In August and September 1960, Guan Shicong, together with Peng Shifu, Yang Zhaoyu, Cai Qianzhong, Liu Zhengzeng and others, conducted a comprehensive and systematic field investigation of the North China Basin.
The reasons and background for organizing the inspection are: ① The comprehensive geophysical survey of the North China Basin has made new progress; ② Six Huaziha benchmark wells have been completed; ③ The oil and gas geological work of the petroleum teams of Henan, Shandong and Hebei provinces A batch of new information has been accumulated; ④ The proposed North China oil survey work conference is about to be held, which needs to provide scientific basis for decision-making and deployment.
"North China Journey" started from Zhengzhou, Henan, borrowing the jeep of the Henan Petroleum Team, and visited Jiyuan, Lincheng, Hebei, Mengyin, Wangcun, Wudi Dashan, Changle, Zhucheng, Weifang, Shandong, Conduct field geological profile observation and research in Laiyang and other places. The physical drilling geological records of 12 wells including Meng 1 Well, Meng 2 Well, Linzi 2 Well, Boxing 1 Well, Hua 4 Well, Hua 7 Well and Yangsanmu Shallow Well were examined. The relevant geophysical survey data mainly refers to the detailed seismic survey data. In addition to the Zhongyuan Petroleum Geophysical Exploration Team, we also consulted the detailed survey data of the Hebei Province Geophysical Exploration Team in the Huanghua Yangsanmu area.
The trip to North China coincided with the country's difficult period of natural disasters, and life along the way was quite difficult. I sometimes ate baked sweet potatoes to satisfy my hunger, but I still persisted in geological travel for more than 40 days and obtained a wealth of investigation data, arriving on the eve of the National Day. Qingdao to summarize. The "North China Journey" report written by Mr. Guan is a strategic document of the Ministry of Geology that has a profound impact on oil and gas exploration in North China. Its historical value lies in that it is the first-hand information summarized during the oil survey stage in North China, and is an important basis for formulating the early oil and gas exploration deployment in North China. In particular, it is the first decision-making suggestion to list the Jihuang Depression as a key breakthrough, which later Tianjin The convening of the North China Petroleum Survey and Exploration Conference laid a solid foundation.
"North China Journey" has the highest score: 5 chapters including field fragments, core observations, new geophysical data, discussions on several issues, and supplementary opinions on prospect evaluation.
"Field Fragments" discusses 8 areas including the Jiyuan Depression in Henan, Lincheng Section in Hebei, Mengyin Basin in Shandong, Wangcun Section, Wudi Mountains, Changle Zone, Zhucheng Weifang Section and Laiyang Basin According to the field geology, most of the observed field outcrop sections are Mesozoic strata.
The western drainage section of Jiyuan Sag in Henan Province contains Yanchonian and Jurassic strata that have obtained fossil evidence. Considering that the sag is located on the southwest edge of the North China Basin, the Tertiary sedimentation should be dominated by marginal facies. The Triassic-Jurassic system is expected to be favorable for oil generation based on its dark shale deposits, and can be regarded as the target layer in the depression.
Section of Lincheng, Hebei Province. As early as June and July 1957, I led Wu Gaohui, Feng Keqiang, Li Siqi, Hou Lin and others from the Beijing Institute of Geology to conduct stratigraphic research in Yuanshi, Gaoyi, Lincheng, Neiqiu, Xingtai and other places in the eastern foothills of Taihang Mountains. Cretaceous strata were discovered for the first time in Lincheng Zhubi and Weicun, and a large number of gastropod, bivalve and ostracod fossils were collected, and trench exploration and shallow drilling were carried out to expose them.
Stratigraphic sequence: The overlying strata are Old Tertiary Liujiadong conglomerate, and underneath are red-purple shale, gray-green mudstone, sandstone, etc., with an exposure thickness of more than 40 meters. Contains Sphaerium sp. bivalve fossils and Darwinula sp.indet., Darwinula ex gr Mandel. Cypridea ex gr Vitimica Mandel, Cypridea sp., Cypridea sp.indet. and other ostracod fossils as well as Planarbis Sinensis Odnnar, Planarbis cf.Sinensis Odnner cf.Staliola gregaria, Statiola gregaria (Brongn) and other gastropod fossils. The strata drilled under the section are mainly gray-white argillaceous siltstone, with purple-red argillaceous sandstone at the bottom, which is more than 85 meters thick. It is estimated that the red strata of the Shiqianfeng Series can be seen by drilling 20 meters further.
