1. Nominal clauses: that is, clauses play a nominal part-of-speech role in the whole sentence and can be used as subject, object, predicative and appositive respectively, so such clauses include subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses and appositive clauses.
Test center 1: subject clause:
1. It is well known that the earth moves around the sun. As we all know, the earth moves around the sun. )
Where he will go for the meeting depends on his boss.
Who will come to the dinner party is still a question.
What you said is convincing.
How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids has been puzzling people for centuries.
6. Why did the murderer return to the crime scene is a psychological problem.
Some common sentence patterns of subject clauses:
It is reported that ...
It must be pointed out that …
Probably ...
… is a good thing.
As it happens ...
Test site 2: object clause:
He thinks it will bring bad luck to walk under the ladder.
We can learn what we don't know from TV programs.
Tell me which book is correct.
Your success will depend on how you express yourself.
I wonder if you can help me.
Test site 3: Predicative clause:
1. Suppose things will get better.
China is not what it used to be.
The doctor's dilemma is whether he should lie to the patient.
Test site 3: appositive clauses:
The appositive clause is characterized by abstract noun +that clause, and the leading word is generally that, which does not act as any component in the clause. These abstract nouns are: news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, news and so on. Appositive clauses explain abstract nouns.
1. The news that our football team finally beat South Korea made the fans ecstatic.
The news that made the fans ecstatic came from the radio.
There is a lot of evidence that the crime rate in this city is rising.
Einstein concluded that the maximum speed possible in the universe is the speed of light.
Second, the adjective clause (that is, the attributive clause):
Attributive clause is mainly used to modify the clause of the antecedent (noun or pronoun) before it, so it is also called adjective clause. According to the relationship with antecedents, attributive clauses can be divided into restrictive attributive clauses and non-restrictive attributive clauses. The attributive clause mainly investigates the relative pronouns and adverbs that guide the attributive clause; Preposition+leading words and non-restrictive attributive clauses. The specific test sites are as follows: test sites
First, the leading words of attributive clauses are relative pronouns (who who, who, which, that, who) and relative adverbs (as, when, where, why). However, when the following situations occur, the guiding words have special requirements.
1. When the antecedent is all, everything, nothing, something, little, more；; When the antecedent is modified by all, no, some, any, every, afew, a little, some, only, very; When the antecedent is modified by ordinal number or superlative adjective, the leading word of the attributive clause is that. Everything you want is here. No one does not make mistakes. No one does not make mistakes. This is the best film I have ever seen.
2. "The same ... as" like "harmony" can refer to people or things. This very popular furniture is very expensive. We succeeded in doing the same experiment as you.
3.why leads to the attributive clause indicating the reason, and its antecedent is generally reason. When the subject of the main clause is the cause, the predicative component of the main clause cannot have the cause and the reason. Its structure is generally the reason why … is …, or … is …, for example, he didn't tell us the reason why he was late again. The reason why he didn't come is that he was ill.
When the attributive clause has a be sentence pattern, the relative pronoun can only be that. This is an express train for Beijing.
5. When the main clause is a special interrogative sentence starting with which or who, the relative pronoun can only be that. Who is the girl who is talking to Mr. Brown?
6. If two or more antecedents refer to people and things at the same time, the relative pronoun is that. We are talking about the people and countries we have been to.
Test site 2: In the structure of "preposition +which/who", the choice of preposition depends on three situations:
1. collocation of predicate verbs or predicates in attributive clauses; This is the university where I am studying.
He is the man we are talking about.
2. Habitual collocation of antecedents and prepositions;
When the antecedent means "domain, aspect", such as: aspect, respect, region, domain, etc. , in which; Be used;
When the antecedent means "price, interest rate, speed", such as: speed, price, speed, etc. , here; Be used;
When the antecedent indicates "degree", such as degree, degree, etc. , where to go; Be used;
When the antecedent means "basis, basis, foundation", such as: grounds, foundation, basis, etc. , on it; Be used;
The running speed of the machine is displayed on the instrument.
It is very useful to be able to predict the impact of price changes on supply and demand.
The instrument shows the running speed of this machine.
When the attributive clause is superlative, you can only use which, otherwise, use other prepositions.
I have five dictionaries, of which Longman dictionary is the best.
I have five dictionaries, of which Longman Dictionary is published in England.
Note: inseparable verb phrase prepositions cannot lead, such as put up with；; Some phrases may have different prepositions and need to be determined according to the context. Such as: familiar with/to; Compared with ...
