Here we take stock of China’s top ten classical garden landscape design cases, including relevant introductions to the Summer Palace, Humble Administrator’s Garden, Master of the Nets Garden and other top ten gardens: address, related history, components, artistic features, etc. .
1. Summer Palace
The Summer Palace is located in Haidian District, northwest Beijing. It is the most complete and largest royal garden in my country. It is also one of the world's famous tourist attractions, ranking first Approved as a national key cultural relic protection unit.
1. Historical background:
The Summer Palace was originally the palace and garden of the emperor. In 1750 AD, Qianlong rebuilt it here as Qingyi Garden. In 1860, Qingyi Garden was burned down by the British and French forces. In 1888, the Empress Dowager Cixi misappropriated 30 million taels of silver from the Navy to rebuild it and renamed it as a summer recreation spot.
In 1900, the Summer Palace was destroyed by the "Eight-Power Allied Forces" and many buildings were burned down. Restored in 1903. Later, it was destroyed again during the rule of warlords and the Kuomintang. After liberation, it was continuously repaired and restored, making this ancient garden rejuvenated.
2. Related introduction:
The Summer Palace covers an area of ??290 hectares (4350 acres), of which the water surface accounts for about 3/4. The entire garden is centered on the 41-meter-high Buddhist Incense Pavilion on Wanshou Mountain. According to different locations and terrains, exquisite buildings such as halls, halls, buildings, pavilions, corridors, and pavilions are arranged.
3. Artistic features:
This huge garden is surrounded by mountains and water. Kunming Lake accounts for about 3/4 of the entire garden area. But its water surface is not monotonous. In addition to various buildings dotted around the lake, there is a Nanhu Island in the lake, which is connected to the shore by a beautiful seventeen-hole bridge. In the west of the lake, there is a west embankment with six beautiful bridges built on it.
The Renshou Hall, formerly known as the Qinzheng Hall, is the main hall where the emperor sat in court and listened to government affairs. Cixi and Guangxu summoned ministers here many times and received foreign envoys. The original furnishings from the Qing Dynasty are still preserved in the central part. The bronze dragons, bronze phoenixes, bronze tripods, etc. displayed in front of the exhibition are all exquisitely carved. To the north of Renshou Hall, there is a group of theater buildings. For the Dehe Garden and the Summer Palace, there are all kinds of ancient architectural forms.
Paiyun Hall is the most magnificent palace-style building complex in Qianshan. It is the place where Cixi received congratulations on her birthday in the garden. The corridor has 273 rooms and a total length of 728 meters. It is adjacent to Wanshou Mountain in the north and Kunming Lake in the south. Walking on the promenade, you can enjoy the scenery of the lake and mountains, and each beam of the promenade is painted with colorful paintings for viewing.
Leshou Hall is where Cixi lived in the garden. The interior furnishings basically maintain their original appearance. Several precious magnolias were planted in the courtyard and dotted with a huge rock called Qingzhixiu.
The Seventeen-hole Bridge, 150 meters long and 8 meters wide, is the largest bridge in the park. The shape of the bridge is beautiful. It connects Nanhu Island to the west and Langruting to the east. It is not only the only way to Nanhu Island, but also an important scenic spot in the lake area.
The Summer Palace *** has more than 3,000 various buildings. When visiting the Summer Palace, in addition to the gardens, viewing various ancient buildings is also an important part. The above is some information about the Summer Palace.
2. Humble Administrator’s Garden
The Humble Administrator’s Garden is located in the northeast corner of Suzhou City (No. 178 Northeast Street). As of 2014, it is still the largest classical garden in Suzhou, covering an area of 78 acres (approximately 5.2 hectares). The whole garden is centered on water, surrounded by mountains and rivers, with exquisite halls and pavilions, luxuriant flowers and trees, and has strong Jiangnan water town characteristics.
1. Historical background:
The Humble Administrator’s Garden was built during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty. The landscaping of the Humble Administrator’s Garden paid equal attention to mountains and rivers. The water surface accounted for three-fifths of the entire garden, and the overall layout was also With the pool as the center, various buildings stand near the water, with pavilions, trees and pavilions reflecting in the water and setting off each other. The Humble Administrator's Garden is divided into three parts: east, west and middle. The middle part is the main part and the name Humble Administrator's Garden has always been used.
