Jumping on trees and climbing branches, picking flowers and fruits; throwing marbles, what?; running Build a pagoda in a sand nest; catch dragonflies and beat wax wax; pray to God and worship Bodhisattvas; pull kudzu vines and weave grass; catch lice, bite and pinch them; straighten sweaters and pick nails; touch and rub; push. Pushing and pressing, pulling and pulling, he was allowed to be stubborn under the green pine forest, and a group of monkeys played for a while, but then went to take a bath in the mountain stream. It is like a rolling melon splashing. An ancient saying goes: "Birds have their own language, and animals have their own animal language." "All the monkeys said: "I don't know where this water comes from. We had nothing to do today, so we walked up the stream to look for its source and have some fun! "With a shout, they all dragged men and women, called brothers and brothers, and ran together, climbing up the mountain along the stream, until they reached the source of the stream, where there was a waterfall and flying spring. But when they saw it:
A white rainbow rose, Thousands of snow waves are flying; the sea breeze blows constantly, and the moon shines on the river.
The air-conditioning divides the green mountains, and the remaining water is moist; the gurgling waterfall is like a hanging curtain.
He clapped his hands and praised: "Good water! Good water! It turns out that this place is far away from the foot of the mountain, directly to the waves of the sea. "He added: "Whoever has the ability to get in and find the source of the water without harming his body, we will worship him as our king. "After calling three times in a row, I suddenly saw a stone monkey jumping out of the bushes, shouting in response: "I'm going in!" I'm in! "Good monkey! It's him too:
Today he is famous, and he will have great luck; if he is destined to live here, the king will send him to the fairy palace.
Look at him, crouching down with his eyes closed, and his body Suddenly, he jumped into the waterfall. He suddenly opened his eyes and looked up. There was no water or waves, but a clear bridge. He stopped, calmed down, and looked carefully. It turned out to be an iron bridge. The water under the bridge rushed through the stone holes and flowed out, closing the bridge door. But when I walked further and looked at it, it looked like someone was living there. What a wonderful place.
There are piles of blue moss, white clouds and jade, and smoky haze in the empty window. There are flowers hanging on the sliding stools, and traces of fire lingering all over the place. , Zun - The stone base and stone bed are so cute, and the stone basin and bowl are even more impressive. There are also two bamboo poles and three-point-five plum trees.
With the rain, it looked like someone's home.
After looking at it for a long time, I jumped over the middle of the bridge and looked around. I saw a stone tablet in the middle, with the words "Huaguoshan Blessed Land" written in regular script on it. Shuiliandong Cave. "The stone monkey was so happy that he hurriedly walked out. He closed his eyes and crouched down, jumped out of the water, hit two people and shouted: "Great fortune! Great fortune! The monkeys surrounded him and asked, "How is it inside?" How deep is the water? "The stone monkey said: "No water! No water! It turned out to be an iron bridge. Beyond the bridge is an estate made in heaven. The monkeys said: "How can it be seen that it is a property?" "The stone monkey laughed and said: "This water rushed through the stone bridge under the bridge and hung upside down to cover the door. There are flowers and trees beside the bridge, which is a stone house. There are stone nests, stone stoves, stone bowls, stone basins, stone beds, and stone benches in the room. On a stone tablet in the middle, there is an inscription "Huaguoshan Blessed Land, Water Curtain Cave and Heaven." ’ This is where we live. It is spacious inside and can accommodate thousands of people, old and young. Let's all go in and stay, so as not to suffer God's anger. Here:
There is a place to hide when the wind blows, and it is easy to stay safe when it rains. There is no fear of frost or snow, and the thunder will never be heard.
The mist always shines, and the auspiciousness evaporates every time. The pines and bamboos are beautiful every year, and the exotic flowers are new every day. "
When all the monkeys heard this, they were all happy and said: "You should go first and take us in, go in!" But the stone monkey closed his eyes and squatted down, jumped in, and shouted: "Follow me in!" Come in! "The bold ones jumped in; the timid monkeys stretched their heads and necks, scratched their ears and cheeks, shouted loudly, and after a while, they all jumped in. They jumped over the bridge and grabbed the basin and bowl one by one. The stove is moved here and there, and the bed is moved. It is because of the stubborn nature of monkeys that they will never rest until they are tired and exhausted. It can.
