Paper in ancient times, ancestors mainly recorded by knotting ropes. Later, characters were gradually invented, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions was used as writing material.
Later, bamboo and wood fragments and silk were discovered and used as writing materials. But because silk is too expensive and bamboo chips are too heavy, paper was invented.
According to textual research, the production of paper began in the Western Han Dynasty, and it was widely circulated in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Because of its wide use, papermaking has been further improved.
Paper raw materials are also diversified. There are many kinds of paper, such as bamboo curtain paper, rattan paper, fish egg paper, etc ... Cai Lun has a wide range of papermaking raw materials. Paper made of rotten fishing nets is called net paper, and paper made of rags is called cloth paper. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the famous Xuan paper was born.
There is a legend in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province, the main producing area of Xuan paper: Cai Lun's apprentice Kong Dan, who made paper in southern Anhui, always wanted to make a particularly ideal white paper for his master to paint and compose. But after many experiments, it can't be realized.
Once, he happened to see some sandalwood trees lying beside the mountain stream, which had been corroded by water for a long time and had rotted and turned white. Later, he made paper with this bark and finally succeeded.
It can be concluded that using bark as rice paper has been very popular in the Tang Dynasty. ) In the Tang Dynasty, on the basis of the previous generation of yellow paper, wax was evenly coated on the paper to make the paper have the advantages of luster, luster and beauty, which was called hard yellow paper.
The paper industry of the Five Dynasties continued to develop. Zhangzhou's Chengxin Tang paper was always considered as the best paper until the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper industry flourished and innovated constantly.
All kinds of stationery are popular again, and white paper and elegant paper are highly respected in texture, with bright and quiet colors, such as pastel paper and printing and dyeing paper in Kanggan period. By the Qing Dynasty, the production of paper had reached a perfect level. Generally speaking, the production of printing paper is divided into two basic processes: pulping and papermaking.
Pulping is to dissociate plant fiber raw materials into natural pulp or bleached pulp by mechanical method, chemical method or a combination of the two. Papermaking is to combine pulp fibers suspended in water into sheets that meet various requirements through various processes.
Paper mills generally need to store enough raw materials for 4~6 months, so that the raw materials can naturally ferment during storage, which is beneficial to pulping and ensures the continuous production of paper mills. Raw materials such as reed, wheat straw and wood are cut into pieces (used to produce chemical pulp) or wood chips (used to produce ground wood pulp) in the material preparation section, and then small pieces of raw materials are put into a digester, added with chemical liquid, and steamed with steam to make the raw materials into pulp, or the wood chips are sent to a wood mill to be ground, or they can be ground after a certain degree of cooking.
Then wash the pulp with plenty of clean water, and remove coarse chips, knots, stones and sand from the pulp through screening and purification. Then according to the requirements of paper types, the pulp is bleached to the required whiteness with bleaching agent, and then beaten with beating equipment.
Then various auxiliary materials, such as fillers, sizing agents, sizing agents, etc., are added to the pulp, and then purified and screened. Finally, the paper pulp is sent to a paper machine, the water is filtered in the wire section, squeezed and dehydrated, dried in a dryer, calendered and coiled, and then cut, rewound or cut to produce rolled paper and plain paper. If the production is to produce coated printing paper, it needs to be dried in the middle or produced into roll paper and then coated.
In addition to the above-mentioned basic procedures, it also includes some auxiliary procedures, such as the preparation of cooking liquid, the preparation of bleaching liquid, the boiling of rubber compound, the recovery of chemical substances and heat energy in cooking waste liquid and waste gas, etc. Baqiao Paper: 1957, ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC was unearthed in Baqiao, the eastern suburb of Xi.
When it was unearthed, it was a pile of large and small pieces of paper. The largest is10 *10cm, and the smallest is 3 * 4cm, beige. After repeated scientific experiments, it is found that it is mainly made of hemp and a small amount of ramie fiber, that is, "plant fiber paper".
This ancient tomb is no later than the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that is, 140 to 87 years ago. Therefore, it can be concluded that plant fiber paper was produced and used in China more than 2000 years ago, that is, in the 2nd century BC. This Baqiao paper is the earliest paper in the world excavated by archaeology.
Cai Lun Paper: Cai Lun, the inventor of papermaking in Han Dynasty, is respected for his words. Guiyang (now Chenzhou City, Hunan Province) people.
