analyzer.
Bionics scientists were inspired by this and successfully copied a very peculiar small gas analyzer based on the structure and function of the fly's olfactory organ. The "probe" of this instrument is not a metal but a live fly. It is to insert very thin microelectrodes into the olfactory nerves of flies, and amplify the electrical nerve signals guided by electronic circuits and send them to the analyzer; once the analyzer detects the signal of odorous substances, it can sound an alarm. This instrument has been installed in the cockpit of the spacecraft to detect the composition of the gas inside the cabin.
This small gas analyzer can also measure harmful gases in submarines and mines. Using this principle, it can also be used to improve the input device of the computer and the structural principles of the gas chromatography analyzer.
From fireflies to artificial cold light
Since humans invented the electric light, life has become much more convenient and rich. However, electric lamps can only convert a small part of the electrical energy into visible light, and most of the rest is wasted in the form of heat energy, and the heat rays of electric lamps are harmful to human eyes. So, is there a light source that only emits light but does not generate heat? Human beings have turned their attention to nature again.
In nature, there are many organisms that can emit light, such as bacteria, fungi, worms, mollusks, crustaceans, insects and fish, etc., and the light emitted by these animals does not produce heat, so it is Known as "cold light".
Among the many luminous animals, fireflies are one of them. There are about 1,500 species of fireflies. The colors of the cold light they emit range from yellow-green to orange, and the brightness of the light also varies. The cold light emitted by fireflies not only has high luminous efficiency, but also the cold light emitted is generally very soft, which is very suitable for human eyes, and the light intensity is relatively high. Therefore, biolight is an ideal light for humans.
Scientists have discovered that fireflies’ light emitters are located on their abdomens. This light emitter consists of three parts: a luminescent layer, a transparent layer and a reflective layer. The luminescent layer contains thousands of luminescent cells, which contain two substances, luciferin and luciferase. Under the action of luciferase, luciferin combines with oxygen to emit fluorescence with the participation of intracellular water. The glow of fireflies is essentially the process of converting chemical energy into light energy.
As early as the 1940s, people created fluorescent lamps based on research on fireflies, which brought about great changes in human lighting sources. In recent years, scientists first isolated pure luciferin from the light emitters of fireflies, then isolated luciferase, and then used chemical methods to artificially synthesize luciferin. A biological light source mixed with luciferin, luciferase, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and water can be used as a flashlight in mines filled with explosive gas. Since this kind of light has no power source and does not generate a magnetic field, it can be used to clear magnetic mines under the illumination of biological light sources.
Now, people can obtain cold light similar to biological light by mixing certain chemical substances, which can be used as safety lighting.
Electric fish and volt batteries
There are many creatures in nature that can produce electricity, and there are more than 500 species of fish alone. People refer to these fish that can discharge electricity as "electric fish".
Various electric fish have different discharge abilities. The ones with the strongest discharge ability are electric rays, electric catfish and electric eels.
A medium-sized electric ray can produce about 70 volts, while the African electric ray can produce up to 220 volts; the African electric catfish can produce 350 volts; the electric eel can produce 500 volts, and there is a South American electric eel. It can produce voltages up to 880 volts, making it the electric shock champion. It is said that it can kill large animals like horses.
What is the secret of electric fish discharge? After anatomical research on electric fish, it was finally discovered that there is a strange power-generating organ in the body of electric fish. These generators are made of many translucent disk-shaped cells called electroplates or electrodisks. Because there are different types of electric fish, the shape, location, and number of electric panels of the generator are different. The electric eel's generator is prismatic and is located in the muscles on both sides of the spine at the tail; the electric ray's generator is shaped like a flat kidney, arranged on both sides of the body's midline, with a total of 2 million electric plates; the electric catfish's generator Originating from some kind of gland, located between the skin and muscles, there are about 5 million electrical plates. The voltage generated by a single electric plate is very weak, but because there are many electric plates, the voltage generated is very large.
The extraordinary ability of electric fish has aroused great interest among people. In the early 19th century, Italian physicist Volta designed the world's earliest voltaic battery using the electric fish's power-generating organ as a model. Because this battery is designed based on the natural generator of electric fish, it is called an "artificial electric organ." Research on electric fish has also given people this revelation: If the power-generating organ of electric fish can be successfully imitated, then the power problems of ships and submarines can be well solved.
Jellyfish's Wind-Earing
"Swallows fly low to clear the rain, and cicadas chirp in the middle of the rain and the sky clears up." There is a certain relationship between the behavior of living things and changes in the weather. Coastal fishermen all know that when fish and jellyfish living on the coast swim to the sea in groups, it indicates that a storm is coming.
Jellyfish, also called jellyfish, is an ancient coelenterate that floated in the ocean as early as 500 million years ago. This lower animal has the instinct to predict storms. Whenever a storm approaches, it swims to the sea for refuge.