Test center 3: when the antecedent is a noun indicating time (such as time, day, year, week, month and occupation) or a noun indicating place (such as place, room, city and country), the relative adverbs when and where are generally used, which are equivalent to in which, at which and on which respectively. But when these nouns indicating time or place are used as the objects of clauses, the relative pronoun that or which should be used.
I won't forget the days when I lived with you.
Can you tell me when the first satellite was sent into space?
China is the only country where wild pandas can be found.
I will never forget the village where I spent my childhood. I will never forget the days I spent in Peking University.
Days is the object of spend, so we use the relative pronoun that/which.
I have never been to Beijing, but it is the place I want to go most.
The place is the object of visit. )
Test site 4: Non-restrictive attributive clauses cannot be guided by that. Which/as or who (referring to people) is generally used as a guide word. Non-restrictive attributive clauses can modify not only a part of the main clause, but also the whole main clause. As-guided non-restrictive attributive clauses can be placed before or after the main clause, but which or who-guided non-restrictive attributive clauses cannot be placed at the beginning of the main clause.
As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.
Large areas are covered with thick snow, which greatly affects people's lives. His speech bored us to death and finally ended. Her sister who lives in another city is coming to see her.
Third, adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses are mainly used to modify the main clause or the predicate of the main clause. Generally speaking, they can be divided into nine categories, indicating time, place, reason, purpose, result, condition, concession, comparison and way respectively. Although there are many kinds, it is not difficult to understand and master adverbial clauses because they are similar to Chinese in structure and usage. The key to adverbial clauses is to master the common conjunctions and special conjunctions that guide different adverbial clauses, that is, the test sites. Now listed as follows:
1. time adverbial clause
Common guiding words: when, as, though, as soon as possible, though, before, after, from to special guiding words: minute, moment, second, every time, day, instant, immediately, directly, not earlier than … than, almost … when, almost … when.
It was not until I was an adult that I realized how special my mother was.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran out of the orchard as soon as they saw the guard.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
Every time I take your advice, I get into trouble.
2. Positional adverbial clauses
Common leading words: Where is it?
Special guiding words: anywhere, anywhere, anywhere
Generally speaking, the air in places with factories will be seriously polluted.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3. Cause adverbial clause
Commonly used leading words: because, since, as, since
Special guide words: see that, now that, in that, consider that, consider that, in as much as possible, in as much as possible.
My friends don't like me because I am handsome and successful.
Now that everyone is here, let's start the meeting.
Higher income tax is harmful because it may prevent people from trying to earn more money.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, the height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
4. Purpose adverbial clause
Common leading words: So, for the sake of
Special guiding words: fear, in case, fear, hope, purpose and result.
The boss asked the secretary to deal with these letters quickly so that he could sign them.
The teacher deliberately raised his voice so that the students behind him could hear more clearly.
5. Adverbial clause of result
Common leading words: so … that, so … that, so … that, so … that,
Special guide words: so, to that extent, to that extent.
He got up early, so that he caught the first bus.
This is such a good opportunity that we can't miss it.
He was so excited that he couldn't sleep last night.
6. Conditional adverbial clauses
Common leading words: if, unless,
Special guiding words: as long as, as long as, if, provide, support, in case, on condition that.
If the president agrees, we will start our project.
As long as you keep working hard, you will succeed.
If there is no objection, we will hold the meeting here.
7. Adverbial clause
Common leading words: pass, though, even, even pass.
Special leading words: as (used in adverbial clauses, which must be inverted), while (usually used at the beginning of a sentence), regardless of …, despite the fact that while, whatever, wheeler, never, however, whichever one.
Much as I respect him, I cannot agree to his proposal. Much as I respect him, I don't agree with his suggestion.
Even in bad weather, the old man always likes swimming.
No matter how hard he tries, she can't change her mind.
No matter what you say, he won't listen.
8. Comparative adverbial clauses
Commonly used guiding words: as (peer comparison), than (different degrees of comparison)
Special guiding words: the more … the more …; Just like …, so …; A is to b what x is to y; Do not … exceed; It is not so much a as b.
She is as bad-tempered as her mother. This house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to people what oil is to machines. Food is to people what oil is to machines.
9. Mode adverbial clause
Commonly used guiding words: as, as if, how
Special guiding words: way
Do as Romans do in Rome.
She acted as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we educate our children the way our parents educate us.