There are three main sources of the surname Zhang:
1. After the Yellow Emperor, he was the ancestor.
According to the "New Book of Tang Dynasty: Genealogy List of Prime Ministers": " The fifth son of the Qingyang clan, Shaohao, the Yellow Emperor's son, wielded the bow and began to make bows and arrows. His descendants gave him the surname Zhang. "The Zhang clan was directly passed down from the Yellow Emperor. It originated in Qingyang of Yincheng State and is now in Shanxi. It is near Jinci Temple in the southwest of Taiyuan City, and later famous families also came from this area.
The surname Zhang is an ancient surname that originated from a distant legendary era. It is said that the ancestor of the surname Zhang was named "Hui". He was the grandson of Huangdi (some say he was the son of Huangdi). He was a great inventor. He invented the bow and arrow and the net. As new production tools at that time, bows, arrows and nets allowed people to hunt more birds and beasts, catch more fish and shrimps, and reduce the harm caused to themselves by wild beasts. The clan tribe where he belongs has been producing bows, arrows and nets for generations, so his descendants took "Zhang" as their surname.
The Huangdi, the recognized blood ancestor of the surname Zhang, was the leader of the Chinese tribal alliance in ancient legendary times. He governed the world with virtue, benevolence and faith, selected talents and appointed them, severely punished the stubborn, and created a world of singing and dancing. The prosperous age of peace.
According to the "Century of Emperors", the Yellow Emperor was born from the electric treasure attached to his mother's daughter Youqiao. "(Yellow Emperor)'s mother said, "Fu Bao." She saw a big lightning circling the Beidou star, shining in the countryside, and felt Fu Bao. She was pregnant for twenty-four months, and gave birth to Huangdi in Shouqiu. He grew up in Jishui. He had holy virtues and received the kingdom from Youxiong. He lived on the hill of Xuanyuan, so he was named and nicknamed it." Later generations deduced two legends based on this.
One legend is that the Yellow Emperor was born when the Emperor of Heaven descended to earth. It was the era of Shennong. Shennong’s uncle had a son named Shaodian. The king of the county). At that time, the Shaodian clan was exchanging marriages with the Youqiao clan. So Shaodian married Fu Bao, the daughter of the Yu clan. One day, Shaodian and Fubao went to the fields to plant grass with their hands on their backs. As they were walking, the sky suddenly dimmed, and the sky was suddenly full of stars, just like at night. At this time, Fu Bao looked up and saw a sparkling electric light spinning around the Big Dipper from time to time like a snake in the sky. In an instant, the surrounding area was covered with a layer of rich green light. After a while, Fu Bao felt something suddenly move in her abdomen, which made her yell. When Shaodian hurriedly turned around to ask, she said it was nothing. After that, Fu Bao became pregnant. After 24 months from the day of conception, that is, on one day in the third year, Fu Bao gave birth to a boy in Xuanyuan Hill, northwest of Xinzheng (some say in Qufu, Shandong). Since he was born in Xuanyuan, he named the child Xuanyuan. Legend has it that Xuanyuan could speak as soon as he was born, and he was very elf. When he was still a child, he saw people building houses on trees and said, "It is inconvenient and unsafe to build houses on trees. Wouldn't it be better if they were built on the ground?" Soon, Shennong heard about Huang Di's plan. Opinion, big disapproval. So Huang Di built a house on the ground for him to see, and Shennong was convinced.
There is another legend: Soon after Fu Bao and Shaodian got married, they moved to Shouqiu in Qufu, Shandong. One early winter night, Fu Bao went for a walk alone in the countryside. She looked up at the stars and missed her homeland. Suddenly, a silvery white lightning appeared in the sky, and she saw the lightning rotating around the pivot star in the Big Dipper. It circled a few times, then quickly moved from the sky to the earth, and quickly disappeared. At this time, Fu Bao, who was shocked, suddenly felt a strange feeling on his body. After a while, she realized that she was pregnant due to lightning induction. After that, after 24 months, on a winter day in the third year, Huangdi was born in Shouqiu. The newly born Huangdi had a bulging forehead, shaped like the sun, and a dragon-like face, and his hands and feet also resembled dragon claws and toes. What's even more strange is that the Yellow Emperor has four faces. It is said that the Yellow Emperor can see and listen to all directions at any time and at any time, observe and understand all situations, and act better. Huangdi started babbling when he was born, and soon he could walk. He left Shouqiu when he was about ten years old, and studied with teachers everywhere, visiting famous mountains and rivers.