It turns out that in the blue ocean, infrasound waves (frequency 8-13 times per second) generated by the friction between air and waves are always a prelude to the coming storm. This kind of infrasound cannot be heard by human ears, but small jellyfish are very sensitive. Bionicists discovered that there is a thin handle in the vibrating cavity of the jellyfish's ear. There is a small ball on the handle. There is a small hearing stone inside the ball. When the infrasound wave before the storm hits the hearing stone in the jellyfish's ear, At this time, the listening stone stimulates nerve receptors on the wall of the ball, so the jellyfish hears the rumble of the approaching storm.
Bionics scientists modeled the structure and function of jellyfish ears to design a jellyfish ear storm predictor, which accurately simulates the jellyfish's organ that senses infrasound waves. This instrument is installed on the front deck of the ship. When it receives the infrasound waves of the storm, it can cause the horn that rotates 360° to stop rotating on its own. The direction it points is the direction of the storm; the reading on the indicator is Can tell you the intensity of the storm. This kind of predictor can predict storms 15 hours in advance, which is of great significance to the safety of navigation and fisheries.
Bat’s ultrasonic waves invented radar
Insects are small in size, with huge types and numbers, accounting for more than 75% of existing animals and found all over the world. They have their own unique survival skills, some of which even humans are inferior to. People are making more and more extensive use of natural resources, especially any achievement in bionics, which comes from certain characteristics of living things.
Butterflies and Bionics
The colorful butterflies are brilliant, such as the double-moon swallowtail butterfly, the brown-veined monarch butterfly, etc., especially the fluorescent-winged swallowtail butterfly, whose hind wings are in Under the sunlight, it sometimes turns golden, sometimes emerald green, and sometimes turns from purple to blue. Scientists have brought great benefits to military defense through research on butterfly colors. During World War II, the German army surrounded Leningrad and attempted to destroy its military targets and other defenses with bombers. Based on people's lack of understanding of camouflage at the time, Soviet entomologist Schwanvich proposed using the colors of butterflies to be difficult to detect among flowers and covering military facilities with butterfly-pattern camouflage. Therefore, despite the German army's efforts, the military base in Leningrad remained safe, laying a solid foundation for the final victory. Based on the same principle, people later produced camouflage uniforms, which greatly reduced casualties in battles.
The continuous changes in the position of artificial satellites in space can cause sudden changes in temperature. Sometimes the temperature difference can be as high as two or three hundred degrees, seriously affecting the normal operation of many instruments. Inspired by the fact that the scales on butterflies automatically change angles to adjust body temperature according to the direction of sunlight, scientists designed the satellite's temperature control system into a blind style with greatly different radiation and heat dissipation capabilities on the front and back sides of the leaves. A temperature-sensitive metal wire is installed at the rotating position of the window. The opening and closing of the window can be adjusted as the temperature changes, thereby maintaining a constant temperature inside the satellite and solving a major problem in the aerospace industry.
Beetles and Bionics
When the beetles defend themselves, they can spray "cannonballs" of high-temperature liquid with a foul odor to confuse, stimulate and frighten their enemies. After dissecting it, scientists found that there were three chambers in the beetle's body, which respectively stored dihydric phenol solution, hydrogen peroxide and biological enzymes. Dihydric phenol and hydrogen peroxide flow into the third chamber and mix with biological enzymes to cause a chemical reaction, which instantly turns into 100°C venom and is quickly ejected. This principle is currently used in military technology. During World War II, in order to meet the needs of the war, the German Nazis used this mechanism to create a new type of engine with extremely powerful power and safe and reliable performance. It was installed on the flying missile to make it fly faster, safer and more stable, and improve the hit rate. London, England, suffered heavy losses when it was bombed. U.S. military experts developed advanced binary weapons inspired by the jetting principle of beetles. This kind of weapon packs two or more chemical substances that can produce poisons into two separate containers. After the shell is fired, the diaphragm ruptures, and the two poison intermediates mix and occur within 8-10 seconds of the missile's flight. Reaction, generating deadly poison to kill the enemy the moment it reaches the target. They are easy to produce, store, transport, safe and not prone to failure. Fireflies can directly convert chemical energy into light energy with a conversion efficiency of 100%, while the luminous efficiency of ordinary electric lamps is only 6%. The cold light source made by imitating the luminous principle of fireflies can increase the luminous efficiency by more than ten times, greatly saving energy. In addition, an air-to-ground speedometer developed based on the beetle's optokinetic response mechanism has been successfully used in the aviation industry.
Dragonflies and bionics
Dragonflies can generate local unstable airflow that is different from the surrounding atmosphere through wing vibration, and use the vortices generated by the airflow to make themselves rise. The dragonfly can soar with very little thrust. It can not only fly forward, but also backward and left and right. Its forward flying speed can reach 72km/h. In addition, the flight behavior of dragonflies is simple, relying only on the constant flapping of two pairs of wings. Scientists successfully developed a helicopter based on this structural basis. When an airplane flies at high speed, it often causes violent vibrations, and sometimes the wings may even break, causing an airplane crash. Dragonflies relied on weighted wing moles to fly safely at high speeds, so people followed the example of dragonflies and added counterweights to the wings of the aircraft to solve the thorny problem of vibration caused by high-speed flight.