In the garden, the first thing that catches the eye is a bay of water with a winding shoreline and sycamore trees and ancient cypresses standing on the bank. A wooden bridge spans the pool, leading directly to Yuanxiang Hall. Standing on the bridge and looking around, the scenery in the garden is vivid.
2. Related introduction:
The Humble Administrator’s Garden is one of the Suzhou gardens and the most famous one. Covering an area of ??5 hectares, there are Yuanxiang Hall, Xiangzhou, Eighteen Mandala Flower Pavilion, Liuzhou Yuanyang Pavilion and Liuting Pavilion.
The Yuanxiang Hall stands on a low bluestone platform and is surrounded by corridors. The four walls of the hall are all long glass windows that allow you to enjoy different views from all four sides, so it is also called the Four-sided Hall. . Xiangzhou is a group of beautiful buildings. The highest point in the west is a two-story pavilion called Chengguan Tower. To the east is a tea pavilion with three hollow sides. A lower connecting part between Chengguan Tower and the tea pavilion is the main hall Xiangzhou.
The Liuting Pavilion is located in the northwest of the Thirty-Six Yuanyang Pavilion. The pavilion has a nanmu floor cover carved into a cloud and dragon pattern and a screw-carved lacquer screen. The carvings are extremely exquisite. The northern half of the West Garden is surrounded by an island. There are various types of garden buildings on the island, such as Fucui Pavilion, Sitting with Whom Pavilion, Reflection Tower, and Wave Corridor. The scenery is rich and colorful.
3. Master of the Nets Garden
The Master of the Nets Garden is located in Shiquan Street in the south of Suzhou City, covering an area of ??only 0.54 hectares. It was built in the Southern Song Dynasty and was used by the Song Dynasty bibliophiles and officials. The former site of the "Wanjuan Hall" of Yangzhou scholar Shi Zhengzhi, the garden is named "Yuyin".
1. Related introduction:
During the Qianlong period, the retired Shaoqing of Guanglu Temple, Song Zongyuan, built the garden. Because it faced Wang Si Lane (now Kuo Street Alley), it was named after the homophonic name. The designated garden is named "Master of the Net Garden". Net master means fisherman or fisherman, and it also agrees with "Yuyin", which means living in seclusion in the rivers and lakes.
Qian Daxin, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, commented on Wangshi Garden: "The land is only a few acres, but there are endless ways to go; although the house is close, there is the joy of forgetting each other. Liu Zihou said "Oru Kuangru" means you can have both."
Net master means fisherman or fisherman. Master of the Nets Garden is the smallest garden in Suzhou, covering an area of ??only 0.53 hectares, but the garden has a compact layout of mountains, ponds and halls. The main entrance of the eastern residential area is in Kuojiatou Lane. It is a representative work of medium-sized residences of feudal bureaucracy. The main entrance is illuminated by a locust tree in the wall, and there are east and west lane gates.
2. Artistic features:
The Qiao Feng Trail is on the west side of the water pavilion. It is a winding mountain climbing corridor, which is inspired by the Song Zhimen Qing poem: "Why return to the boat?" "It's late, there is a wind blowing from woodcutters at dusk" and Du Mu's poem: "When Tao Qian's palace is empty, the wine bottle is empty, and the door is covered with poplar flowers and a trail of wind blows."
From Yue Lai Pavilion, follow the Qiao Feng Trail to the north to get to Yue Lai Pavilion. It is named after a poem by Han Yu, a writer of the Tang Dynasty, "Autumn is about to arrive in the evening, and the moon is coming in the long wind." There is a large mirror hanging in the pavilion. The scenery in the mirror and the scenery outside the mirror complement each other, creating a unique charm.
The inner garden in the west of the palace is moved to the west, covering an area of ??one acre. There are houses, pavilions and corridors, springs, stones, flowers and plants in the garden. Scenic artistic effect. Looking out from the rows of flowers and trees in the Kansongdu Painting Pavilion and the flowered windows and walls, you can see a delicate, quiet, simple and elegant scenery. This is the spring movement of the palace.