The Yellow Emperor lived in the era of primitive clan communes. At that time, the social structure of China was represented by clans - tribes composed of several clans - and tribal alliances composed of several tribes.
War often broke out between clans, tribes and tribal alliances for their own interests. Huangdi was only the leader of the tribe named Ji at first. During the long-term battle, he gradually established his own prestige and finally completed his rule over other tribes. , sat on the throne of the leader of the tribal alliance.
The wars against Yan Emperor, Chi You and Xing Tian were the three milestones on the Yellow Emperor's road to becoming the leader of the alliance. According to literature records, the two emperors Huang and Yan were brothers. "Guoyu·Jinyu" says: "In the past, Shaodian married the Youqiao family and gave birth to Huangdi and Yandi. The Yellow Emperor was born from Ji water, and the Yandi was born from Jiang water. The virtues vary according to the characteristics, so The Yellow Emperor is Ji, and the Yan Emperor is Jiang... Different surnames lead to different virtues, and different virtues lead to different types. ""New Book Yi Rang" says: "Yan Emperor is the half-brother of the Yellow Emperor, and each has his own half of the world." When he became the leader of the tribe surnamed Ji and began to prosper and grow, the Yandi tribe had entered a path of weakness and decline. The clans were fighting against each other and tyrannizing the people. However, Yandi was unable to quell the war and protect his subjects, so the Yellow Emperor rose up to teach the people how to use it. Fight with violence to conquer. As a result, all clans came to worship and submit to the Yellow Emperor. Emperor Yan later moved to Zhuolu (in Zhuolu, Hebei, or Yuncheng, Shanxi), but he still practiced unethical practices. It was said in history that "there are no relatives, no literature, and the hearts of wise men are cold" ("Yi Zhou Shu Shi Ji Jie") . It was under this circumstance that the Yellow Emperor once again "reinforced his virtue and cultivated his army" and decided to have a decisive battle with the Yan Emperor in Zhuolu. According to historical records, the Yellow Emperor led a coalition of clans and tribes whose totems were bears, wolves, leopards, tigers, etc., waving war flags made of eagles, cuckoos, eagles, kites and other feathers, and violently attacked Zhuolu. Emperor Yan Then retreat to Banquan, one mile east of the city. After a bloody battle, the Yellow Emperor "killed Emperor Yan and conquered the others", so "the world was under rule". The defeated Yandi tribe was forced to move to the south and east, intertwined with the Miaoman group in the Yangtze River Basin, and gradually integrated. The victory of the Huang-Yan War established the Yellow Emperor's leadership over the middle reaches of the Yellow River that originally belonged to the Yan Emperor's sphere of influence, and enabled him to ascend to the position of leader of the tribal alliances in the Central Plains (someone known as the "Central Emperor").
When the Battle of Huangyan ended and the Yellow Emperor had just ascended to the position of Central Heavenly Emperor, Chi You, the leader of the Jiuli tribe who lived in the lower reaches of the Yellow River (now Shandong and northern Jiangsu), led his troops westward to Zhuolu City and marched toward Xin. The leader issued a challenge. The Jiuli tribe is a quite large tribe. They are brave and good at fighting. They take Chi (a kind of caterpillar) You (Tong Chi, the long worm in the human belly) as their totem. By the time of the Yellow Emperor, the tribe had a famous leader, and people called him Chi You. Chi You knew the way of heaven, was shrewd and capable, and was good at war. History books also described him as a god who was superior to ordinary people. It was said that he was a man with a human body and ox hooves, four days and six hands, hair on his temples like swords and halberds, and horns on his head. Not only that, he also has "eighty-one brothers, with bronze heads, iron foreheads, and sand and stone eaters", and his martial prowess is extraordinary. With his powerful force, Chi You continued to expand to his neighbors, and he had the potential to compete with the Yellow Emperor. At that time, a tribe headed by Yugeng in the middle reaches of the Yellow River asked the Yellow Emperor for help after being invaded by Chi You, which triggered the Zhuolu War between the Yellow Emperor and Chi You. This battle was extremely difficult for Huangdi. It was said to "bleed for a hundred miles" and "nine battles were invincible", but in the end he won.