In the 18th year of Ming Di Yongping (75), he entered the palace as an official. In the first year of Zhanghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (87), he was appointed.
In the first year of Yuanxing (105), papermaking was invented. Summing up the experience of predecessors, he began to make paper from bark, hemp head, rags, old fishing nets and other raw materials through beating, mashing, papermaking, baking and other processes. It was called "Cai Hou Paper", which made great contributions to the reform and popularization of papermaking and was later passed down as the inventor of papermaking.
Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in ancient China, which has made great contributions to the spread and development of world culture. Left: After Cai Lun, others kept improving his methods.
About eighty years after Cai Lun's death (at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty), another paper expert named Zuo Bo appeared. The paper he made is even in thickness, delicate in texture and bright in color.
At that time, people called this kind of paper "Zuo Bo paper". Unfortunately, the raw materials and manufacturing methods used in Zuo Bo are not recorded in history.
Rattan paper: During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper was widely spread and used, and papermaking technology was further improved. Before the Jin Dynasty, the paper-making area was concentrated in Luoyang, Henan Province, and gradually spread to Vietnam, Sichuan, Shao, Yang, Anhui, Jiangxi and other places, with increasing output and quality. Paper-making raw materials are also diversified, and there are many names of paper.
Tunxi has rattan paper with rattan skin as raw material. The paper is smooth and white as jade, leaving no ink marks. Attachment: paper history paper is one of the four great inventions of ancient science and technology in China. Together with the compass, gunpowder and printing, it provided a material and technical foundation for the prosperity of ancient culture in China.
The invention of paper ended the complicated history of ancient bamboo slips and greatly promoted the spread and development of culture. In ancient times, democracy was recorded by knotting ropes, and later, characters were gradually invented, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions was used as writing materials.
Later, bamboo and wood chips (bamboo slips) and silk were found and used as writing materials. But paper was invented because silk was too expensive and bamboo was too heavy.
According to research, the production of paper began in the Western Han Dynasty. From 65438 to 0957, Shaanxi Provincial Museum excavated a batch of artifacts named "Baqiao Paper" from a Western Han Dynasty tomb near Baqiao in the eastern suburb of xi, and its production date should be no later than the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty.
Then in Luobu, Xinjiang.
2. Knowledge about paper
The earliest paper existed 2200 years ago in the early Western Han Dynasty, but it was still rough and not widely used. 105, Cai Lun was considered as the originator of modern papermaking after improvement.
The raw materials for papermaking are mainly plant fibers. In addition to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, there are other components with less content, such as resin and ash. In addition, there are auxiliary ingredients such as sodium sulfate.
Paper is generally divided into two types: flat and rolled. Plain paper is mainly used one by one, such as printing, writing, painting and other paper. Web is mainly used in continuous processing machinery, such as rotary printing, continuous bag making by bag making machine, continuous cigarette making by cigarette making machine, etc.
Extended data
Classification of paper:
1, divided into handmade paper and machine-made paper according to production methods.
2. According to the thickness and weight of paper, it is divided into paper and cardboard.
3. According to the purpose, it can be divided into wrapping paper, printing paper, industrial paper, office paper, cultural paper, household paper and special paper.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Papers
3. Knowledge about paper
The earliest paper existed 2200 years ago in the early Western Han Dynasty, but it was still rough and not widely used.
105, Cai Lun was considered as the originator of modern papermaking after improvement. The raw materials for papermaking are mainly plant fibers. In addition to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, there are other components with less content, such as resin and ash.
In addition, there are auxiliary ingredients such as sodium sulfate. Paper is generally divided into two types: flat and rolled.
Plain paper is mainly used one by one, such as printing, writing, painting and other paper. Web is mainly used in continuous processing machinery, such as rotary printing, continuous bag making by bag making machine, continuous cigarette making by cigarette making machine, etc.
Expand the classification of information paper: 1, and divide it into manual paper and machine-made paper according to production methods. 2. According to the thickness and weight of paper, it is divided into paper and cardboard.
3. According to the purpose, it can be divided into wrapping paper, printing paper, industrial paper, office paper, cultural paper, household paper and special paper. Baidu encyclopedia-paper.
Please tell me some common sense and basic types of paper classification.