In order to study the aerodynamics of gliding flight and collision as well as the efficiency of its flight, a four-blade driven, remotely leveled controlled airfoil (wing) model was developed and tested in a wind tunnel for the first time Various flight parameters were tested within.
The second model attempts to install a wing that flies at a faster frequency, reaching a speed of 18 vibrations per second. What is distinctive is that this model uses a device that can adjust the difference between the two pairs of wings at the front and rear.
The center and long-term goal of the research is to study the performance of aircraft driven by "wings" and compare the efficiency with traditional propeller-driven aircraft.
Flies and Bionics
What is special about the house fly is its fast flight technology, which makes it difficult for humans to catch it. It is difficult to access it even from behind it. It envisions every situation, takes great care, and moves quickly. So, how does it do it?
Entomologists have discovered that the fly's hind wings degenerate into a pair of balancing rods. When it flies, the balance bar vibrates mechanically at a certain frequency, which can adjust the movement direction of the wings. It is a navigator that keeps the fly's body balanced. Based on this principle, scientists developed a new generation of navigator - the vibration gyroscope, which greatly improved the flight performance of the aircraft. It can automatically stop the dangerous roll flight and automatically restore the balance when the aircraft body tilts strongly, even if the aircraft is at its most extreme. It is also foolproof when making complex sharp turns. The compound eye of a fly contains 4,000 single eyes that can image independently and can see almost 360 degrees. objects within range.
Inspired by the fly's eye, people made a fly-eye camera composed of 1329 small lenses that can take 1329 high-resolution photos at a time. It is widely used in military, medicine, aviation, and aerospace. Flies have a particularly sensitive sense of smell and can quickly analyze dozens of odors and respond instantly. Based on the structure of the fly's olfactory organ, scientists convert various chemical reactions into electrical pulses to create a very sensitive small gas analyzer. It has been widely used in spacecrafts, submarines, mines and other places to detect gas components. The safety factor of scientific research and production is more accurate and reliable.
Bees and Bionics
A honeycomb is composed of neatly arranged hexagonal prism-shaped small cells. The bottom of each small cell is composed of 3 identical rhombuses. These structures are similar to those in modern times. Mathematicians accurately calculated that the obtuse angle of the rhombus is 109°28' and the acute angle is 70°32', which is exactly the same. It is the most material-saving structure, has large capacity and is extremely strong, which has amazed many experts. People imitate its structure and use various materials to make honeycomb sandwich structural panels. It is strong, light in weight, and difficult to conduct sound and heat. It is an ideal material for construction and manufacturing of space shuttles, spacecrafts, artificial satellites, etc. Each single eye of a bee's compound eye is adjacently arranged with polarizers that are very sensitive to the direction of polarized light and can use the sun to accurately position. Based on this principle, scientists have successfully developed a polarized light navigator, which has been widely used in navigation.
Other Insects and Bionics
The jumping ability of fleas is very strong. Aviation experts have conducted a lot of research on this. A British aircraft manufacturing company was inspired by its vertical take-off method and successfully manufactured it. A Harrier aircraft that can take off and land almost vertically was launched. Modern television technology has created large-screen color TVs based on the structural characteristics of insects' single compound eyes. It can also combine the fluorescent screens of small color TVs to form a large picture, and several specific small pictures can be framed at any position on the same screen. Both the same picture and different pictures can be played. Scientists have successfully developed a multi-aperture optical system device based on the structural characteristics of insect compound eyes, which makes it easier to search for targets and has been used in some important foreign weapon systems. Based on the principle of mutual suppression between the single eyes that make up the compound eyes of some aquatic insects, the side suppression electronic model is used in various photography systems. The photos taken can enhance the edge contrast and highlight the outline of the image, and can also be used to improve radar The display sensitivity can also be used for preprocessing of text and image recognition systems. The United States has used insect compound eyes to process information and directional navigation principles to develop an engineering model of a terminal homing seeker that imitates insect compound eyes and has great practical value. Japan has used the morphology and characteristics of insects to develop new construction methods for engineering machines and buildings such as hexapods.
Future Outlook
Insects have gradually evolved with changes in the environment during hundreds of millions of years of evolution, and have developed their own survival skills to varying degrees. With the development of society, people have mastered more and more about the various life activities of insects, and are increasingly aware of the importance of insects to humans. In addition, information technology, especially the new generation of computer bioelectronics technology, has made great progress in entomology. A series of biotechnology projects such as biosensors to detect substance types and concentrations developed to simulate the sensing capabilities of insects, computers that can imitate brain activity developed based on the neural structure of insects, etc., will turn scientists' ideas into reality. , and enter various fields, insects will make greater contributions to mankind