After establishing a powerful tribal alliance through the battles between Emperor Yan and Chiyou, Huangdi based his search for a way to govern the country and the people on the basis of visiting wise men all over the world. For this reason, he spared no effort and traveled continuously. He walked to the king's house to receive the Alchemy Sutra, crossed Ding Lake and flew Liuzhu, climbed Kongtong to inquire about Guangcheng, went to Dacui to serve in Dakai, suited Dongdai to serve Zhonghuang, When he came to Jingu, he consulted Huazi, discussed guidance and nourishment, and questioned the two daughters of Xuansu. He pushed the steps carefully and visited Shanji and Limu. The strategy of the five tones is to remember the words of the white beast. ("Baopuzi") The footprints reach, "As far as the sea in the east, climb Wanshan, and Daizong. In the west, go to Kongtong, climb Jitou. In the south, go to Jiang, climb Xiong and Xiang. To the north, drive meat porridge, which is in line with Busan... …”.
The Yellow Emperor’s tours, on the one hand, expanded the prestige and influence of the Huangdi clan, thereby expanding the Yellow Emperor’s sphere of influence. According to the "Xuanyuan Huangdi Biography": "The emperor governs the world, extending from Jiaozhi in the south to Jiaozhi in the north. It reaches Youling, Liusha in the west, and Panmu in the east.
"On the other hand, the foreign people in the places where Huangdi traveled were deeply influenced. Inspired by Huangdi's benevolence and righteousness, they came to pay tribute to the Huangdi tribe one after another. First of all, the kingdoms of Zhubei and Dan'er came to contribute to the Huangdi tribe. Then the Nanyi people presented wine on white deer. Later, people from all over the world came to pay tribute. The tributes from outsiders further strengthened the friendly exchanges between the Huangdi people and other peoples. The integration of the Huangdi tribe and other tribes provided extremely favorable conditions. After traveling around the world, learning about the situation in various places, and obtaining the way to nourish the people and stabilize the country, Huangdi proposed and began to implement his own strategy for governing the world.
Huangdi's life. He had four wives, they were Leizu, Fanglei, Tongyu, and Aimu. According to records in "Historical Records of the Five Emperors", "Century of the Emperors", "Lu Shi·Shuji·Huangdi" and other documents, Leizu, also known as Xizu, was the daughter of the Xiling clan and the first concubine of the Yellow Emperor. She invented the art of raising silkworms and reeling silk, and taught people to weave silk to make clothes for warmth and shame. They are all virtuous. My mother is very ugly, but she is virtuous and virtuous. Because she has no name, people before her marriage called her an ugly girl. Huang Di believed that "a woman is virtuous and cannot be forgotten, and a woman who is virtuous cannot be depraved. Even if her appearance is evil." "He hurts" ("Lu Shi Chun Qiu"), so he married into a wife and was given the title of 嫦MU.
About the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, there are many different opinions in the literature. "Guoyu·Jinyu" said: " There are twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor, two of whom have the same surname. Only Qingyang and Yigu are their surnames. Qingyang is the nephew of Fang Lei. Yigu is the nephew of the Tongyu family. Those who are born with the same surname but have different surnames, the sons of four mothers have twelve surnames. Among the twenty-five sects of the Yellow Emperor's sons, fourteen of them had surnames, which were twelve surnames: Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Zang, Ren, Xun, Xi, Gu, Zhan, and Yishiye. Only Qingyang and Canglin had the same surname as Huangdi, so they both had the surname Ji. ""Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors", "Shiben", "Da Dai Li Ji" and other books are generally consistent with this.
Different from what is said in "Guoyu", "Historical Records" and other books, "Shan Hai" The Sutra says: "The Yellow Emperor gave birth to Yu [豸虎], and Yu [豸虎] gave birth to Yu Jing. Yujing is located in the North Sea, and Yumao is located in the East China Sea. They are the gods of the sea.