Coated paper: coated paper can be divided into single-sided coating and double-sided coating. According to the classification standard of Japanese paper industry, the coating amount per side is about 10g/m2, which is one of the most commonly used papers in cultural publishing, advertising design, printing and binding, and industry and commerce.
Lightweight coated paper: after pigment coating and calendering, the uniformity and smoothness of the paper are improved, and the ink retention of the paper is improved;
Dorian paper-printing and writing paper made of chemical pulp is one of the most commonly used paper types for cultural publishing, printing and binding at present;
Bible paper-contains a lot of titanium dioxide filler, is light and opaque, and is specially used for printing bibles, dictionaries or air express.
Difference:
Coated paper: smooth, bright, uniform ink absorption, good gloss and high opacity. After color printing, the pattern effect is bright and the color level is good, which is suitable for color printed matter;
Dowling paper: the surface is uncoated, and the gloss and smoothness are worse than coated paper;
Lightweight coated paper: Low basis weight coated paper is between coated paper and offset paper. Its color printing effect is comparable to coated paper, and it has good opacity and smoothness. Low durability, more suitable for printing printed matter that does not need long-term preservation;
Bible paper: paper is very light and thin, so thousands of pages are only the thickness of ordinary books. This kind of paper is slippery, smoother than ordinary paper, and not rough.
5. Cherish the information on paper
The surge in pulp demand is one of the reasons for the increase in wood consumption.
China's annual consumption of paper-making wood is100000 cubic meters, with 65438+300000 tons of imported wood pulp and 4 million tons of imported pulp. How many trees will be cut down! A large number of paper scraps not only cause forest destruction, but also seriously pollute rivers and lakes due to sewage discharged from production. You may not directly cut down forests, but do you think that wood is the main raw material for paper making, and wasting paper is equivalent to joining the ranks of forests?
Cherishing paper means cherishing our forest resources. Please don't throw away the white paper casually, make full use of the blank space of the paper. Used paper can be turned over to make draft paper, note paper, or used as a notebook, and expired calendars can be covered with book covers.
Refuse to accept those useless propaganda papers that are distributed everywhere. Making these publicity materials will not only waste a lot of paper, but also destroy urban sanitation by distributing and pasting them everywhere. You must be inseparable from paper in your study.
Do you know that a large part of paper is made of wood? The annual consumption of paper in China is100000 cubic meters. In the process of papermaking, a lot of wastewater will be discharged, polluting rivers, and the pollution caused by it accounts for more than 30% of the whole water pollution! Save paper.
Is to protect forests and rivers. -Use exercise books sparingly, don't throw away white paper casually, and make full use of the blank space of the paper.
-Used paper can be turned over to make draft paper, note paper or homemade notebook; Expired calendar paper can be used to cover books. -Don't send a lot of New Year cards during the Chinese New Year, because making beautiful New Year cards requires cutting down trees, and 4,000 cards will sacrifice a big tree and destroy the environment.
-Support college students' brothers and sisters to save trees by saving cards, save money on greeting cards, plant trees and protect nature. Suggestion: Actively promote the use of recycled paper and recycled paper products.
You can also choose waste paper as a New Year card, which is unique and meaningful. The surge in pulp demand is one of the reasons for the increase in wood consumption.
The annual consumption of wood for papermaking in China is100000 cubic meters, including 65438+300000 tons of imported wood pulp and 4 million tons of imported paper. How many trees will be cut down! The large consumption of paper not only causes the destruction of forests, but also seriously pollutes rivers and lakes because of the sewage discharged from pulp production (the pollution caused by paper industry accounts for more than 30% of the total water pollution). What kind of recycled paper products have you used? Have you ever seen a business card or book made of recycled paper? Recycled paper is paper recovered from waste paper.
In many countries, the use of recycled paper has become a fashion. People are proud to display business cards printed with "recycled paper" to show environmental awareness and civilized education. Many companies also stipulate that office supplies should use recycled paper.
The United States stipulates that 60% of office paper must be recycled paper. The forest coverage rate in China is only 1/4 of the world average.
According to statistics, the forest in China decreased sharply by 23% and the logging volume decreased by 50% during 10. Since 1950s, the natural forests in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province are disappearing at a rate of about10.6 million hectares per year.