4. Qinghui Garden
Qinghui Garden is located on Qinghui Road, Daliang Town, Shunde City. Together with Foshan Liangyuan, Panyu Yuyinshanfang, and Dongguan Keyuan, it is also known as the four major ones in Guangdong. The famous garden is a provincial cultural relic protection unit
1. Related introduction:
The garden was originally built by Huang Shijun, the number one scholar in the late Ming Dynasty. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it was purchased by Long Ying, a Jinshi scholar. Afterwards, it was carefully constructed by several generations of the Long family. By the early years of the Republic of China, the layout began to take shape.
2. Artistic features:
The Shunde Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government have carried out large-scale renovations on Qinghui Garden, covering an area of ??more than 22,000 square meters. There are gardens in the garden and scenery outside. , the scenery changes with each step, and has the characteristics of Lingnan architecture and Jiangnan gardens. The garden is full of water and trees, and the scenery is elegant. The clear water, green trees, stone mountains, small bridges and pavilions are integrated with each other.
It integrates architecture, gardens, sculpture, poetry, painting, gray sculpture and other arts, highlighting the characteristics of "majestic, strange, dangerous, secluded and beautiful" of my country's ancient gardens. Its main attractions include Boat Hall, Bixi Thatched Cottage, Chengyi Pavilion, Hexagonal Pavilion, Xiyin Bookstore, Bamboo Garden, Doudong, Bisheng Flower House, Guizhilu, Xiaopengying, Hongli Bookstore, Fenglai Peak, and Duyun. Xuan, Muyingjian, Liufen Pavilion, etc.
5. Jichang Garden
Jichang Garden is located on Heng Street, Huishan, adjacent to Xishan and Huishan Temple, covering an area of ??15 acres.
1. Historical background:
From 1506 to 1520 during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty converted the monk's residence in Huishan Temple into a separate business. During the Wanli period, the garden was passed to Qin Yao and the wasteland was rectified. The weeds transformed the mausoleum valley and listed twelve sceneries. They borrowed Wang Xizhi's poetry and renamed it Jichang Garden. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the garden was divided. At the end of the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Kangxi period, Qin Yao's great-grandson merged it and renovated it. He invited Zhang Qin, a famous garden architect, to manage the mountains and water, dredge springs and erect stones, and the garden became more beautiful.
Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong each visited this garden during their six tours to the south. Qianlong imitated this garden and built the "Huishan Garden" (Huiqu Garden) in the Summer Palace. During the Tongzhi period of Xianfeng, most of the buildings in Chang Garden were sent to him. It was destroyed by fire and later repaired. In 1952, the descendants of the Qin family dedicated the private garden to the country for protective restoration. The Zhengjie Temple built in the Yongzheng Dynasty in the southwest corner of the garden was added to the garden, and the scenic spots in the garden were gradually renovated.
2. Related introduction:
The landscape layout is centered on the mountain pool, with rockery shaped like a residual vein based on the mountains at the eastern foot of Huishan Mountain; it also forms a curved stream that leads to the flow of water from the "two springs" Note that there is a gurgling sound, the towering trees in the garden, the shadow of the bamboo, the desolation, the simplicity and the quietness.
With cleverly borrowed scenery, superb stacked stones, exquisite landscapes, and sophisticated architecture, it is unique among Jiangnan gardens and belongs to the foothill villa gardens. In 1988, the State Council announced it as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
6. Qiyuan
Qiyuan is located in Huayuan Lane, Wuyuan Town, Haiyan County, Zhejiang Province. Qiyuan was originally known as "Feng's Garden" and is a typical private garden style in the south of the Yangtze River.
1. Historical background:
In the ninth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1871), the owner of the garden, Feng Zhuanzhai, built three houses here. The following year, Feng Zhuanzhai integrated the Ming Dynasty hometown managed by his father-in-law Huang Xieqing. The essence of the two abandoned gardens, Zhuoyi Garden and Yanyuan Garden, was built behind his residence "Feng Sanletang" to build a garden and built the current Qi Garden. It has become a famous pearl in Zhejiang gardens.
2. Related introduction:
Qiyuan covers an area of ??10,000 square meters, with a water surface of about 2,000 square meters, and a tree covering area of ??7,000 square meters. The entire garden is almost covered with green trees. Covered by nearly 1,000 trees in the garden. Among them, there are more than 40 ancient and famous trees, all of which have survived hundreds of years of wind and rain.