"The Emperor's Jun begot Yu Hao, Yu Hao begot a lustful beam, and the lusty beam begat Yu Fan, which was the beginning of a boat. Yu Fan begat Xi Zhong, Xi Zhong begot Ji Guang, and Ji Guang was the beginning of using wood as a chariot. The Yellow Emperor gave birth to Miao Long, Miao Long was born in Rongwu, and Rongwu was born in Mingming. White dogs are male and female, and they are meat-eaters. ""The grandson of the Yellow Emperor was called Shijun, and Shijun gave birth to Di." /p>
It has always been recognized that the Yellow Emperor had 25 sons. Although the 25 people are the sons of their fathers, they have different surnames. Only the 14 people who have the surname are divided into 12 surnames. This shows that they are married husbands, and each of them takes the surname of the clan they married into. . As for "two people with the same surname", it means that they married into the same clan at the same time.
According to the records of "Lu Shi·Guo Ming Ji", the states granted by the descendants of the Yellow Emperor include Chen, Chang, Zhang, Zi, Kou, Li, Qu, etc., all seventy, and their distribution areas are all over the country today. The further multiplication of these descendants of the Yellow Emperor laid the foundation of the Chinese nation. If we say that they are not the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, or if there is any reliance on historical documents, then they should be tribes under the leadership of the Yellow Emperor, the "Central Emperor of Heaven". It is in this sense that Chinese people claim to be "descendants of the Yellow Emperor" or "descendants of the Yan and Huang Emperors".
After the death of Huangdi, he was buried in Qiaoshan. There have long been divergent opinions as to where the counties under Qiaoshan were located, but it is generally believed to be in Huangling County, Shaanxi today. The Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum is not only the tomb of the ancestor of the Chinese nation, known as "the best tomb in the world", but also the tomb of the blood ancestors of the Zhang family that we will introduce below.
Zhang Hui is the ancestor of the surname Zhang, but there are two different versions of the relationship between Zhang Hui and Huangdi. One theory is that Zhang Hui is the son of the Yellow Emperor, and another theory is that he is the son of the Qingyang family of Shaohao, the son of the Yellow Emperor, that is, Zhang Hui is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. Although there are slight discrepancies in the historical records of surname studies such as "Yuanhe Surname Compilation", "Ancient and Modern Surname Books Identification", "Surname Jijiupian", "New Book of Tang Dynasty Genealogy List of Prime Ministers", they all advocate that he is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. It is said that the Zhang family is derived from the surname Ji. The fifth son of the Qingyang family, Shaohao, the Yellow Emperor's son, wielded the bow as a straightener and began to make bows and arrows. He actually spread the bows to capture animals and worshiped the arc star. He was in charge of his duties in the world and was given the surname Zhang. . Many of the genealogies and genealogies compiled by Zhang's descendants in later generations followed this theory.
The third volume of "The Origin of the Shou Surname" in the Yuyitang edition of the Yuyitang edition of the Jiayin Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty says: "The Zhang family came from the Xuanyuan family of the Yellow Emperor and gave birth to the Jintian family of Shaohao, also known as Qingyang. The fifth son was called Gongzheng, and he was in charge of worshiping Huxing. He was in charge of his duties and was given the surname Zhang. "
"Guangyun" said that the son of Huangdi held Zhang Hui. (Xia Ping Sheng Shi Yang), Ma Liang's "Yi Shi" and other genealogies compiled by Zhang's descendants also agree with this theory.
Chinese surnames all have their origins and follow certain principles. The principles of naming surnames can be summarized as follows: based on the country, town, township, and pavilion; some are based on the person's name, character, order of birth, official, official name, title, title line, national talisman, skills, affairs, posthumous title, posthumous title It is based on clan, town line, town posthumous title, clan, clan line, etc.
The ancestor of the surname Zhang obtained the surname based on the above principles. Although the ancient literature records hold different opinions on whether Zhang Hui is the son or grandson of the Yellow Emperor, there is no big difference when it comes to Zhang Hui himself. They all agree that he made bows and arrows, official bows were straight, and he worshiped arcs. The basic fact about stars. However, careful readers will also find from the literature cited above that Zhang Huizhi got his surname as follows: "Guan Hu made arrows and made arrows, and was given the surname Zhang." There is a slight difference between "He who is in charge of his position from generation to generation, is given the surname Zhang" and "he is good at bows and arrows, is good at Zhang Gangluo, and inherits his position hereditary, so he is given the surname Zhang". Based on this, we can say that the surname Zhang was derived from is based on skills, that is, occupation, or it can be said that the surname is based on official, or it can be recorded as taking official as the surname.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Jin, founded by the descendants of King Wen of Zhou with the surname Ji, had an official called Jie Zhang, named Zhang Hou. The ancestor Zhang Hui passed down the 21st generation, and it lasted for hundreds of years. Probably in the early Shang Dynasty, Zhang Song came out, named Zhongshan, and was appointed as Yujia General, and was later named Ji Guogong. He had four sons, Zhang Liang, Zhang Feng, Zhang Wen and Zhang Jin. These are only found in lineages and not in ancient documents.