At that time, 55% of the original forest coverage area has now been reduced by half. In recent years, Japanese people with various manners are also changing the habit of giving a large number of New Year cards.
Some big companies advertise that they will no longer send greeting cards. Chinese college students organize the activity of "saving cards to save trees" and advocate saving money to buy greeting cards and plant trees to protect nature.
-Used paper can be turned over to make draft paper, note paper or notebook; An expired calendar can be wrapped in a book bag. -refuse to accept those useless propaganda papers that are distributed everywhere. Making these publicity materials will not only waste a lot of paper, but also destroy urban sanitation because of distributing and posting them everywhere.
Activity goal 1, attitude, emotion and values make students realize the impact of wasting paper on the environment and resources, take the initiative to save paper and assume the responsibility of protecting the environment. 2. Methods and Process Organize students to investigate the amount of paper used, cultivate the consciousness of saving paper, collect the information of papermaking history and its relationship with the environment, visit the employees of recycled paper factory, and design the scheme of saving paper and recycling waste paper according to the collected information.
3. Knowledge and ability make students realize the consumption of forest resources by a large number of papermaking, the pollution of small paper mills to the environment, the production methods of recycled paper and the significance of saving paper and using recycled paper to protect the environment. Activity background China uses more than 1 100 million tons of paper every year, and needs a lot of paper pulp.
Pulp mainly comes from wood and recycled waste paper. At present, the forest coverage rate in China is only 13.92%, and the forest resources used for papermaking are very short.
In recent years, on the one hand, China spends a lot of foreign exchange to import paper, cardboard and waste paper used as papermaking raw materials every year, on the other hand, domestic waste paper is seriously wasted because of its low purchase price. Waste paper is the first choice for papermaking.
According to experts, using waste paper can not only reduce environmental pollution, but also save resources and energy. Abroad, countries rich in forest resources attach great importance to waste paper recycling, such as Japan, whose forest coverage rate is much higher than that of China, and the amount of waste paper recycling is as high as 654.38 billion tons, which is equivalent to the total paper consumption in China every year.
During the period of 1998, the Yangtze River Basin and Northeast China suffered severe floods, which had a lot to do with deforestation and neglect of forest resources protection. Relevant persons stressed that with the reduction of raw materials for papermaking-logs, more attention should be paid to the recycling of waste paper from the perspective of environmental protection and resource reuse.
Paper is a student's daily necessities. Guiding students to pay attention to the problems existing in the use and recycling of paper can help students establish the consciousness of protecting the environment from small things and from themselves. Activity process The whole activity * * * is completed in 3 class hours.
Lesson 65438 +0: Guide the students to discuss the topic about paper: How much do you know about paper? What else do you want to know about paper? Through this activity, students can take the initiative to pay attention to the actual use of paper in life, ask questions about paper, and on this basis, choose and determine their own research topics, set up research groups and make research plans. Class 2: Students carry out research and practice activities as planned.
The third class: show and exchange the previous research results, conduct in-depth research and exploration, and finally complete the reflection and evaluation of the activities. Teachers' Guidance to Students' Activities Part I: Basic Activity Class 1: Starting from observing the signs of waste paper recycling, focusing on the problem of "paper" and starting to think about paper.
6. Ask a tip about paper.
Tell you some simple tips for detecting paper!
Sheet-fed inspection
Randomly select a piece of paper from the paper pile, touch the surface or look up the paper by hand, and check the smoothness and cleanliness of the paper surface. ordinary
Generally speaking, the paper surface should be smooth, seamless and free of bumps, and there should be no reflective spots with different colors or dust inconsistent with the paper color.
Hold up the paper and observe it under the light to check the uniformity of the paper. Paper should not have bright and dark, different light transmittance or transparent points when observed in light. If a large area of uneven cloud points appear on the paper, it means that the uniformity of the paper is very poor, which will seriously affect the quality of printed matter.
7. Ask questions about paper knowledge
The appearance quality and common paper defects of printing paper refer to the paper quality that can be recognized only by human senses without the help of instruments and equipment.
It can be divided into the appearance quality of the paper itself and the appearance quality of a piece of paper formed by a piece of paper or a strip of paper. No matter which appearance quality affects the use of paper to varying degrees.
Poor appearance quality will not only reduce the use value and printing output of paper, but also cause paper waste in serious cases. In addition, some serious paper defects in paper, such as hard paper blocks, will also crush printing plates and cots during printing, causing damage to printing equipment.
