Zhuge Liang (181-234 AD), Han nationality, named Kongming, also known as Wolong layman. Born in Yinan County, Shandong Province, he was an outstanding prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period in China, as well as a statesman, military strategist, strategist, essayist, and diplomat. Historical records record that he was eight feet tall, which is about 1.84 meters today. Zhuge Liang's birthday: Xinyou, Bingshen, Guichou, Dingsi.
In the second year of Jian'an (197 AD), Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his siblings lost their livelihood, so they moved to Nanyang. The 17-year-old Zhuge Liang, his friend Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shui Jing, Sima Hui. He saw that Liu Biao was incompetent and not the master of the world, so he settled in Longzhong Mountain, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, and lived in seclusion until the time came. This happened in 197 AD. Zhuge Liang has lived in seclusion in Longzhong for ten years. He has made many friends with famous people in the south of the Yangtze River. He "always compares himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi". He loves to sing "Liang Fu Yin" and has friends with Pang Degong, Pang Tong, Sima Hui, Huang Chengyan, Shi Guangyuan and Cui Zhouping. , Xu Shu and other celebrities. His intelligence is recognized by everyone, and he has the ambition to bring order to the world. He paid close attention to the development of the current situation, so he knew the world situation well. Known as "Wolong". Marry Huang Chengyan's daughter as his wife.
In the twelfth year of Jian'an (AD 207), when Zhuge Liang was 27 years old, Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times, met with Zhuge Liang, and asked about the plan to unify the world. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation at the time incisively and proposed to capture Jing and Yi first. As a base, he reformed politics internally, united with Sun Quan externally, pacified the Yiyue and Yue in the south, and made peace with the Rong in the west. Waiting for the opportunity, he sent troops from both directions to the north to unify the strategic thinking of the country. This conversation is the famous "Longzhong Dui". After listening to Zhuge Liang's incisive and thorough analysis, Liu Bei's thoughts suddenly became enlightened. He felt that Zhuge Liang's talent was rare, so he sincerely asked Zhuge Liang to come out and help him complete the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang then went out to assist Liu Bei and joined forces with Sun Yat-sen to fight against Cao Cao. Cao's army was defeated in the Battle of Chibi. The three kingdoms formed a tripartite force and captured Jingzhou. In the 16th year of Jian'an, Yizhou was captured. Then he defeated Cao Jun and captured Hanzhong. In the twenty-sixth year, Liu Bei established the Shu Han regime in Chengdu. Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister, but he did not open a government to preside over the government.
In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), Liu Bei was critically ill in Yong'an. He called Zhuge Liang to pay attention to the funeral and said: "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will surely be able to stabilize the country and achieve great things. If your heir can do it, If he is not talented, you can take care of him yourself." Zhuge Liang cried hurriedly: "I will do my best to help each other and be loyal to the chastity until death!" The emperor came to the throne.
Liu Chan, the later lord of the Shu Han Dynasty, succeeded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was named the Marquis of Wuxiang and led the pastoral care of Yizhou. The Prime Minister's Office was established to handle daily affairs. At that time, all military, political, and financial matters in the country were decided by Zhuge Liang, with strict rewards and punishments. Externally, it formed an alliance with Soochow, and internally, it improved relations with all ethnic groups in the southwest, implemented farming, and strengthened war preparations. In the fifth year of Jianxing (AD 227), Liu Chan led his army to Hanzhong and made six northern expeditions to the Central Plains. Most of them were spent on food but without success. In the twelfth year, he finally became ill due to overwork and died of illness. In the original army of Wuzhang, he entrusted Jiang Wei with his funeral affairs.
Zhuge Liang was an orthodox thinker who upheld feudal principles and advocated Confucian loyalty and morality. However, Zhuge Liang did not adhere to Confucian dogma. He respected the king but did not resist the barbarians, and marched into the south. In the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang implemented the best national policy in the Three Kingdoms, and became a model for later generations with his spirit of "devoting his whole life to death".