’ Only if you have the ability to enter and exit without harming your body, then you will worship him as your king. Now I come in and go out, go out and come in again, and I have found this cave to sleep peacefully with you all. Everyone enjoys the blessing of starting a family. Why don't you worship me as your king? "When all the monkeys heard about it, they bowed down without any violation. They lined up their teeth one by one and bowed upward, and they were all called "the thousand-year-old king". From then on, the stone monkey ascended the throne and hid the word "stone", so he called him "the thousand-year-old king". The Monkey King. There is a poem to prove it:
The three yangs are in harmony, and the immortal stone cells contain the essence of the sun and the moon. The surname is Pei Dancheng.
Internal understanding is due to no form, and external understanding is tangible.
Everyone in the past has been called the Monkey King. He led a group of apes, macaques, horse monkeys, etc., assigned monarchs, ministers, and envoys. They traveled to Huaguo Mountain in the morning and stayed in the Water Curtain Cave in the evening. They were in harmony with each other. They did not go among the birds or follow the beasts. They were kings alone. It was a joy. Take:
Pick flowers for food in spring, harvest fruits for life in summer
Harvest taro and chestnuts in autumn, and look for yellow flowers in winter. The king enjoyed his innocence for three to five hundred years. One day, while he was having a wedding with a group of monkeys, he suddenly became worried and burst into tears. The monkeys hurriedly bowed to him and said, "Why is your king so troubled?" The Monkey King said: "Although I am happy, I am a little far-sighted, so I am troubled." The monkeys laughed again and said, "The king is so dissatisfied!" We meet happily every day, in the blessed land of fairy mountains and the ancient caves of China. We are not governed by unicorns or phoenixes, nor are we bound by human thrones. Being free and at ease is an immeasurable blessing. Why worry about the future? "Monkey King said: "Although today I am not subject to the laws of the human king, I am not afraid of the majesty of animals. In the future, when I am old and my blood is weak, I will be secretly controlled by the King of Hell. Once I die, will I be reborn in the world in vain and not be able to live among gods and humans for a long time? "When all the monkeys heard this, they covered their faces and cried sadly, all worried about impermanence.
I saw a straight-backed ape suddenly jumped out of the group and shouted loudly: "If the king is like this Being far-sighted is what is called the development of the Taoist mind! Now within the five insects, there are only three levels of name and form, which are not under the control of Yama, the King of Hell. The Monkey King said: "Do you know those three classes of people?" "The ape said: "It is the Buddha, the Immortal and the Holy Three who escape reincarnation, are immortal and live as long as the heaven, earth, mountains and rivers. The Monkey King said: "Where do these three people live?" "The ape said: "He is only in the world of Jambudvipa, in the ancient cave and the fairy mountain. "When the Monkey King heard this, he was filled with joy and said: "Tomorrow I will bid farewell to you and go down the mountain, travel around the corners of the world, and travel to the ends of the earth. I must visit these three people to learn how to live forever and avoid the troubles of the Lord of Hell. "Ah! With these words, Dunjiao jumped out of the net of reincarnation and became the Monkey King. All the monkeys applauded and praised, and they all said: "How good! How good! Tomorrow I will cross the mountains and climb mountains, search for some fruits, and hold a grand banquet in honor of the king. ”
The next day, all the monkeys went to pick fairy peaches, pick exotic fruits, and dig yams. There were Polygonatum japonicum, Zhilan, Xianghui, Yaocao and other exotic flowers on the left and right. , neatly laid out stone stools and tables, arranged with delicious wine and delicacies:
Golden balls with red blooms and yellow fat, golden balls with waxed cherries, the color is really sweet; red with yellow blooms. Fat and ripe plums, with a fruity and sour taste. Fresh longan, with sweet flesh and thin skin; lychees with red core and small capsules are present on the branches; loquats with buds and leaves; rabbit heads, pears, chicken hearts and jujubes. The peach and rotten apricots are as sweet as jade nectar; the crisp plums and red bayberry are as acidic and sour as cream cheese; the red sacs and black seeds are ripe; the four-petal yellow-skinned big persimmons are cracked, and the red sand grains are like fire crystal beads. The taro and chestnut are cut open, and the hard meat is made of golden agate. The walnuts and ginkgo can be used for tea, and the hazelnuts and grapes can be used to make wine. Coix is ??cooked in the stone pot over a low fire. Even if there are delicacies in the world, how can it be more peaceful than the mountain monkeys? The monkeys sit on top, each with their teeth and shoulders lined up below, and each one takes turns to come forward and serve wine. , offered flowers and fruits, and drank heavily for a day. The next day, the Monkey King got up early and taught: "Young boys, fold some dead pine trees for me, make a raft, use a bamboo pole to make a pole, and pack some fruits and so on. , I will go too. "Guo boarded the raft alone, stretched it as hard as he could, drifted into the waves of the sea, and took advantage of the wind to cross the border of Nanfangbuzhou. This time, it was exactly that:
Tianchanxian The monkey's path is prosperous, leaving the mountain and riding a raft to take advantage of the wind.
Walking across the sea to find the immortal path, determined to make great achievements.
If you are destined to leave the secular world, you will be free from worries. Yuanlong.
The Monkey King said: "According to you, he is a gentleman who practices filial piety, which will definitely bring benefits in the future. I hope you can point me to the residence of the gods, which will be easy to visit." The woodcutter said: "Not far, not far. This mountain is called Lingtai Fangcun Mountain. There is a three-star cave with a slanting moon in the mountain. There is an immortal in that cave, named Patriarch Subhuti. There are countless disciples of the Patriarch. There are still three Forty people follow him to practice. You go southward for seven or eight miles, and you will find his home." The monkey king grabbed the woodcutter with his hand and said, "Brother, you can go with me. I will never forget your kindness in guiding me." The woodcutter said, "You are a very inflexible man. I just told you this, and you still don't care if I go with you. Who will take care of my business? I want to cut firewood, so you can go alone.”
The monkey king had no choice but to say goodbye. After leaving the deep forest, I found a path and crossed a hillside. About seven or eight miles away, I saw a cave. Stand up and watch, it’s a great place! But see:
The haze scatters colors, and the sun and moon shake their light. Thousands of old cypress trees, thousands of knots are repaired. Thousands of old cypresses are green in the sky with the rain; thousands of bamboos are being repaired, and the color of the valley is green with smoke. There are exotic flowers and brocades outside the door, and the fragrance of Yao grass beside the bridge. The stone cliffs are abrupt and green with moss, and the overhanging walls are high and green moss grows. Every now and then I hear the chirping of the cranes, and every time I see the phoenix flying. When the crane chirps, the sound trembles far into the sky; when the phoenix soars, its feathers are in five-colored clouds. The black ape and the white deer are hidden, and the golden lion and the jade elephant are hiding in hiding. Take a closer look at Lingfu Land, it’s really a racing paradise! Then I saw that the door of the cave was closed and it was quiet and no one was around. Suddenly I turned around and saw a stone sign standing at the top of the cliff, about three feet high and eight feet wide. There was a line of ten characters on it, which read: "Lingtai Fangcun Mountain, Slanting Moon and Three Stars Cave." The Monkey King was very happy and said: "The people here are really simple. There are mountains and caves like this." After looking at the hook for a long time, he did not dare to knock on the door. Let's go and jump on the top of the pine branches, pick pine nuts, eat them and play.
After a while, there was only a sound, the cave door opened, and a fairy boy walked out. He was really majestic, with a strange appearance, different from ordinary people. But I saw him: -
A bun with double silk ribbons, a wide robe with two sleeves. Appearance and body are separate, and mind and appearance are both empty.
There is a long-term guest outside the things, but a long-lasting child in the mountains. Not a speck of stain, even the armor is allowed to churn.
