First, teaching design
● Teaching objectives
(1) can distinguish documents, objects and oral materials, and understand the functions of documents, objects and oral materials;
(2) Understand the different values of first-hand information and second-hand information, and understand first-hand information and second-hand information;
(3) Master the methods of discovering history and understanding society, and learn to use various materials to identify the value of information;
(4) Understand how history is recorded and the difficulty and importance of historical records, so as to pay attention to history, real life and cherish real life.
● Analysis of teaching difficulties
How to use raw materials and oral materials, primary materials and secondary materials. Experience the process and method of inquiry and cultivate students' thinking ability.
Second, the teaching process
(Introduction to the new lesson)
The narrative area is constantly changing, the stories around us are changing every day, and the human society is also constantly developing and changing. The past of mankind is the history of mankind. If you want to know yourself, you must first understand the human past. It can be seen that the past is very important to us, but the past is gone forever, so how can future generations explore the traces of historical development? How was it recorded in the past? In this class, we will discuss this problem together.
How was Lesson Four recorded on the blackboard in the past?
Documents, objects and oral materials.
First-hand and second-hand information
(New Curriculum Teaching)
(literature)
We know that history happened in the past, and the past cannot be repeated. In this case, how do we understand the past and history?
Students speak.
To sum up, people try to reproduce history through various materials preserved or excavated by archaeology. These materials are an important basis for us to discover history and understand the past. So, what materials can we use to understand history? In other words, how is the human past recorded?
Narrator: Let's look at a story first-The Hongmen Banquet.
Please tell the story of "Hongmen Banquet" according to the content of the textbook.
How do we know the story of the hongmen banquet? (Through Sima Qian's Historical Records. )
To sum up, we can see that although history cannot be reproduced, we can understand what happened in the past by reading the literature.
Blackboard writing literature
What is literature?
Students speak.
Summarizing documents is the carrier of recording knowledge. Literature includes not only all collections of modern libraries, but also all collections of archives, museums, audio-visual halls and information centers. Literature is an important material for us to understand history.
Narrative, but the earliest literature is not a book.
Show information and pictures of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Ask them why they carved words on tortoise shell bones.
To sum up, Oracle Bone Inscriptions was written in Shang Dynasty, and some officials called "History" carved the time and results of some important events on tortoise shells and animal bones and preserved them. This is a fairly old document in China. These records enable future generations to understand the social life of Shang Dynasty.
Besides Oracle Bone Inscriptions, archaeologists also found a large number of bamboo slips from the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. The words on these bamboo slips give people a more comprehensive and profound understanding of the history at that time.
To sum up, these words written on bamboo slips also belong to literature.
Show pictures of Juyan Han bamboo slips.
With the development of history, the characters are constantly changing, and the writing materials are constantly changing. Writing materials range from tortoise shells and animal bones to bamboo slips and wooden slips, and then to paper. People write on certain materials and make books. Therefore, books have become important information for people to understand the past.
Who recorded the history at that time? History at that time was written by historians and a few scholars. )
Then, let the students read the reading card on page 124.
What does this material say? It shows that the main narrator of China's ancient history is a historian, whose basic qualities include morality, talent, learning and knowledge, among which the most important aspect is the historian's virtue of straight writing. It is precisely because there are many such historians that people can see relatively objective written materials and it is possible for us to study the distant past through literature. )
Summary With the progress of science and technology, books are constantly changing, and now there are paperless e-books. Moreover, people who write history are not limited to historians or literati, but ordinary people can also write history. For example, writing an autobiography is actually writing a personal history; Some people are interested in their families and families, so they can write family history and family history. If you want to know the ins and outs of life around you, you can investigate and write about the history of our school, our community, our village and even the history of every household appliance.
What is the difference between the records of historians and those of ordinary people? Historians mainly record major political, economic and military events without paying attention to folk history and people's lives. So how can we understand people's living conditions at that time?
(physical data)
Show "portrait bricks of dancers in Han Dynasty".
Question: What can we learn about the Han Dynasty through portrait bricks? Understand the dance costumes and social life in Han Dynasty. )
To sum up, the scope of literature is still very extensive, including files, diaries, newspapers, pictures and other written and audio-visual materials, in addition to books.
We can know the history of interrogative words from the literature, so how do we know the history of interrogative words before they are produced?