The ancestor Zhang Zhong was passed down from 30 generations to the 51st generation, with the courtesy name Zhongsi. Together with Yin Jifu, he assisted King Xuan of Zhou to revive the Zhou Dynasty. He had two sons, Zhang Xiang and Zhang Yi. According to historical records, Zhang Zhong lived before and after the Zhou Dynasty implemented government and administration. At that time, King Li of Zhou Dynasty was overthrown by his countrymen because of his unethical behavior and escaped from the palace. The ministers of the court publicly recommended Mao Zedong and Bo Dai to serve as emperors. The first year of Emperor He's reign (841 BC) is the beginning of an accurate chronology in the history of our country. Fourteen years later, King Li of Zhou died of illness in Zhe (now Huo County, Shanxi Province). He and his uncle invited Prince Ji Jing to take the throne, and he was known as King Xuan of Zhou in history. King Zhou Xuan relied on a group of ministers to revitalize the country's power, conquer the Rong and Di, and achieved considerable achievements. It was called the "King Xuan Zhongxing" in history.
After Zhang Zhong, many ancestors named Zhang were recorded in historical records. For example, "Zuo Zhuan" records that in the second year of Chenggong (589 BC), Zhang Hou was pierced by arrows in his hands and elbows, but he still struggled to push a cart and rushed towards the enemy's formation. In the 21st year of Zhaogong (521 BC), Song minister Zhang Ju killed Hua Duoliu in anger. In addition, there are Zhang Liang’s ancestors Zhang Lao, Zhang Xi, Zhang Jie, Zhang Yishuo, etc. Their seeds will be introduced in the next section.
In the 22nd year of King Weilie of Zhou Dynasty (403 BC), the ministers of the three families of Han, Zhao and Wei in the Jin State were promoted to princes. This was known as the "Three Families Divided into Jin" in history. It marked the entry of China into the Warring States Period. era. During this period, the scope of activities of the ancestors surnamed Zhang further expanded. For example, Zhang Yi, a native of Wei State, traveled west to the State of Qin, joining forces vertically and horizontally, and displaying his talents to the fullest. There was a minister in the state of Chu, Zhang Yan, who once made a strange plan to ask the king of Chu to drive away Zhang Yi, who was acting as an envoy to the state of Qin. Qi State had Zhang Gai, who persuaded Lu State to remain neutral in the war between Qi and Chu. However, the ancestors surnamed Zhang mainly used the former Jin Kingdom's territory as the place where they established their achievements. In Zhao State, Zhang Meng talked about his plan to rebel against Han and Wei, counterattack Zhibo, and relieve the siege of Jinyang in one fell swoop. Zhang Chou in Wei remonstrated and prevented Zhang Yi from conducting diplomacy for Qin in Wei; Zhang Yi sent Zhao as an envoy, causing Zhao to lean toward Wei in the war between Qin and Wei. Han had Zhang Quji, Zhang Cu and Zhang Liang's grandfather Zhang Kaidi and his father Zhang Pingping.
The State of Qin was the strongest among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, and there was also a famous ancestor named Zhang Ruo there. In 316 BC, King Huiwen of Qin sent general Sima Cuo to lead his troops to capture Sichuan, demoted him to the king of Shu, and sent Zhang Ruo to guard Shu. At the beginning of taking office, he moved the Qin people to Wanjia River to implement agricultural reclamation and develop production.
He also worked with Zhang Yi to jointly manage Chengdu, and built leylu, xiacang, shops, official residences, buildings, etc. according to the system of Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Dynasty. Jinguan and Yantieguan were also set up to develop government handicrafts, which made significant contributions to strengthening Qin's national strength. In 285 BC, the Qin State abolished the titles of the lords of Ba and Shu and established Shu counties to govern Sichuan. Zhang Ruo was appointed as the first governor of Shu County due to his meritorious service.