The boy came out and shouted: "Who is causing trouble here?" The Monkey King jumped down from the tree, stepped forward and bowed: "Fairy boy, I am a Taoist scholar. Immortal disciples don’t dare to disturb you here.” The fairy boy smiled and said, “Are you a Taoist?” The monkey king said, “Yes.” The boy said, “My master is just staying here and is preaching on the altar. Before explaining the reason, he asked me to come out and open the door and said, "There is a cultivator outside, please go and greet him." The monkey king smiled and said, "It's me." The boy said, "You." Come in with me."
The Monkey King, dressed solemnly, followed the boy into the depths of the cave to watch: the layers of deep pavilions and towers, and the tranquility that could not be described as soon as he entered the Pearl Palace. He lives in a secluded room until he is under Yaotai. I saw the Bodhi Patriarch sitting on the stage, with thirty little immortals on both sides standing under the stage. Sure enough, it is:
The great enlightened golden immortal has no stained appearance, the Western Wonderful Appearance Patriarch Bodhi;
It is neither born nor destroyed in the three or three elements, full of energy and full of infinite kindness.
The emptiness and stillness will change naturally, just like the original nature;
With the same life as the heaven, the solemn body, the Great Master of Mingxin has gone through many calamities.
When the Monkey King saw it, he fell down and kowtowed countless times. He only said: "Master! Master! My disciple is dedicated to salute! Be dedicated to salute!" The Patriarch said: "You are that person? "Fang Ren's name?" The Monkey King said, "Disciple Dongsheng Shenzhou comes from Shuiliandong, Huaguoshan." The Patriarch ordered: "Get out of here!" Disciple, what kind of Taoist cultivation is there?" The Monkey King hurriedly kowtowed and said, "Disciple is speaking honestly, and there is absolutely no lies." The Patriarch said, "Since you are honest, how can you tell me that you should go to Dongsheng Shenzhou? , separated by two great seas, there is a Nanbu continent, how can we get here?" The Monkey King kowtowed and said: "I have traveled across the ocean and traveled across the world for more than ten years before I came here."
The Patriarch said: "It's just a matter of time. What's your surname?" The Monkey King said again: "I have no sex. If people scold me, I won't be angry; if people hit me, I won't be angry. I just want to accompany you. That’s all. There is no sex in life.” The Patriarch said, “It’s not this sex.
What were your parents' original surnames? The Monkey King said: "I have no parents either." The Patriarch said: "Since you have no parents, you think you were born on a tree?" "The Monkey King said: "Although I am not born from a tree, I grow from a stone. I only remember that there was a fairy stone on Huaguo Mountain. When the stone broke, I was born. "When the Patriarch heard this, he secretly rejoiced: "These words were created by heaven and earth. Get up and walk around, let me see. "The Monkey King jumped up and walked twice. The Patriarch smiled and said: "Although your body is humble, you look like a hozen eating pine cones. I will give you a surname, and I will give you the surname "Hong". The word "猢" went to the side of a beast, but it was Gu Yue. The ancient means old; the moon means yin. Lao Yin cannot transform and educate, so it would be better to teach you a surname of ‘狲’. The word "狲" has gone to the animal side, but it is a sub-lineage. The son is a son; the tie is a baby. Just in line with the basic theory of babies. Let me teach you that your last name is ‘Sun’. "When the Monkey King heard about it, he was filled with joy and kowtowed to him: "Okay! good! good! Today I know my surname. Wanwang Master has mercy! Since he has a surname, it would be easier to call him by giving him a name. "The Patriarch said: "There are twelve characters in our sect, and we are assigned to name you until you are the tenth generation disciple. The Monkey King said: "Those twelve characters?" "The Patriarch said: "It is the twelve characters of Guang, Da, Zhi, Hui, Zhen, Ru, Xing, Hai, Ying, Wu, Yuan, and Enlightenment. It’s time for you to ‘enlighten’ the word. How about I give you a Dharma name called ‘Sun Wukong’? The Monkey King smiled and said, "Okay!" good! good! From now on, he is called Sun Wukong! "It's exactly: Hongmeng first established the original without a surname, and it took Wukong to break the stubbornness.