China has described Zhuge Liang as a leader for thousands of years. The embodiment of wisdom, Zhuge Liang's legendary story has been passed down to the world. He was skilled in strategy, resourceful, and good at thinking. He once innovated the "Liannu", which can fire 10 arrows continuously; he also made the "Wooden Ox and Flowing Horse" to facilitate military transportation in the mountains. The art of war, the "Eight Formations", and the invention of the "Kongming Lantern"
Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan was a famous scholar at that time. Zhuge Liang's brother Zhuge Jin served as an official in Wu Sunquan, worshiped as the general and the governor of Zuo, and led the shepherd of Yuzhou. Liang's younger brother, Zhuge Dan, served in the Wei Dynasty as a official, and later moved to Yangzhou as governor, general of Zhendong, and Sikong. The three brothers were both famous, each in his own country. At that time, it was thought that "Sichuan had its dragon, and Wu had its dragon." Tiger, Wei got his dog'" ("Shishuo Xinyu? Pinzao" notes that the dog is a "dog of merit". Although it is not as good as a dragon or a tiger, it is still a very meritorious person, so it has a great reputation.) .
Chronology
Era, Age, Life and Deeds
Zhuge Liang, 181, 181 AD, April 14, 181 AD He was born in Langye Yangdu (now Yinan County, Shandong Province).
Zhuge Liang's biological mother Zhang passed away in 189, the 6th year of Zhongping.
In the third year of Chuping (192), at the age of 12, Zhuge Liang’s father Zhuge Gui passed away.
In 194, the first year of Xingping, at the age of 14, Zhuge Liang, his younger brother Zhuge Jun and his younger sister were adopted by their uncle Zhuge Xuan. His older brother Zhuge Jin went to Jiangdong with his stepmother.
In the 2nd year of Chuping (195), at the age of 15, Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan was appointed as the governor of Yuzhang. He and his younger siblings went to Yuzhang (now Nanchang) with his uncle.
In 197, the second year of Jian'an, Zhuge Xuan died of illness at the age of 17. Zhuge Liang and his siblings moved to Nanyang.
Jian'an 4th year, 199, 19 years old, Zhuge Liang and his friend Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shui Jing, Sima Hui.
Jian'an 12 years 207 years old 27 years old Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times. Zhuge Liang told Liu Bei a plan to divide the world into three parts, which is the famous "thatched cottage pair". He immediately came out to assist Liu Bei.
In the 13th year of Jian'an, 208 years, 28 years old, Zhuge Liang persuaded Sun Quan to form an alliance with Liu Bei, and participated in the Battle of Chibi and won.
In 209, the 14th year of Jian'an, at the age of 29, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the military advisor Zhonglang General.
Jian'an 16 years 211 years 31 years old Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun guarded Jingzhou.
In the 19th year of Jian'an, 214 years, 34 years old, Zhuge Liang left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and led troops with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to join forces with Liu Bei. Liu Bei entered Chengdu and took charge of Bashu. Zhuge Liang was appointed as the general of the Shu army's military division, the general of the left, and the chief minister of the government.
In the 20th year of Jian'an (215 years), at the age of 35, Zhuge Liang rectified the internal affairs of Bashu.
In the 23rd year of Jian'an, 218, 36 years old, Zhuge Liang stayed in Bashu to raise military supplies to supply Liu Bei who was fighting in Hanzhong.
In 221, the first year of Shu Zhangwu, at the age of 41, Liu Bei ascended the throne and established the Kingdom of Shu. Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister.
In 223, the first year of Jianxing of Shu, at the age of 43, Liu Bei entrusted Zhuge Liang to Baidi City. Liu Chan made Zhuge Liang the Marquis of Wuxiang and led Yizhou as a pastoralist.
2 years after the founding of Shu, 224 years old, 44 years old, Zhuge Liang adjusted the internal affairs of Bashu and stabilized the people who were in chaos due to Liu Bei's defeat.
In the 3rd year of the founding of Shu, 225 years and 45 years old, Zhuge Liang led his army to the south and stabilized the four southern counties.
In the 4th year of the founding of Shu, in 226, at the age of 46, Zhuge Liang prepared to attack Wei.
In 227, the 5th year of the founding of Shu, at the age of 47, Zhuge Liang submitted the "Execution Form" to his later master Liu Chan for the Northern Expedition.
In 228, the 6th year of the founding of Shu, at the age of 48, Zhuge Liang lost his street pavilion in the Northern Expedition. Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su with tears, demoted himself to the right general, and acted as prime minister.
In the 7th year of the founding of Shu, in 229 AD, at the age of 49, Zhuge Liang launched another northern expedition, captured Wudu and Yinping, and restored his position as prime minister.
In the 8th year of the founding of Shu, 230 years and 50 years old, Zhuge Liang made another northern expedition.
In the 9th year of the founding of Shu, 231 AD, at the age of 51, Zhuge Liang attacked Qishan in the northern expedition, defeated Sima Yi, and defeated Wei general Zhang He.