To sum up, cultural relics can help us understand ancient times without books and words handed down from generation to generation.
Physical information on the blackboard
What do you mean by cultural relics?
Students discuss.
Overview of cultural relics refers to the general name of cultural relics with important value created by human beings or related to human activities in the process of human development. Such as relics, relics, etc.
How can cultural relics help us understand the past?
Show pictures of cavemen's spicules, decorations and skulls.
Q: What can you learn from these cultural relics?
Students discuss, and the teacher guides the students to get the answers step by step.
This is a needle, but it is not an ordinary needle. It is made of bones. According to archaeologists' determination, this needle has been used by ancient ancestors in China 18000. What do you think according to the teacher's description just now?
Students think and discuss: this shows that our ancient ancestors have begun to use needles; This shows that they already have clothes to wear.
What material is this needle made of?
The student replied: bones.
Q: We know that bone is a hard material. It is not easy to grind it into a needle. Besides, there are holes in the needle. What do you think of when you see this thin needle and the small hole in it? This shows that people's grinding technology was already very high at that time, and drilling technology had appeared. It shows that the residents at that time were already very smart. )
What is the questioning needle used for? (sewing clothes. )
What do you mean you have clothes to wear? The weather is warmer and more beautiful. The teacher continued to guide the students to the conclusion that people at that time had a sense of beauty, their ability to conquer nature was enhanced, and their living standards were improved. )
Show pictures of "decorations"
Question: What materials are these decorations made of? Animal bones, shells, mussels, etc. )
Ask what the purpose of these materials shows. It shows that there were wild animal meat and seafood in people's diet at that time. )
What was the living environment of people at that time? There are mountains, forests and rivers. )
What was the life scope of people at that time? At that time, people lived a wide range. )
What are these decorations for? Put these things together and you can make a necklace to wear around your neck. )
Why did people wear decorations at that time? (Because wearing decorations looks beautiful, it shows that people at that time already had the concept and consciousness of beauty. )
Please observe the decorations carefully and think about what kind of beauty this group of decorations embodies. (Symmetrical beauty. )
What else can the appearance of decorations tell us? People's living standards have improved. If people didn't have enough food at that time, it was impossible to make decorations. Moreover, we can also see the changes of people's lifestyle and living standards from animal teeth, shells, mussels and other materials. )
Show Neanderthal skulls and their restored images.
Teachers guide students to analyze the owners of spicules and decorations.
Show a picture of Simu Wuding.
What can you tell by asking questions? (Bronze ware manufacturing level in Shang Dynasty, sacrificial ceremony in Shang Dynasty, bronze art in Shang Dynasty. )
Summarizing cultural relics can not only help us understand the history before the emergence of characters, but also help us decipher ancient characters and reproduce history.
Read the card on page 125: "Deciphering the Inscription and Uncovering the Mystery of Ancient Egypt", and let the students find the key words and analyze them.
To sum up, it can be seen that cultural relics are very important for us to understand and understand history, but we need the help of archaeologists to discover ancient cultural relics.
Display 125 page. Figure 5-62 Archaeologists are conducting field excavation.
It is concluded that archaeologists should not only carry out underground excavation of historical sites for many years, but also carry out underwater archaeology to find ancient shipwrecks or underwater relics. It is because of their efforts that people have a more comprehensive understanding of history.
Are narrative cultural relics very old? Not necessarily. For example, the world's first electronic computer is a cultural relic compared with today's microcomputers and notebook computers.
What is the function of cultural relics?
Students discuss.
To sum up, first of all, cultural relics can help us understand the history before the appearance of words; Second, cultural relics can make up for the shortcomings of documentary records and correct the mistakes in documentary records; Third, cultural relics can help us decipher ancient Chinese characters and reproduce history.
Asking questions about documents and cultural relics is an important basis for us to understand history, so what is passed down by word of mouth can help us understand the past?
(Verbal message)
Let the students look at the information in the first group: the story of Meng Jiangnu crying at the Great Wall. Think about what information this story belongs to. (oral information. )
Writing on the blackboard and oral materials
In fact, oral materials are also an important basis for us to understand history. Some oral materials indirectly reflect history, and some oral materials directly reflect the true face of history.