1. Introduction to "Journey to the West":
"Journey to the West" is a novel written by Wu Cheng'en. "Journey to the West" is one of the four classic Chinese classics. It is the first romantic chapter-length novel about gods and demons in ancient China. None of the 100 chapters of "Journey to the West" published in the Ming Dynasty are signed by the author. It was first proposed that the author of "Journey to the West" was from the Ming Dynasty. Wu Chengen was written by Wu Yuqi and other Qing Dynasty scholars[1]. This book is based on the historical event of "Tang Monk's Study of Buddhist Scriptures". Through the author's artistic processing, it profoundly depicts the social reality at that time and mainly describes the birth and subsequent encounters of Sun Wukong. The story tells the story of Tang Monk, Zhu Bajie and Sha Monk, who defeated demons along the way and protected Tang Monk on his journey to the west to obtain Buddhist scriptures. After going through eighty-one hardships, he finally reached the West and met the Tathagata Buddha, and finally the Five Saints became true.
Since "Journey to the West" came out, it has been widely circulated among the people. Various versions have emerged in endlessly. There are six versions published in the Ming Dynasty, seven kinds published and copied in the Qing Dynasty, and thirteen versions recorded in classics have been lost. After the Opium War, a large number of Chinese classical literary works were translated into Spanish. "Journey to the West" was gradually introduced to Europe and the United States, and was translated into English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Esperanto, and Swahili. He has published many research papers and monographs in Russian, Czech, Romano, Polish, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese languages, and has given high praise to this novel and "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and "Water Margin". "A Dream of Red Mansions" is also known as one of the four classic Chinese works.
2. Interpretation of the work: One hundred chapters of "Journey to the West" are roughly divided into three parts.
The first seven chapters are about stone. Giving birth to the Immortal Monkey, Havoc in the Dragon Palace, Havoc in the Underworld, and Havoc in the Heavenly Palace are mainly about the extraordinary origins and magical powers of Sun Wukong, the protector of the Western Heaven. They highlight the combat theme of the book and are also the most exciting part of the book. The Monkey King, who was born out of stone, had no father or mother. He jumped and found a "cave paradise" under the fire iron bridge of the Water Curtain Cave. He lived a free life without being bound by the throne of the human world. He also traveled across the sea alone, visited teachers and sought Taoism, and learned seventy-two transformations. He could travel thousands of miles in one step. Only then did he ask for the treasured helmet and golden cudgel from the Dragon Palace. , went to Hades to forcefully remove his name from the book of life and death, and the Monkey King disrupted the order of the "Three Realms". The Dragon King and the King of Hell appealed to the Heavenly Court, but failed to "send generals to capture him", and then came to "reveal him" and sealed him. The "Monkey King" was appointed as the "horse plague" of the heavenly court, and he tried to deceive, but Sun Wukong saw through the trick. He rebelled again and again, and released the Pegasus one after another, and stole all the ripe peaches in Panyuan. After using up Laojun's elixir, he refined the Fire-Eye Venus after being captured. Unfortunately, he could not defeat the Tathagata's "boundless Dharma" in the end, and was trapped under the Five Elements Mountain by the Tathagata. He spent five hundred years of hardships until he accompanied Tang Monk to the West to learn Buddhist scriptures.
The eighth to twelfth chapters describe the teachings of the Tathagata, Guanyin imitating the monk, Wei Zheng slaying the dragon, Tang Monk was born, etc. They mainly introduce the origin of the Buddhist scriptures and the life experience of the other four members of the Buddhist scriptures group. The connection and transition of the main parts.