2. Ethnic minorities give surnames and change their surnames
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a Mongolian general named Boyantemu who was born in Jinshan behind the mountains (today’s Altai Mountains, some say Daxinganling). Son, he fought bravely and led his troops to defeat the peasant uprisings many times. But in a battle, he was defeated by Zhu Yuanzhang, so he surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty admired his martial prowess and gave him the surname Zhang. His descendants have been serving in the army, and their great-great-grandson Zhang Sheng has been promoted to the governor of the capital and entered the core leadership of the highest central military organization in the Ming Dynasty. Another example is the Tatar Haradun (the Ming Dynasty’s name for the Mongolians in the eastern Mongolian region). They were brave and good at fighting. They were given the surname Zhang by Zhu Di, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and changed his name to Longshan. In October of the seventh year of Yongle (1408), Zhang Longshan was appointed as the Governor of the Right Army in Beijing and became a core member of the central military leadership group. Another Tatar slave was a famous northern frontier guard in the Ming Dynasty. He had repeatedly made military exploits. In recognition of his bravery, Emperor Xianzong Zhu Jiancheng gave him the surname Zhang and changed his name to You. In August of the eighth year of Chenghua (1472), Zhang You was appointed as the commander of Jinwu Guards.
In the first dynasty of the Ming Dynasty, there was a Jurchen (the ancestor of the Manchu people) named Jiu Bu. He was very happy and gave his surname to Zhang and changed his name to Zhiyi. In the eighth year of Yongle (1410), Zhang Zhiyi was appointed as the commander of the Jianzhou Guard, and his seat was Dongdachengzi, Dongning County, Heilongjiang Province. Four years later, the administration moved to the Hunjiang River Basin across Jilin and Liaoning provinces.
The Zhang family in Qianying Township, Xiuyan County today, was originally the Zhiliangkuang family of the Mongolian ethnic group. The surname was changed to Zhang in the Qing Dynasty. Its ancestor was Mazartai of the Yuan Dynasty. He successively served as the three emperors Wuzong, Wenzong and Huizong. He once served as the commander of the camp, Pingzhang of Shaanxi-Gansu, Huguang and other provinces. He also knew the affairs of the Privy Council and became the right prime minister of Zhongshu. The second generation ancestor also served as the right prime minister of Zhongshu. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, their descendants lived in Magale and Humila in Changbai Mountain. Most of them were engaged in animal husbandry, and some were engaged in business in the Batang area. In the 11th century, when Jiying conferred virtues, the Aixinjueluo family was rising in the Northeast, so he abandoned herding and joined the army, becoming a brave general under Nurhachi's account, belonging to the Xianghuang Banner. After the Qing soldiers invaded Guan and established a unified political power, the Zhiliang Kuang family moved to Shengjing (Shenyang). The 13th generation ancestor was named Berg. He was proficient in Chinese, familiar with Han books, and was both civil and military. In the sixth year of Qianlong's reign (1741), he was transferred to Xiuyan Defense Envoy. Because he loved the beautiful mountains and rivers of the area, he served his mother Tong and settled down with his younger brother Wu Lingji. The two brothers multiplied here and their descendants all changed their surname to Zhang.
The Hesheli family is distributed in Duying'e, Hada, Huifa, Changbaishan, Foala, Baduna, Xianyan and other places. In the Qing Dynasty, some of them changed their surname to Zhang.
The Zakuta family is distributed in Varka (now the southern part of the Eastern Seaboard Province of the Soviet Union), Zakuta, Songhua River, Changbai Mountain and other places. In the Qing Dynasty, all of them were changed to the surname Zhang.
The Zalali family is distributed in Warkha, Zakumu, Hetuala and other places. In the Qing Dynasty, all of them changed their surname to Zhang. , the Aiyi family was distributed in the Aihu Basin, and all of them were changed to Zhang family in the Qing Dynasty.