Narrative So, what are the oral materials? It turns out that many folklore belongs to oral materials. For example, the legend of Dragon Boat Festival and the story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl are all oral materials. In addition to legends, there is also oral history in oral materials.
To sum up, people nowadays often tell their personal experiences and then write them down. Most of these records are true and can make up for the shortcomings of historical documents.
It can be seen that literature, physical materials and oral materials can record history.
Question: So, what is the relationship between these three materials?
Student discussion: the first group of materials.
Please see the story of Meng Jiangnv crying at the Great Wall. Can the Great Wall be cried down?
To sum it up. No, you can't. Today, Qin Changcheng no longer exists, and there is no trace of crying. Therefore, it is impossible for us to prove the authenticity of Meng Jiangnu's crying on the Great Wall through the collapsed Great Wall, which shows that both oral materials and physical materials have limitations.
Similarly, is there any record of Meng Jiangnu crying on the Great Wall in Sima Qian's Historical Records? Some students looked up the historical records and found no record of Meng Jiangnu crying on the Great Wall, so these documents could not be confirmed.
But we have all seen the Great Wall. Please describe it in a few words. (The project is huge and magnificent. )
Who will undertake such a huge project? (man. )
Q: What will happen if all men go to the corvee? (the wife and son are separated, and the family is ruined. So people began to hate the Great Wall. They hated the Great Wall and wanted to cry it down, so they interpreted the story of Meng Jiangnv crying at the Great Wall. )
We know that the Great Wall was not shouted down, but the Qin Dynasty, which forced people to build the Great Wall, was overthrown by the peasant uprising. Therefore, we can understand the shortcomings of some documents from oral materials, and oral materials can also make the historical side lively. From this, we can understand the heavy corvee of the Qin Dynasty through this legend.
Problem literature: What does Sima Qian's The Great Wall reflect? The defensive function of the Great Wall. )
Seeking physical information: what does the city brick reflect? (reflecting the economic development at that time. )
Summarizing these three different materials is to evaluate the Great Wall from three different angles. Reflects different sides of the Great Wall.
What is Sun Yat-sen's evaluation of the Great Wall? Fully affirmed the defensive role of the Great Wall. )
What does Lu Xun's description reflect? (reflecting the cruelty of the corvee. )
Question: So what should we think of the Great Wall? We should have a more comprehensive understanding of the Great Wall by combining oral materials, documentary materials and physical materials. )
To sum up, oral materials can make up for the shortage of literature materials, and physical materials can verify the authenticity of literature materials, correct the mistakes in literature records and fill the gaps in literature records. Therefore, the three materials are very important for us to understand history, which are interrelated and indispensable. Only by making rational use of these three materials can we restore the original appearance of history.
Train students to judge three kinds of data. (Process omitted)
Question: Have we solved practical problems with information? Let's analyze a case. For a long time, many places in China, such as Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places, have the saying "Ask my ancestors where they came from, Shanxi Hongtong Sophora japonica". What's going on here?
It is said that there is a big pagoda tree in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, where the government once deceived people and forced them to move to other places to live. So people in many places say that they are descendants of Sophora japonica. A classmate's parents in Hebei told him that their ancestors lived under the big locust tree. This classmate wants to confirm, please help him.
Query the records in Ming Taizu Record and Ming Taizu Chengzu Record that there were 18 large-scale immigrants under the pagoda tree in the west of Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, and millions of Shanxi immigrants moved to more than 10 provinces, autonomous regions and more than 400 counties and cities across the country through the immigration agency under the pagoda tree in Hongdong County. So, what caused the Ming government to emigrate in large numbers? However, at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, due to frequent wars in the Central Plains, the population dropped sharply and the land was barren. According to historical statistics, the combined population of Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces was not as large as that of Shanxi Province. Therefore, in order to recuperate, enrich the country and strengthen the people, Zhu Yuanzhang made a decision in the early Ming Dynasty, mainly to immigrate from Shanxi to Hebei and the Central Plains.
To sum up, the soul of a big pagoda tree has been handed down from generation to generation. Now, the ancient pagoda tree that began in the Han Dynasty no longer exists, but the large-scale immigration activities under the pagoda tree have been branded in the minds of the descendants of immigrants under the tree. After hundreds of years of development and evolution, Sophora japonica in Hong Tong has become a symbol of roots and home.