Some of the trees stand on the mountain tops, some stand still in the valleys, some spread their wings on the cliffs, and some lean down by the water. There are also clumps of small bamboos and vines clinging to tall trees, covered with swaying leaves and covered with green clouds.
3. Artistic features:
The construction of the entire garden makes use of the theory of "water flows with the mountains, and mountains are alive with water". Its characteristics are that it is mainly composed of trees, mountains and pools, with a few buildings embellished with them, which is similar to today's landscape-based gardening techniques; the garden forms its own area and is not attached to the residential area; a large area of ??water is used to focus on gathering and scattered areas. Auxiliary, the water turns with the mountains, and the mountains are alive because of the water.
There are hills and valleys in the front and back of the large rockery, which is different from the practice in Suzhou gardens where the back side is omitted due to its small area. The garden enters from the west, with a flower hall in the middle, a curved bridge in front, and a rockery across the pond. Water flows around the hall from east to north. The layout is similar to the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, with water passing through a hole to reach the large pool at the back.
In the garden, there are nine songs of pond shadows, butterflies dripping in the green, morning light paintings, the moon hidden in the sea, ancient vines coiling in the clouds, listening to the piano in the valley, wind and lotus in the sunset, beauties looking in the mirror, and hundreds of birds chirping in spring. Nixiang Sanle and other attractions.
7. Lotus Pond
The ancient Lotus Pond is located in the center of Baoding. It is a classical garden with pavilions built around water as its prominent feature, and has the beauty of northern and southern Chinese gardens. The total area is 24,000 square meters, and the pool area is more than 7,900 square meters. In midsummer, the pond is full of lotus flowers, hence the name Lotus Pond.
1. Historical background:
The "ancient" nature of the Lotus Pond comes from its long history. It was first built in the 22nd year of Taizu of Mongolia (1227) when King Zhang Rou of Runan rebuilt Baozhou City. It was expanded and repaired on a large scale in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
In the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733), the Lotus Pond Academy and the Palace were built here. Qianlong, Jiaqing, Guangxu, Cixi, etc. all stayed here during their tours in Baoding. Emperor Qianlong came here many times and wrote poems praising the lotus pond. In 1921, Xu Shichang, the president of the Beiyang Government, personally wrote a horizontal plaque of "Ancient Lotus Pond", and the name is still used today.
2. Related introduction:
The Ancient Lotus Pond is a national cultural relic protection unit and one of the top ten famous gardens in the country. The main buildings in the garden include Shuidong Tower, Zaoyong Hall, Junzi Immortality Pavilion, Xiangqin Pavilion, Gaofen Pavilion, Hanlv Pavilion, Linyi Pavilion and Guanlan Pavilion.
The beautiful Wanhong Bridge, Curved Bridge and the White Jade Bridge built in the Yuan Dynasty are scattered among rockeries, rocks, trees and lotus ponds, forming a beautiful picture of "scenery in the lake and poetry in the scenery". The garden layout is rigorous, orderly, elegant and unique. It is known as "City Penglai" and "Little West Lake".
8. Yuyuan Yuyuan
Yuyuan is located in Nancheng District, Shanghai, covering an area of ??more than 20,000 square meters. It is a famous Jiangnan classical garden and a national key cultural relics protection unit.
1. Historical background:
Yu Garden was built during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty and was completed from 1559 to 1577. It has a history of more than 400 years. Pan Yunduan, the chief envoy of Sichuan, built it to honor his parents, and named it "Yu Garden" because of the meaning of "pleasuring parents and taking care of him forever".
Yu Garden was once known as "the most beautiful garden in the southeast". It is a famous garden that combines the garden art of the Ming and Qing dynasties in my country. It has been designated as a national cultural relics protection unit by the State Council.
2. Related introduction:
The inner garden of Yuyuan was built in the 48th year of Emperor Kangxi’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1709 AD). The entire garden covers an area of ??only about 2 acres, but has rocks, ponds, halls, rooms, The pavilions, pavilions, terraces, flower walls and small corridors are all well arranged, which makes the small garden winding and dense.