The Thirteenth Return to Chapter 100, the Western Heaven to obtain scriptures. It writes that Sun Wukong was forced to convert to Buddhism, protected Tang Monk in obtaining scriptures, and with the help of Bajie and Sha Seng, he slayed monsters and monsters all the way, and became a "righteous man" in the West. After ninety-nine and eighty-one hardships, he wrote forty-one stories. . During the entire journey of seeking scriptures from the West, we passed through nine countries including Baoxiang, Wuji, Chechi, Xiliang, Jisai, Zhuzi, Bhikkhu, Miefa, and Tianzhu, as well as Fengxian County, Yuhua Prefecture, and Jinping Prefecture (all belonging to Tianzhu). Kingdom) three places, these are the kingdoms of the world; and defeated the White Bone Demon in Baihuling, the yellow-robed monster in the black pine forest, the Golden and Silver Horned King in Pingding Mountain, the Holy Infant King (Red Boy) in the Haoshan Fire Cloud Cave, and the Black Water The dragon of the river, the inspiration king of Tongtian River, the one-horned rhinoceros king of Jindou Mountain, the Ruyi Immortal of Jie Yang Mountain, the false Sikong six-eared macaque, the Rakshasa girl and the Bull Demon King of Flame Mountain, the vegetation monsters of Muxian Temple, The yellow-browed old Buddha in Xiao Leiyin, the snake spirit in Qise Mountain, the spider spirit in Pansi Cave, the hundred-eyed devil in Huanghua Temple, the blue-haired lion in Tuoling, the yellow-tusked old elephant and Wanlipeng in Yuncheng, and the Yinwu Mountain The King of Nanshan and Lady Diyong of Yinkong Mountain also experienced a misunderstanding: they had a fight with the Immortal Zhenyuan of Wuzhuangguan.
It needs to be pointed out that the hardships Tang Seng and his disciples encountered in the human kingdom, with the exception of a few places such as France, Fengxian County, and bandits, were all directly or indirectly related to demons. In the Wuji Kingdom, he fought with the green-haired lion; in the Chechi Kingdom, he fought with the great immortals of tiger power, deer power, and sheep power; in the Xiliang Women's Kingdom, he fought with the scorpions in the Pipa Cave of the Poisonous Enemy Mountain; in the Jisai Kingdom, he fought with the powerful immortals. The All Saints Dragon King fights, the Nine-Headed Prince Consort fights; in Zhuzi Kingdom, he fights Sai Taisui of Qilin Mountain; in Bhikkhu Kingdom, he fights with White Deer Spirit of Qinghua Cave; in Jinping Mansion, he fights with Rhinoceros Spirit of Qinglong Mountain; and finally, in Tianzhu The country fights with the Jade Rabbit who descended from the Toad Palace. In short, 90% of all the hardships that Tang Monk and his disciples encountered on their way westward were caused by demons; only a few, such as Xishitong and Jingjiling, were caused by natural forces and other kinds of hardships. In this way, the theme of the last eighty-eight chapters naturally comes down to eliminating harm for the people, so it is still positive and optimistic.
The way mythological novels reflect social real life is significantly different from other novels. It adopts the contradictions of real life as the theme of the novel, which is not only typified but also abstracted. As Gorky said: "Myth is a kind of fiction" and is "inferred based on the logic of the hypothesis." Ancient Chinese myths include Kuafu chasing the sun, Yi shooting nine days, Jingwei filling the sea, etc.
3. Introduction to the author
The author’s biography: Wu Chengen (about 1504-1582), a native of the Ming Dynasty. The courtesy name is Ruzhong and the nickname is from Sheyangshan. A native of Yangshan, Huai'an (now Huai'an, Jiangsu). Based on folklore, storybooks and dramas, he created the world-famous mythological novel "Journey to the West". This is a representative work of romanticism in ancient Chinese novels, full of fantasy. ?
4. Historical background
Tang Monk’s study of Buddhist scriptures is a real thing in history. About 1,300 years ago, in the first year of Zhenguan (627) of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang, a 25-year-old young monk, led a disciple to leave Chang'an, the capital, and went to Tianzhu (India) to study alone. After setting off from Chang'an, he passed through Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
Xuan Zang went through many hardships and finally reached India. He studied there for more than two years and was a keynote speaker at a large-scale debate on Buddhist scriptures, where he received praise.