In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), Zhang, a Hui nationality, was appointed as the commander of the Baoqing (Shaoyang, Hunan Province) guard. According to Volume 33 of "Baoqing Mansion Chronicles", the ancestor who commanded Zhang was named Pu Luo De, a native of Sanhe, Peking. After Zhang's term of office expired, he settled in Jijiotang, Chelinpu, Wugang, and made a living by farming more than 100 acres of farmland. Today, most of the Hui people in various parts of Shaoyang City have the surnames of Ma, Zhang, Su, Hai and Cai. Among them, the Hui people surnamed Zhang may be the descendants of Purode.
In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, among the nearly 100 Baiman tribes in the Erhai area of ??Yunnan, there was a tribe named Zhang who was said to have moved from Longxi. The leader of this tribe in the mid-7th century AD was named Zhang Jinqiu. At this time, Mengshelong of the Wuman tribe and his son Longduluo (also known as Xinuluo and Xinuoluo) began to expand their power and establish the Nanzhao regime. In the 770s of the 7th century, Sinolo's forces advanced to the Erhai area.
At that time, there were large tribes named Zhao, Li, Yang, Dong and others in the Erhai area. Among them is a tribe named Zhang, which is said to have migrated from Longxi. Their leader was named Zhang Jinqiu. His descendants multiplied, the population increased, and they moved to various places. By the early Ming Dynasty, the Baiman Zhang family was distributed in Erxiyi, Yunnan County, Langqiong County, Dongshanjiang, Mengdingsai (now Laomeng, Yuanyang County), Zhennan, Taihe County, Yunnan Province. Prefecture Yingwuguan, Chuxiong County, Tengchong Prefecture, Mengheyi, Ningfan (today's Beisheng County) and other places, and many people have served as chieftains, inspectors, chief bookkeepers, commanders and other officials. Among them, Tengchong has the highest official rank. Zhang Ming, the local magistrate of the state. According to the official system of the Ming Dynasty, chieftain officers were hereditary. Therefore, most of the Zhang family of the Bai ethnic group in the Ming Dynasty lived in the middle and upper classes of society.
The Zhang family of the Yao ethnic group.
The Zhang family of the Zhuang ethnic group.
The Zhang family of Li nationality.
The Zhang family of the Dong ethnic group.
The Zhang family of Gaoshan tribe.
The Zhang family of the Achang ethnic group.
The Zhang family of the Naxi ethnic group.
Tibetan Zhang family.
The Zhang family of the Lisu tribe.
The Zhang family of Mongolian nationality.
The Zhang family of Korean nationality.
Manchu Zhang family.
The Zhang family of Hui nationality.
The Zhang family of the Yi ethnic group.
The Zhang family of the Miao ethnic group.
The Zhang family of Tujia people.
The Zhang family of the Wuwan clan.
3. His surname was changed
Before he became king, Zhang Tianxi, the former Liang king, was friendly with Liang Jing from Anding and Liu Su from Dunhuang, and relied on them to murder the powerful minister Zhang Yong. Before he murdered his nephew Zhang Xuanliang, the king of Liang, established himself as king. In order to reward their contribution, they were given the surname Zhang and regarded as their sons. Following the example of other scholars, they changed the names of Liang and Liu to Zhang Dayi and Zhang Dacheng, using the character "da" as the character "da".
The Gaoba people of the Bohai tribe in Liaoyang (now Liaoyang, Liaoning Province) lived in the Liao Dynasty. Because he was an official abroad, he changed his surname to Zhang. His sons Zhang You and grandson Zhang Kuang both served in the Liao Dynasty, reaching the rank of Jiedu envoy and becoming local military and political chiefs. Zhang Kuang had two sons, the eldest son Xuang Zheng, who served as the military governor of Zhangxin Army in the Jin Dynasty. The second son Xuansu, also known as Zizhen, served successively as the military envoy of the Jingjiang Army, the Zhenxi Army, the Xingping Army of the Jin Dynasty, the transit envoy of Tokyo Road, etc., and was the minister of household affairs during the reign of Emperor Shizong of the Jin Dynasty. He was famous for his kindness and integrity as an official, and was known in history as "thick and resolute, which made people fear him". Xuan Zheng's son Rubi, also named Zhongzuo. Use your father's shadow to make up for the military's uprightness. In the second year of Zhenglong (1157), he became a Jinshi. Because her sister married Jin Shizong as the concubine of the Yuan Dynasty, she was promoted quickly and served successively as Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, Councilor for Political Affairs, and Minister Zuocheng. However, as an official, he could not "correctly advise" and strive for the principle of not disobeying his orders, so his political achievements were not great.