After the gastropod and bivalve fossils were identified by Gu Zhihui of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, it was believed that some of them were Cretaceous species. The ostracod fossils were identified by former Soviet expert Nekaeva from the Stratigraphic Paleontology Identification Office of the Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of the Ministry of Geology. It was identified as belonging to the Cretaceous period, and according to Hou Hutang's opinion, it is appropriate to assign the age of the genus Cypridea to the Cretaceous period. Afterwards, this newly discovered set of strata was named the "Lincheng Formation", and it was speculated that it would be distributed in the northern depression of the North China Basin (later encountered during drilling in the Linqing Depression and named the Qiucheng Formation). This result was published in "New Knowledge on Cretaceous Stratigraphy in Lincheng Area at the Eastern Foot of Taihang Mountains" in Volume 19, Issue 9, of "Geological Review" in 1959. The "Lincheng Formation" was once included in the stratigraphic table of North China.
After observing the stratigraphic section, Mr. Guan and others believed that the field impression can be compared with the Qingshan system in Laiyang Basin, Shandong.
The discovery of the Lincheng group is inseparable from the efforts of Wu Gaohui, a female graduate student. She studied hard and never tired of learning. Unfortunately, after she left North China, she died of a heart attack in Shanghai. Died young.
The last observation point of "Field Fragments" is the Laiyang Basin. Shanqiandian has the best stratigraphic section. Its sequence mainly consists of Laiyang Series, Qingshan Series and Wangshi Series. The eras are collectively called J3-K1-K2. What is striking is the exposure of oil-bearing siltstone and asphalt veins, which generally exist in the upper strata of the Laiyang Series and in the volcanic rocks intruding into the Qingshan Series. Mr. Guan believes: “The Laiyang layer located in the axial part appears in the northeastern part of Laiyang. In terms of the Laiyang Basin in a narrow or broad sense, the fracture phenomenon is not as complicated as imagined. In the Zhucheng and even Laiyang areas, the slow and open anticline uplift is "
The oil and gas in J3-K1 of the Laiyang Basin shows that from a hydrocarbon geological point of view, if the North Yellow Sea Basin located in the northeast direction can be connected in time and space, the oil and gas geological conditions there may be different. better.
"Core Observation" included the cores of the 12 wells observed, including the Boxing No. 1 hole drilled by the Shandong Petroleum Team and the Shahe Street benchmark well drilled by the North China Drilling Brigade of the Xi'an Geological Survey Division of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry. 2. We are deeply satisfied with the well logging data. Because in both wells, gray-green phase change layers of Tertiary sedimentation were seen, it is expected that if we continue to drill deeper, we will encounter dark strata that are favorable for oil generation.
Through systematic observation of cores and field geological sections, preliminary understanding and opinions have been gained on the comparison and division of Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in North China.
The "New Geophysical Exploration Data" report records gravity and seismic survey data in 5 areas including the Jiyang Depression.
1. Structural groups in Jiyang Depression
After 1:100,000 gravity measurement results, many local structures were discovered on the northern slope, western slope and eastern area of ??Jiyang Depression. The gravity is abnormal and distributed in a band along the near east-west direction. There are two "secondary structural belts" such as Linfan and Dongying and the Linyi nose structure that have been confirmed by regional seismic work. They occupy a good geotectonic position. As shown in the reflection layer, there are huge Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments. When the different structural layers in the local structure are basically consistent, the vertex displacement, the difference in closure degree of the upper and lower structural layers and the wing Phenomenons such as the thickening of local strata indicate the simultaneous formation of structures and sedimentation and the inheritance of structures, as well as the occurrence of fractures and asymmetries on individual structures. This is conducive to the geological interpretation of the development process of structural forms and oil and gas accumulation conditions, and can be used to find oil for further deployment. Provide basis for work.