Show photos of the big pagoda tree park.
To sum up, although these legends have fictional elements, they reflect some social conditions at that time and express people's pain of being forced to leave their homes and their yearning for their imaginary hometown. Although these legends are not equal to history, they can tell us how ordinary people view history.
In fact, learning history is not easy. After all, the past is gone forever, and we can't relive history. Therefore, to understand history, we must rely on historical materials, including written materials, physical materials and oral materials.
According to the different recording methods of historical materials, historical materials can be divided into primary materials and secondary materials.
First-hand information and second-hand information on the blackboard
Described in words, objects and oral materials, materials written by the parties according to their personal experiences, and European materials recorded by people at the same time or close to that era are all first-hand materials. Historical works written by later generations belong to second-hand materials.
Ask which of the materials discussed above are primary and which are secondary.
So, how to use first-hand information and second-hand information?
Students summarize how to use first-hand and second-hand information.
Summary It is with these materials that the stories in our lives are constantly discovered, recorded and passed on.
Show the information of the Great Wall: nicks on the bricks of the Great Wall, bricks and stone tablets of fellow villagers.
Ask the students to judge the first-hand and second-hand information and think: What can you think of? (protect cultural relics. )
To sum up, I hope everyone can be conscientious in their study and life, learn to discover the history around them, record the history around them with various materials, and pass on the history of the Chinese nation.
(Class assignment)
Write class history or family history. Requirements: Use literature, material objects and oral materials, 800 words or more.
Attachment: Information about the Great Wall
The first set of data:
Information 1:
Once upon a time, there lived two families under the Great Wall Ridge in Shoushan, one surnamed Meng and the other surnamed Jiang. They are good neighbors separated by a wall, but none of them have children.
One year, the Meng family planted a gourd, and the gourd grew vigorously, and the gourd seedlings climbed up the roof of the Jiang family. It is strange that this gourd only bears one gourd, but this gourd grows on the walls of two houses. In autumn, the gourd is ripe, and both Meng and Jiang want to keep it for themselves. The two families don't give in to each other and quarrel endlessly. Finally, under the mediation of the villagers, it was decided that each family would be divided into half.
The two families picked the gourd and sawed it in half on the spot. The Meng family couldn't open the saw after looking for it, and finally saw it under the guidance of the carpenter. When it was sawed, everyone was very surprised! There sits a beautiful little girl who looks like a fairy. When the two families saw the little girl, they gave up the gourd, but rushed to hug the little girl. None of the two families could convince anyone. Finally, everyone mediated and the two families took turns raising the little girl.
Since then, the little girl has been raised by Meng and Jiang. One day, the Meng family said to the Jiang family, "Let's give her a name." After discussion, she was named Meng Jiangnv. Since then, the name Meng Jiangnv has been called by people. She got married when she grew up. Within two months, her husband was recruited as a civilian worker and built the Great Wall. Later, her husband was exhausted under the Great Wall and buried in it, and she cried. Her good reputation has been circulated among the people. This is the story of Meng Jiangnv crying at the Great Wall.
Message 2:
Biography of Historical Records of Meng Tian records: "Qin has merged with the world, which made Meng Tian drive 300,000 people north to Rongdi and take Henan. Because of the dangerous terrain, the Great Wall was built by blocking, stretching from Lintao to Liaodong to Vandory.
"Historical Records of Chu Family" quoted Shu Qi as saying: "Qi Xuanwang built the Great Wall on the mountain for Chu, east to the sea and west to Jeju."
Message 3:
The words on the bricks of the Great Wall:
The second set of data:
Data 1: Sun Yat-sen regarded the Great Wall as the greatest project in China, saying, "Without the defense of the Great Wall, China would have died in the north, not in the Song and Ming Dynasties, but in the Qin and Han Dynasties."
Data 2: Mr. Lu Xun once put it in a nutshell: The so-called Great Wall of Wan Li has never killed many workers in vain, so the Hu people can't stop it. Now it is just a monument, but it will not be extinct for a while, and it will still be preserved. I always feel surrounded by the Great Wall, which is made of old bricks and new bricks. When these two things are combined, they form a city wall and surround people. When can we not add new bricks to the Great Wall? This cursed Great Wall!