In the 11th year of the founding of Shu (233 AD), at the age of 53, Zhuge Liang built a pavilion in Xiegu to gather grain.
In the 12th year of the founding of Shu, in 234, at the age of 54, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan during another Northern Expedition.
Writings
Zhuge Liang’s writings are included in the original biography of "Three Kingdoms", including the "Catalogue of Zhuge's Collection", ***24 articles, one hundred and four thousand one hundred and eleven Twelve words.
Compiled by later generations, the "Collected Works of Marquis Zhuge Zhongwu" compiled by Zhang Shu of the Qing Dynasty is relatively complete.
Zhuge Liang's famous major works include: "The Master Before", "The Master After" (or the "Yunhou" chapter was forged by later generations in Zhuge's name, and the authenticity is doubtful), and "The Book of Commandments".
"Please announce the posthumous edict of Emperor Daxing"
Emperor Fuwei Daxing has great virtues and cultivates virtues. When the sun is about to rise and suddenly rise, my concubines will cry out, as if they were mourning their concubines. After taking into account the imperial edict, the affairs were for Emperor Taizong, and the whole family was affected by the loss and the loss; all the buildings mourned, and they took off their clothes after three days, and after the funeral, it was the same as etiquette. Chen Liang personally received the edict and feared the gods, so he did not dare to violate it. Please declare it and implement it.
○ "Three Kingdoms" Volume 32 "Shu Shu Biography of the First Lord".
"Southern Expedition Table"
At first, it was said that Gaoding lost his cave and gained his wife. He had exhausted all his plans and should return to his home to survive. However, Miao Man had a different intention, so he even killed people as allies, and gathered more than 2,000 of his kind, hoping to fight to the death. ○ "Beitang Shuchao" Volume 158.
"Execution of the Master"
The minister made it clear: The late emperor had not yet started his business, but the middle road collapsed. Today, Yizhou is in a state of exhaustion, and this is the time when the survival of the sincerity is in danger. However, the ministers of the bodyguard are tireless at home, and the loyal people forget about themselves outside. This is because they want to repay the special experience of the late emperor to His Majesty. It is sincerely appropriate to open Zhang Shengting to honor the legacy of the late emperor and to magnify the spirit of the people with lofty ideals. It is not appropriate to belittle oneself, to use metaphors that are unjust, and to block the road of loyalty and admonishment.
The palace, the palace, and the palace are all integrated into one body. There should be no differences or similarities between them. If there are those who commit crimes and are loyal and good, they should be punished and rewarded by a judge, so as to show that your majesty can govern the country in an orderly manner. It is not suitable to be partial and to impose different laws both internally and externally.
If you are foolish and think that all matters in the palace are no matter how big or small, if you consult them carefully and then implement them, you will definitely be able to make up for the deficiencies and bring widespread benefits.
If you are foolish and think that everything in the camp is no matter how big or small, if you consult it carefully, you will be able to make peace and harmony, and the good and the bad will be settled. Being close to virtuous ministers and staying away from villains is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; being close to villains and being distant from virtuous ministers is why the later Han Dynasty declined. When the late emperor was still alive, whenever he discussed this matter with his ministers, he would always sigh and hate Huan and Lingye. Shi Zhong, Shangshu, Changshi, and the army are all ministers who have been informed of Zhenliang's death. I hope your majesty will trust me, and the prosperity of the Han Dynasty will be just around the corner.
I am a commoner, plowing the land in Nanyang, surviving in troubled times, and not seeking to gain knowledge and reach the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and that he was in vain. He looked after his ministers in the thatched cottage three times, and his counselors were grateful for the affairs of the world, so they allowed the late emperor to ride with him. Later, when the army was overthrown, he was appointed to the position when the army was defeated, and he was ordered to be in danger. He has been in the past twenty-one years.
The late emperor was cautious in informing his ministers, so he sent his ministers important information before his death. Since receiving the order, I have been worried day and night, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and would harm the late emperor's wisdom, so I crossed Lu in the fifth month and went deep into the barren area. Now that the south has been secured and the armored troops are sufficient, we should lead the three armies with rewards and secure the central plains in the north. We will wipe out the common people and the dull people, drive out the traitors, revive the Han Dynasty, and return to the old capital. (North) [This] is why I reported to the late emperor and was loyal. Your Majesty's duty. As for considering profits and losses, and giving honest advice, then you, yi, and yun are left to their own devices.