There is also a new ancient stage built in the inner garden. "Dianchun Hall" is named after the poem "Cuidian Chunyan" written by Su Dongpo, a writer of the Song Dynasty. "Dianchun Hall" was the command post of the Shanghai Xiaodaohui uprising army during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
3. Artistic features:
The walls of Yuyuan Garden are decorated with winding and undulating dragons, dividing the more than 30 acres of the garden into different scenic spots, using empty partitions as screens. , seemingly separated but not separated, revealing the rich scenery of the garden, which has become a major feature of Yuyuan Garden. The garden is home to many foreign merchants. China's famous Yuyuan Commodity Market is located here, integrating seamlessly with the garden architecture.
The Chenghuang Temple adjacent to Yuyuan Garden was originally an ancient temple. During the Guangxu period, many martial artists gradually gathered in and around the temple. In addition, there were many teahouses and restaurants nearby, making the area extremely lively. , full of local color.
9. Old Summer Palace
Old Summer Palace, also known as the Three Old Summer Palaces, is a large royal palace in the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the northwest suburbs of Beijing, adjacent to the Summer Palace, and consists of Old Summer Palace and Changchun Garden. It consists of the Yuanming Garden and the Wanchun Garden, so it is also called the Three Gardens of the Yuanming Dynasty.
1. Historical background:
Starting from the forty-sixth year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1707), it was originally a "grant garden" given by Emperor Kangxi to the fourth son of the emperor Yinzhen (Yongzheng). ". After Yongzheng ascended the throne in 1722, large-scale construction was carried out according to the pattern of the Forbidden City. During the Qianlong period, the Qing Dynasty's national power was at its peak, which was the climax of the construction of the Old Summer Palace. It used all the power of the country to expand the Old Summer Palace on an unprecedented scale.
Afterwards, it was continued to be built during the Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng years. It took 5 emperors 151 years to complete it. It employed countless skilled craftsmen and spent hundreds of millions of dollars on its construction and operation. The Old Summer Palace was once famous for its grand geographical scale, outstanding gardening art, exquisite architecture and rich cultural collections. Its reputation spread to Europe, where it was known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens" and "the model of gardens in the world."
2. Related introduction:
After the founding of New China, the Old Summer Palace site was listed as a national key cultural protection unit. After years of renovation, the site office has begun to take shape, and most of the mountain-shaped water systems It was restored and recreated the Jiangnan scenery with mountains and rivers interdependent and smoke and water blurred.
There are hundreds of thousands of trees in the park. A small number of restored garden buildings have regained their former glory. Some important ruins have been protected and renovated, forming a grand cluster of ruins represented by Western-style buildings.
10. Geyuan
Geyuan is located at No. 10, Yanfu East Road, in the northeast corner of the ancient city of Yangzhou. It has been awarded the third batch of "National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units" and "the first batch of national It has the title of "Key Park" and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. It is also one of the four famous gardens in China.
1. Historical background:
The predecessor was Shouzhi Garden in the early Qing Dynasty. During the Jiaqing and Daoguang years, Huang Zhiyun, a salt merchant from the Huaihe River, purchased the garden and renovated it. Because there were thousands of bamboo poles planted in the garden, and the bamboo leaves were shaped like the character "ge", hence the name.
2. Related introduction:
“Yangzhou is famous for its famous gardens, and famous gardens are famous for their stacked stones.” Geyuan is an urban forest with bamboo and stone as the main body and features stone peaks. It is said that it was created by the famous painter Shi Tao during the Kangxi period. The ancients said that "painting mountains comes from painting things". Painting mountains in the garden is rich in painting theory. Between the similarity and the dissimilarity, it attracts people's infinite reverie. The peaks in the park are tall and majestic, giving people the feeling of a rockery.
There are Yiyuxuan, Baoshan Tower, Fuyun Pavilion, Zhuqiu Pavilion, Touyue Pavilion and other buildings in the garden, which complement each other with the rockery pool and are matched with ancient and famous trees, making it more simple and elegant. The garden uses different stones to express the scenery of spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively, and is known as the "four seasons rockery". There are mountains and forests in spring, lotus ponds in summer, the setting sun in autumn, and snow lions in midwinter, all of which are vivid and vivid.