The appearance quality of paper is also closely related to its physical properties. For example, the smoothness and opacity of paper with obvious seersucker will also be affected to some extent.
The appearance quality inspection of paper should achieve the following three purposes: check the quality of finished paper. It mainly includes: whether the paper shape is good, whether the size is qualified, packaging quality and damage degree, etc.
Master the basic quality of paper. Include color, uniformity, flexibility, tensile strength, smoothness and cleanliness.
The random inspection found out the approximate miss rate of lithographic paper (the percentage of paper with obvious paper defects in the total number of papers). The meaning of paper In order to help readers have a general understanding of paper, let's briefly introduce the common sense of paper.
Paper is an important material condition for recording, accumulating, spreading and developing human civilization and cultural science. It plays an extremely important role in the history of human development. With the improvement of paper quality and the emergence of new varieties, the application of paper has been extended to the fields of culture and science, daily life, medical and health care, commerce, national defense and industrial and agricultural production. In modern society, almost no one does not know paper, but it is also possible that almost no one knows all paper.
Paper is something that almost everyone is used to. However, what is paper, or what is the exact meaning of paper? I'm afraid many people, including those who often deal with papers, may not be able to answer accurately.
According to the national standard of People's Republic of China (PRC) (GB4687-84), the so-called paper is a flat and uniform sheet made of plant fiber, mineral fiber, animal fiber, chemical fiber or a mixture of these fibers, which is deposited in a suspension and dried on an appropriate molding device. Broadly speaking, paper can include paper and cardboard.
According to the standards of paper industry, paper with a basis weight of less than 225g/m2 is usually called paper or paper, and paper with a basis weight of more than 225g/m2 is called paperboard. However, this boundary is not absolute, and we must master it flexibly according to the characteristics and uses of the paper.
Once upon a time, the quantitative regulations for paper and paperboard in China were: 150~200g/m2; 150~200g/m2, which is called paperboard. Because the boundary between paperboard and paper is not very clear, and the industrial sector and commercial sector are not unified, paper with a basis weight of about 200g/m2 is often called paper card.
With the development of time, a rule has gradually formed, that is, paper with a basis weight of more than 200g/m2 and mainly used for printing or decoration is called cardboard. Such as 250g/m2 copper card (paper) and 280g/m2 glass card (paper).
Paper is an important resource in human social life. Since ancient times, the main raw materials used in papermaking are plant fibers, such as wood, reed, bamboo, wheat straw, rice straw, bagasse, bark, flour, hemp and so on.
However, with the development and progress of society, the types of fiber raw materials used in papermaking and the application scope of papermaking products are constantly expanding, and the development of papermaking technology has made profound changes in the depth and breadth of paper processing. If the paper mainly composed of plant fibers is called "first generation" paper, then the paper made of synthetic fibers and the paper made of plastic film are called "second generation" paper, also known as synthetic paper.
This paper is used for calendar film. In recent years, "functional papers" have appeared at home and abroad.
The so-called functional paper is a new type of paper with some special functions made from some special raw materials. It is reported in the newspaper that the paper used for foreign paper watches probably belongs to this kind of functional paper.
Some people call this kind of functional paper "the third generation paper". Ordinary paper, which has not been processed after copying, is generally called paper or base paper.
In order to improve the surface performance and decorative effect of paper, or to endow paper with special properties, the base paper is reprocessed and the finished products obtained are called processed paper (such as coated printing paper, carbon paper, etc.). However, simple processing can not meet the needs of some special purposes, so new fiber raw materials and processing measures are adopted to obtain paper with certain functions.
Fireproof paper, luminous paper, electromagnetic wave shielding paper and automobile cleaning paper, which are called "Oriental Magic Paper", can all be regarded as functional paper. Although people know little about the application of functional paper, it can be expected that in the near future, functional paper will appear more and be familiar to people.
When we look at things from the perspective of development and progress, we must not narrowly understand the concept and meaning of paper. The selection and use of printing paper is of great significance to ensure the quality of publications and reduce costs.
As a person who is engaged in material management in the publishing and printing industry, he should not only pre-select the types and specifications of required paper according to the annual and quarterly publishing plan of his department, but also accurately calculate the number of required papers according to the publishing plan. It is also necessary to coordinate and guide printing enterprises to use paper reasonably, reduce paper consumption and improve economic benefits.