May your Majesty ask your ministers to bring the thieves back to life; if they fail, then you will be punished for their crimes, so as to appeal to the spirit of the late emperor. If so, blame Youzhi, Yi, Yun, etc. for their slowness, so as to make the blame clear. It is also advisable for Your Majesty to make your own plans, consult with others on good deeds, and listen to elegant words. I deeply follow the late emperor's edict, and I am deeply grateful for the kindness.
I should stay away now. I am in tears and don’t know what I mean.
"The Book of Commandments"
A husband and a gentleman should cultivate their moral character through tranquility and cultivate virtue through frugality. Without indifference, there is no clear ambition; without tranquility, there is no far-reaching goal. Learning requires tranquility, and talent requires learning. Without learning, there is no way to expand talents, and without ambition, there is no way to achieve learning. If you are impatient and slow, you will not be able to stimulate your essence, and if you are dangerous and impetuous, you will not be able to cure your nature. Years go with the times, thoughts go with the sun, and they become withered and withered. Many people do not take on the world, and they stay in the poor house with sadness. How will they be able to get back to you!
Records in historical books
For details, see "Three Kingdoms". Volume 35? "Book of Shu: Biography of Zhuge Liang". Written by Chen Shou of Jin Dynasty.
Comments: Zhuge Liang is the prime minister of the country. He cares for the people, shows rituals, appoints officials, obeys the authority, is open-minded and sincere, and delivers justice. Those who are loyal and beneficial will be rewarded even if they are enemies, and those who violate the law and are negligent will be loved. Punishment is inevitable. Those who plead guilty and lose love will be released even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words will be killed even if they are light; good deeds will not be rewarded, and evil deeds will not be devalued; common things should be refined, physical principles should be followed, names should be followed and responsibilities should be fulfilled, hypocrisy Disdainful; finally within the territory of the country, those who are fearful but loving, although the punishment and administration are harsh but have no resentment, because of their calm intentions and clear warnings. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other. However, he has been trying to mobilize the masses for many years without success. He must adapt to the situation and make strategies, which is not his strength!
Historical evaluation
Chen Shou: ① Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the country, caring for the people, showing rituals, appointing officials, obeying the authority, being sincere, imparting justice, and being loyal and beneficial. Those who break the law and are careless must be punished, even if they are close to each other; those who admit guilt and lose love must be released, even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words must be killed, even if they are light; good deeds are not rewarded, and evil deeds are not devalued; simple things are refined and simple. , the foundation of physics is to follow the name and be responsible, and to despise hypocrisy; in the end, within the territory of the country, one is fearful but loves it, and those who have no resentment despite severe punishments and administrations, because of their calm intentions, are enlightened in admonishment. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other.
However, he has been trying to mobilize the masses for many years without success. It is not his strength to adapt to general strategies! ② When he is ready to die, his heir will be young and weak, and he will be dedicated to everything, no matter how big or small. Therefore, we connected with Soochow outside and pacified Nanyue inside. We implemented laws and regulations, organized the military and brigades, and used industrial and mechanical skills. Be self-reliant, do not pick up lost things, the strong does not invade the weak, and the demeanor is awe-inspiring. ③Li Shu thought about it and thought it was true. To this day, the people of Liang and Yi still hear the words in their ears from those who have consulted Liang. Although Gantang sings about Zhao Gong and Zheng people sing about Zichan, they are incomparable. Mencius once said: "If you use the way of leisure to make people work, they will not complain even if they work; if you use the way of life to kill people, they will not be angry even if they die." Believe it! Commentators may blame Liang for not being brilliant in his writing, but being too thorough and thorough by Ding Ning. The foolish minister thought that Jiu Yao was a great sage and the Duke of Zhou was a sage. He examined the ministers and found out that Jiu Yao was brief and elegant, and that the Duke of Zhou's edicts were troublesome and thorough. Why? Jiu Yao talked with Shun and Yu, and the Duke of Zhou swore an oath with his subordinates. Liang's words are meant for all ordinary people, so his writings cannot reach far. However, the last words of his teachings are all based on historical facts, and his sincerity and sincerity are reflected in his writings, which are enough to understand the person's thoughts and principles, and they can be useful to the current world. ④ However, a talented person is better at governing the army, a clever plan is a shortcoming, and managing the people is better than general strategy. However, the enemy we faced may have talented people, but the numbers were too small, and their attack and defense were different. Therefore, even though they mobilized the masses for many years, they were unable to defeat them. In the past, Xiao He recommended Han Xin, and Guan Zhong promoted Wang Zicheng's father. They all considered their own strengths and could not take advantage of both. A bright weapon can govern politics, but it can also control and Xiao's Yapi. At that time, the famous generals did not have Chengfu and Han Xin, so their achievements were delayed and their righteousness was not as good as evil? Destiny has its destiny and cannot be fought with intelligence. ⑤Liang rarely has the talent to stand out from the crowd and is the weapon of heroic domination. ⑥Prime Minister Zhuge was resolute, loyal and strong, forgetting himself and worrying about the country.