Xuansu's contemporary, Gao (Zhang) Ba's great-grandson Zhang Hao (named Haoran), was also a famous minister in the early Jin Dynasty. During the Tianfu reign of Emperor Taizu of the Jin Dynasty, he was appointed as the official responsible for the imperial writings in order to make suggestions. In the eighth year of Tianhui (1130), he was granted the rank of Jinshi and the title of Secretary Lang. In the second year of Tianjuan (1139), he participated in the formulation of internal and external etiquette procedures and moved to the Ministry of Rites. When King Hailing came to the throne, he became Minister Zuocheng in order to participate in political affairs. In the third year of Tiande (1151), he presided over the expansion of Yanjing (today's Beijing) city and imperial palace. In the sixth year of Zhenyuan (1153), the Jin Dynasty moved its capital to the expanded Yanjing City and renamed it Zhongdu. He worshiped Pingzhang for political affairs and sought to change the Zuocheng Dynasty. In the third year of Zhenglong (1158), he also presided over the construction of Bianjing (Kaifeng, Henan Province) city. In the sixth year (1161), King Hailing went south to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. He stayed as minister to save trouble, guarded the central power of the Jin Dynasty, took charge of military supplies and logistics, and supported frontline operations. Shizong ascended the throne, worshiped as Taishi, Shangshu Ling, and granted the title of Prince of Nanyang County. He died in the third year of Dading (1163) and was given the posthumous title Wenkang. Zhang Hao has five sons: Ruwei, Rulin, Runeng, Rufang, and Ruyou. Among them, Zhang Rulin (1190), the second oldest, could inherit his father's business. Rulin, named Zhongze, was smart and studious when he was young, and was deeply loved by his father. Zhang Hao praised him as the Zhang family's great horse. In the second year of Zhenyuan (1154), he was awarded the title of Jinshi, and successively served as the imperial official, minister of the Ministry of punishment, transport envoy of Zhongdu Road, censor doctor, prince's young master, paid homage to the minister of political affairs, Shangshu Youcheng, and paid homage to Pingzhang political affairs. , granted the title of Duke Rui. Before Shizong's death, he and Taiwei disciple Shan Kening were appointed ministers of Gu Ming to welcome Zhangzong Wanyan Jingjing to the throne.
He died in December of the sixth year of Mingchang (January 1191). He was renamed Duke of Shen and given the posthumous title Wenxiang.
In present-day Yongshun, Baojing and Huayuan counties in Hunan, there are many families with the surname Zhang, whose ancestors changed their surname from Zhang. It is said that during the Song Dynasty, two brothers surnamed Zhang from Jiangxi came to the border areas of Xiangxi and became the village chiefs. They stopped returning eastward and settled here and started their careers. As the descendants multiplied and the population became more and more prosperous, those who came from the older brother's family were called Dazhang, and those who came from the older brother's family were called Xiaozhang. Later, perhaps because Zhang and Zhang had the same pronunciation, perhaps because reclamation of wasteland was inseparable from bows and arrows, or perhaps in order to encourage everyone's military ferocity, they changed their surname from Zhang to Zhang, and they continued to branch out and move around, becoming scattered. They were concentrated in Yongshun, Baojing, and Yongsui (now Huayuan) counties, especially in Pingpa, Yajia, Chadong, Laowangzhai, Jianyan and other places. Before the mountainous areas of western Hunan were converted to native lands during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, they were still under the jurisdiction of chieftains and were inhabited by Tu, Miao, Dong and other ethnic minorities. For a long time, this group of people, who changed their rules from chapter to chapter, intermarried and lived together with the indigenous ethnic minorities. They followed the local customs, and gradually they were assimilated. As the saying goes, "In Tucun, we are native people, and in Miao village, we are Miao people" (Volume 9 of Yan Ruyu's "Miao Defense Preparation" in Qing Dynasty). Not only did the surname change, but the ethnicity also changed. Since the Qing Dynasty, with the development of production and the improvement of living standards, the number of Zhang's descendants has continued to increase, so they have expanded and migrated to the surrounding areas of western Hunan. Today, the border areas of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and even Yunnan and Guangxi There are descendants of Dazhang and Xiaozhang everywhere.