(1) Selection of paper The selection of paper includes the selection of varieties, specifications and quality grades, and we should not only pay attention to one aspect but neglect other aspects. When choosing paper varieties, it is mainly based on the characteristics of printed matter to be printed and the type of printing machine used.
Color covers, illustrations or advertising inserts in printed books and periodicals can choose double-sided coated paper or double-sided adhesive paper; Single-sided printing materials such as printing trademarks can choose single-sided coated paper or single-sided self-adhesive paper; Biblical paper or thin embossed paper should be used for printing dictionaries, dictionaries, handbooks and other reference books; For printing general books, offset printing paper or letterpress printing paper can be selected. The same is true for printing general books. If you want to use it on a rotary press, you need to use a web (except for a flat rotary press). If you plan to print on a common platform, you need to use a flat panel.
8. What is the knowledge about the paper introduction?
Measurement of paper specification 1. What is the size of the paper? Commonly used paper has two specifications: generous and front.
2. What is generous paper? Specification 889* 1 193 (mm) is large paper. 3. What is orthographic paper? Specification 787* 1092 (mm) is orthographic paper.
4. How to calculate the number of sheets? Fold the whole paper into folio and fold the folio into the size of quadruplicate. 1. What is the unit of measurement for paper? Order or quantity. 2. What is a network? Roll the whole paper into a tube.
3. How many pieces of paper are there in an order? A ream is 500 sheets of paper. In some countries, one ream is equal to 1000 sheets of paper. How to convert volume and order? Usually a roll is equivalent to 10 ream.
5. What is the measure of paper thickness? Gram weight (the more grams, the thicker the paper) 6. What does gram weight mean? Gram weight refers to the weight of a piece of paper per square meter.
Horizontal version: 90*55mm 85*54mm vertical version: 50 * 90m54 * 85mm square version: 90 * 90m90 * 95mm IC card 85x54MM 30% discount advertising standard size: (A4)2 10mm x 285mm general brochure standard size: (A4) 2/kloc-0. 0mm x 285mm document envelope standard size: 220mm x 305mm poster: standard size: 540mm x 380mm flag standard size: 20% off 380Mm x 265Mm 4 open 540mm x 380mm handbag: standard size: 400mm x 285mm x 80mm stationery Note: standard size: 1 85mm x 260mm 2 10mm x 285mm orthographic paper: 787* 1092mm aperture (positive degree) Size unit (mm) Full opening 78 1* 1086 2 aperture 530 * 76027/kloc-. Kloc-0/ 168mm open number (positive degree) Size unit (mm) Full open 844 * 1 162 2 2 open 58 1*844 3. 422 8 format 290* 422 Note: Finished product size = paper size-trimming size Common format size (unit: mm) Format size: 787 x 1092 format: 736 x 520 4 format: 520 x 368 8 format: 368 x 260 16 format: : 850 x 108 1092mm open number (positive degree) Size unit (mm) Full open 78 1* 1086 2 open 530*760 3 open 362*78 1 4 open 390 *. 27 1 Note: finished product size = paper size-trimming size. Large paper: 850* 1 168mm (positive degree) Size unit (mm) Full opening 844 *11622258/kl. Note: Finished product size = paper size-trimming size 16 opening: 2 10*285 correctness: 185*260 8 opening: 285*420 correctness: 260*370 4 opening: 420 *. 740 full open: 889* 1 194 small: 787* 1092 paper size: several sets of inch-by-inch mm full sheets 36x26 43x311786 folio 26. Kloc-0/.5 786x545+0214.3x31786x370 3. Kai18x1321.5x15.555. X.38+04x1216.75x182 1. Open13x915.5x10.75393x272. 38+05.5x8.5 393x21512 Kay12x6.514.25x7.75 362x19615 Kay 8.3x7./kloc 438+06 kai 9x6.510.75 7.75 272x196x18 kai12x4.314.25x5.125 362x/kloc. X7.125 260x182 20Kai 7.1x6.58.5x7.75215x19624Kai 6.5x6 7.75x7.125/kloc. 0x5.26.1875x8.5215x156307.1x4.18.5x5215x126329x3.2.