Character evaluation
Yang Xi: Zhongwu Yinggao, offering advice to Jiangbin, conquering Wu, Lianshu, and having the power to be true. After receiving the legacy of A Heng, he improved his martial arts and improved his writing, spread out his moral education, studied physics and moved the wind, and the wise and foolish competed with each other in their minds, forgetting their own bodies. In the country of Jingjing, the four descendants were Sui, and they repeatedly faced the enemy's court. They really showed off their power, studied the great country, and hated the Weiyi.
Zhang Yi: Rewards should not be far away, punishment should not be close, no title should be obtained without merit, and punishment should not be avoided by high power. This is why virtuous and foolish people forget their own bodies.
Jia Xu: Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country.
Liu Ye: Zhuge Liang was wise in governing and became prime minister.
Fu Qian: Zhuge Liangda knows how to manage changes, is upright and thoughtful, and acts as the prime minister.
Liu Bei: ①The king is ten times more talented than Cao Pi, and he will definitely be able to secure the country and finalize major events. ② The solitary one has holes, just like a fish has water.
Cao Rui: Great ambition but no opportunity, many plans but few decisions, good soldiers but no power!
Sima Yi: He is a genius in the world!
Memorial monuments
There are many memorial monuments to Zhuge Liang, dozens of them across the country. Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. He was named "Wuxianghou" during his lifetime (Wuxiang is in Wuxiang Town, Hanzhong City today). After his death, he was posthumously named "Zhongwuhou" by Liu Chan. Therefore, historically, his temple was honored as "Wuxianghou". Hou Temple". The earliest Wuhou Temple to commemorate Zhuge Liang is in Mian County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Wuhou Temple in Mian County was built in the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao (AD 263). Facing the Tomb of Marquis Wu in Dingjun Mountain. Wuhou Temple in Mian County is the No. 1 Wuhou Temple in the world. The Wuhou Temple in Mian County is located at the former site of the "Xingyuan Prime Minister's Mansion" where Zhuge Liang went to Hanzhong to station troops for the Northern Expedition. Currently, the most famous ones include Wuhou Temple in Chengdu and Wuhou Temple in Mian County, as well as Wuhou Temple in Nanyang, Wuhou Temple in Baidi City, Wuhou Temple in Baoshan, Yunnan, and Wuhou Temple in Qishan. In addition, there are the Wuzhangyuan Zhuge Temple built before the Tang Dynasty, the Wuhou Palace (Puqi, Hubei) built in the Ming Dynasty, the Huangling Temple (Yichang, Hubei) built during the Jian'an period, etc. Zhuge Town in Lanxi, Zhejiang is named after the descendants of Zhuge Liang who have lived here for generations. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall was built during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has fifty-two rooms of ancient buildings, which house Zhuge Liang's tomb. In recent years, the Lanxi Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has become increasingly famous and influential.
Invention and Creation
China has always focused on politics and military affairs and has never paid enough attention to science and technology. Zhuge Liang made special contributions in this regard. However, "Three Kingdoms" records three inventions of Zhuge Liang's wife Huang Yueying, "the profits and losses continued, and the wooden cows and horses were all unexpected." Pei's note quoted from "Wei's Spring and Autumn Annals": "It is also called Yuan Rong, which is called Yuan Rong. It uses iron as an arrow, and the arrow is eight inches long. One slave can fire ten arrows at a time." This is a major improvement in military affairs, which often gives it the upper hand when confronting the powerful Wei army. Even if Sima Yi led the army, he could only hold on. In frontal confrontations, the Shu and Wei armies were always on the same page until the end of Zhuge Liang's time. Wooden oxen and stray horses are improvements in means of transportation. In war, troops and horses are not moved, but food and grass go first. Improving production tools is also a major achievement.
Historical deeds about Zhuge Liang
1. Submission of the Wa people
As far back as 225 AD, the Kanamanjuan tribe of the Wa people living in the Gourd Kingdom and Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, signed an alliance to submit to the Shu Han court and vowed to guard the border and never rebel. For 1,700 years, the Wa people have always followed this covenant. In 1934, when the British army attacked the Banhong and Banlao areas, the Wa people kept this covenant in mind. King Banlao rose up to resist, organized the Wa armed forces, and swore an oath of allegiance to their most respected "grandfather" - Zhuge Liang. This is the famous "Ban Hong Incident".
2. The "Tea Ancestor" worshiped by six ethnic minorities.
"Pu'er Prefecture Chronicles and Ancient Relics" records: It is said that Marquis Wu traveled through the six mountains and left copper gongs in Youle, copper trowels in the wild branches, iron bricks in the wild bricks, and wooden bangs in Yibang. , buried the horses and pedals in Gedeng, and placed the throwing bags in Mancai, which is why the mountain is named after it. One of the six major tea mountains is called Kongming Mountain. The local people also call the tea tree "Kongming Tree" and respect Zhuge Liang as the "Ancestor of Tea".
To this day, the villages of the Jinuo, Blang, Wa, Dai, Hani and Zhuang ethnic groups hold a gathering called the "Tea Master Meeting" on Zhuge Liang's birthday every year, where they sing and dance while admiring the moon. , put out Kongming lanterns and worship Zhuge Liang.
Other records about Zhuge Liang
Eating melons and leaving seeds
There was a rule in Xiangyang: when you enter the watermelon garden, you can eat enough melons and seeds. It cannot be taken away. It is said that this "rule" was also invited by Ge Liang to stay.
The watermelon grown by Zhuge Liang is large, sweet, and sour without tail. Everyone who comes to Longzhong as a guest or passes by must go to the melon garden to satisfy their appetite. The old farmers around came to learn from him the experience of growing melons. He told them without reservation that the melons should be planted on sandy soil and covered with sesame cakes or sesame oil. Many people came to ask him for watermelon seeds. Because they had not paid attention to saving the seeds before, many people had to leave disappointed. The next year, the watermelon garden opened again, and he put a sign on the ground that read: "Eat the melon tubes and keep the seeds."
Zhuge Liang washed the melon seeds, dried them in the sun, and then Distributed to nearby melon farmers. Today, watermelons from Jiajiahu, Changfengzhou and Xiaofanzhou on the sandy land on both sides of the Han River are still famous for their large size, thin skin and sweet taste. In some places, the old rule of "eating melons and leaving seeds" is still followed.
Zhuge Liang captured Meng Huo seven times
The place Zhuge Liang captured Meng Huo seven times was located in Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province today. Zhuge Liang marched south, captured Meng Huo seven times, and defeated Nanzhong.
After the Battle of Yiling, Liu Bei died in sorrow and anger. Taking advantage of this opportunity, Yong Kai, a powerful Han nationality in Yizhou County (now eastern Yunnan), went to Shu and attached himself to Wu, inciting Meng Huo, the leader of the ethnic minorities in this county, and the surrounding counties to rebel. In order to stabilize the rear, Zhuge Liang made full preparations. In the spring of 225 AD, he divided his troops into three groups and marched into Nazhong (today's Yunnan, Guizhou and southwest Sichuan, this area is south of Bashu, so it is called Nazhong). Zhuge Liang adopted Ma Su's advice from joining the army: "attacking the heart is the first priority, attacking the city is the lowest priority; fighting with the heart is the highest priority, and fighting with soldiers is the lowest priority." After killing other rebel leaders, Zhuge Liang sent his troops across the Lu River (today's Jinsha River, Panzhihua, Sichuan) in May. City to Jinyang), and captured Meng Huo alive in Pandong (now the area of ??Qujing and Luxi, Yunnan).
Meng Huo has a particularly high prestige among the local ethnic minorities and Han people. If he can be sincerely surrendered, Nanzhong will be stabilized and Shu's worries will be relieved. Therefore, Zhuge Liang not only did not kill Meng Huo, but also took him to visit the Shu army's camp, but Meng Huo responded arrogantly: "I only regret that I didn't know your true and false intentions before, so I was defeated. Now, thank you for letting me see you." If our camp looks like this, it will be too easy to defeat you!" After Zhuge Liang heard Meng Huo's words, he knew that Meng Huo was not convinced, so he immediately let him go back and fight again. After fighting and being captured again, and being captured again and again, when he was captured for the seventh time, Meng Huo was still allowed to regroup and decide the outcome. At this time, Meng Huo prostrated himself in front of Zhuge Liang and said, "Sir, you are really powerful. We will never rebel again." Seeing that Meng Huo was finally convinced, Zhuge Liang recommended him to serve as an official in Chengdu, and also appointed local people as officials. After that, during Zhuge Liang's lifetime, there was no major turmoil in Nanzhong. From then on, Kong Ming no longer worried about the Nanman and concentrated on dealing with Wei.
Fengjie Baidi City----Liu Bei Tuogu and Shui Ba Zhen
Baidi City is located at the mouth of Qutang Gorge, the first gorge of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. Baidi City, located on the north side of Kuimen and straddling the throat of Sichuan and Hubei, is a military fortification. It has a wide area and a long history.
It was the first century AD (the end of the Western Han Dynasty). Gongsun Shu took control of Shu and called himself "White Emperor", where he built a city and fortified it. During the Three Kingdoms period, Emperor Liu Bei of the Shu Han Dynasty was defeated in his attack on Wu and retreated to Baidi City. He died of illness in Yong'an Palace. Before his death, he entrusted the affairs of the country (half of the country) and the family (only the orphan alive) to Prime Minister Zhuge Liang. This is the well-known "Liu Bei Tuogu" in China. The existing Baidi Temple is a Qing Dynasty building, including Mingliang Hall, Wuhou Temple, Tuogu Hall, Star Gazing Pavilion, etc., which promote historical celebrities related to "Tuogu" from many aspects.
The Eight Formations of Water are located on the north bank of the Yangtze River, about six miles east of Fengjie County, Sichuan Province today. It is said that Zhuge Liang once built stones on the dam to form the Eight Formations of Water, commonly known as the "Eight Formations of Water". On the formation diagram, there are eight vertical and horizontal rows of stone barriers, with a distance of two feet between the rows, totaling sixty-four.
Zhuge Liang and the Empty City Plan
Zhuge Liang’s Empty City Plan can be seen in the 95th chapter of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" "Ma Su refused to admonish and lost his place in the street pavilion. Marquis Wu played the zither and retreated to Zhongda"
Zhuge Liang's empty city plan first appeared not in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but in the notes (Guo Chong Sanshi) from the "Three Kingdoms" written by Chen Shou, the official historian.
Zhuge Liang’s Wisdom
The wisdom of Zhuge Liang, the “Sage of Wisdom”, is mainly reflected in the following eight aspects:
1. Not greedy for power.
He is a great minister, but he does not pursue personal power, does not exercise power, and is not enslaved by power.
2. Do not seek personal gain.
He only lives on his salary and does not use his power for personal gain.
In "The Book of Commandments", he put forward strict requirements, "The journey of a husband and a gentleman should be quiet to cultivate one's morality, and frugal to cultivate virtue. If it is not indifferent, it will not clear its aspirations, and if it is not quiet, it will not reach far." ```" He lives in an indifferent and peaceful manner. He said to his lord, "If on the day of my death, I don't have any leftover silk inside or gain money outside, I will be indebted to Your Majesty." When he died, it was indeed as he said.
3. Be strict with yourself.
In the battle of Jieting, Ma Di violated the rules and caused the defeat, but he took the initiative to take responsibility and demoted himself to the third level.
He issued several proclamations encouraging soldiers to speak out and remonstrate, asking everyone to criticize their own mistakes and shortcomings. During his time in power, if mistakes were made, he would never leave them to others, but would self-examine and discipline himself. Although Li Yan and others were guilty of serious crimes, they all blamed themselves and reflected on their losses.
4. Know people well and assign them well.
With his broad mind and pure heart, he selected and reused a large number of talents.
His criterion for selecting and employing people is that they have both ability and political integrity. He did not care about family background or seniority, but used people in an unconventional way, boldly granting important positions and entrusting them with important responsibilities. He Zhi was originally a clerk under Yang Hong, the prefect of Shu County. Yang Hong was also a minor official of Li Yan, the prefect of Jianwei County. Both He and Yang were successively promoted to prefects by Zhuge Liang, along with Li Yan. For this reason, he was praised as "the Western scholar who convinced Zhuge Liang was able to make the best use of the people of his time."
When Zhuge Liang was the Prime Minister of Shu, in order to recruit talents, he built a recruitment platform in the southern suburbs of Chengdu. After Liu Bei's death, he reused a group of outstanding talents with both political integrity and talent. Such as Jiang Wan, Li Shao, Ma Xun, Zong Yu, Du Wei, Ma Zhong, Qin Mi, Dong Yun, etc. This move of hiring people was praised as a "virtual move" by people at the time.
In "Execution of the Master", he started from the principle of "be close to the virtuous ministers and stay away from the villains", and solemnly recommended Dong Yun, Xiang Chong, etc. to his master. His fairness and purity of heart are rare. . Among the civil and military officials Zhuge Liang re-employed, there were both scholars from Jingchu and Shu, Liu Zhang's old troops, and generals from Wei. They had no disadvantages of cliques, and had the broad mind to embrace all "from all corners of the country" and unite them. The vast majority of people.
There was a saying at the time: "Anyone who has done good things, even if you and Zhuge Liang don't know each other, Zhuge Liang will definitely reward you if he knows it; anyone who has done bad things, even if you and Zhuge Liang are relatives, Zhuge Liang will definitely reward you." I will also punish you." Zhuge Liang enforces the law strictly in this way, with clear rewards and punishments.
5. Treat others with humility.
If Zhuge Liang is compared with the celebrities at that time, Kong Rong, Mi Heng and others, it is obvious that the latter's reputation is not the same, even compared with the extremely talented Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Sima Yi. A cut above. Zhuge Liang was selfless and fearless, modest and prudent, thoughtful, far-sighted, good at learning from the strengths of others, and melted into courage.
6. Governing Shu well.
Zhuge Liang's criminal law in governing Shu was quite strict. He and Fa Zheng and others formulated the code "Shu Ke" and also drafted the "Eight Affairs", "Seven Precepts", "Six Fears" and "Five Fears" Waiting for subjects.
Zhuge Liang promoted the development of agriculture in Shu. He attached great importance to the Dujiangyan water conservancy project, created "Yan officials" for full-time management, and adopted a policy of combining farming with war and farming with war to solve the military food problem. Zhuge Liang also paid great attention to handicraft industry. He resumed the salt and iron franchise and went to the site to inspect the use of natural gas to boil salt. And set up "jinguan" in the city for special management. Later generations called Chengdu "Jinguan City", which originated from this. Zhuge Liang said: "Today, the people are in dire straits and the country is weak. The only way to defeat the enemy is to rely on Jin Er."
Because Zhuge Liang not only promoted the development of production from the perspective of war, but more importantly, from the perspective of stabilizing people's lives. Policies were formulated to develop production, and as a result, the Shu region became prosperous and stable with "expanded fields, solid warehouses, sharp tools, and abundant reserves."
7. Serve the people diligently.
Zhuge Liang is a hero who knows what he can't do. He believes that everything is done by God and man is responsible for planning. In "Longzhong Dui", it is pointed out that "it is not just the timing of heaven, but also the plans of people." This belief lasted throughout Zhuge Liang's life. He was down-to-earth, conscientious, and hands-on in everything he did. After receiving the order, he worried day and night to revitalize the Shu Han and unify China.
8. Be upright and honest.
Zhuge Liang is not arrogant and does not pursue excessive fame and privileges. Li Yan once encouraged Zhuge Liang to add Jiuxi and become king. Zhuge Liang was unmoved and refused sternly: "Today's pursuit of the thieves has not been effective, and the confidant has not responded. However, it is not right to favor Qi Ting and sit in a noble position. If Wei Zhanrui is destroyed, his former residence is restored, and he is promoted along with the other disciples. Although ten lives can be accepted, how about nine evils? "
The rise and fall of the country is higher than personal honor and disgrace. Don't be confused by the desire for power, and don't be burdened by fame and fortune. He is loyal and loyal to his close friends, and can be regarded as a model of loyal ministers and good officials in China's past dynasties.
To sum up, in order to repay Liu Bei's "favor of knowing him", Zhuge Liang worked hard to assist Liu Bei in reviving the Han Dynasty, dedicated himself to death, and died. He gave full play to his ingenuity and proposed "crossing Jing and benefiting", "conquering the Rong in the west", "pacifying the Yiyue in the south", "making good friends with Sun Quan externally", "cultivating political principles internally", and "resisting Cao Cao". of statecraft. He used both Confucianism and Legalism, governed the country by law, enforced the law strictly, and distinguished rewards and punishments; he valued talents and appointed people according to their merits; he assessed the situation and constantly adjusted domestic and foreign policies; he valued agricultural life, appeased exiles, treated corvee lightly, and developed society Economy; he personally led the army in the Northern Expedition, innovated weapons and equipment, and invented the Kongming Lantern, the Wooden Ox and the Flowing Horse, etc. His life was full of wisdom, and he was praised by all Chinese dynasties as the embodiment of wisdom.
In fact, Zhuge Liang is not as smart as in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Luo Guanzhong just deified him.