2. Negative gravity anomaly zone in the northern part of Huanghua Depression (east of Tianjin)
After 1:100,000 gravity measurement, the area east of Tianjin in the northern part of Huanghua Depression and the Bohai Depression It is a deep and large depression area and is parallel to the east-west trend in the Jidong Mountain area. It repeats two regional negative anomaly zones and a positive anomaly zone. In the negative anomaly zone, there are more secondary derivatives of gravity. Positive anomalies should be noted and seismic surveys and detailed survey measurements should be carried out immediately.
3. Abnormal display in the Kaifeng Basin
The Kaifeng Basin in a broad sense includes two depressions, Kaifeng and Jiyuan. North of Zhongmou County and near Hegang, the electrical uplift and the gravity second derivative anomaly are basically consistent. The two gravity second derivative anomalies in Nanyangzhai and Miaozhang north of Zhengzhou City also show uplift on an east-west seismic profile, and can be explained by the reflection interface of Mesozoic rock layers.
This provides favorable conditions for the re-evaluation of the Kaifeng Basin.
4. Possible structural zones on the southern slope of the Huanghua Depression
On the southern slope of the Huanghua Depression, except for Yangsanmu, which has been confirmed to be a structure by detailed seismic surveys, several recent earthquakes During the profile survey, seismic uplifts such as Koucun, Huanghua, Luqiao, Dacaozhong, and Yangerzhuangqianshahu were discovered, which need to be confirmed by further detailed investigation. But what is interesting is that these seismic uplifts are consistent with the positive second derivative gravity anomaly and the residual gravity anomaly. Like the Jiyang Depression, they may form a nearly east-west trending secondary structural belt, which is a favorable area for oil exploration.
5. Huangchuan Depression
It may be the edge of the Zhoukou Depression. A shallowly buried electric uplift is found in the depression, and there may also be Cretaceous strata from the Hefei Basin. Extended existence.
"Discussions on Several Issues"
The report summarizes, analyzes and summarizes: ①The division and comparison of Cenozoic strata in the marginal basins and plain boreholes of the North China Plain; ②Tectonic units zoning and Wudi uplift zone issues; ③ local structural distribution rules and morphology issues; ④ Mesozoic and Cenozoic igneous rock activity issues; ⑤ issues regarding the division of plain strata.
The discussion issues mainly focus on two aspects: one is the local structural distribution law, and the other is the obvious east-west arrangement, such as Dongying, Linfan, Linyi, Yangsanmu, Kongdian, Yanger Zhuang and other structures or earthquake uplift. The other type is the structure that appears along the north-northeast trend formed in the early Yanshan period, such as the Qijiajiu structure on the east side of the Cangxian uplift and the Daxinzhuang structure in the Baoding depression. The second is stratigraphy and contrast.
Previously, the Shandong Petroleum Team had divided the plain strata into A, B, B, Γ, and Д layers. After observation, we basically agree, but two points still need to be raised: stratigraphic contact relationship, age and structural cycle issues, which require careful verification, processing, supplementation and modification in further work.
The above-mentioned set of stratigraphic sequences was first proposed by Yang Zhaoyu of the Shandong Petroleum Team, who organized Jia Runxu, Yang Chengxian and others to conduct a comprehensive study of the strata encountered during drilling in the Jiyang Depression, combined with edge outcrops. Later, it was changed into four groups: A, B, C, and D. Group A was officially named the New Tertiary Huanghua Group, and Group B was the Old Tertiary Jiyang Group. The former is equivalent to the current Minghuazhen Formation and Guantao Formation. The latter is equivalent to the Dongying Formation and Shahejie Formation.
"Supplementary Opinions on Prospective Evaluation" is the key conclusion of "Journey to North China". It was proposed after heated discussions and in-depth study of the oil and gas exploration situation in North China and the comprehensive geological-geophysical data obtained. Supplementary comments are divided into 8 points:
(1) The Laiyang System itself has oil-generating and oil-storage properties, and the Fangzi System (including the Wutu Group) below it also has oil-generating properties. There are still prospects for finding oil and gas in plain areas, areas with gentle stratigraphic folds and less igneous rock activity, such as individual areas in the Laiyang Basin, and the large hilly areas of Zhucheng and Huaifang.
(2) In the Jiyang Depression, because we believe that the lower structural layers, including the Middle and Lower Jurassic and Laiyang systems, are present, there are many drillings in the Jiyang Depression. Therefore, in addition to the B layer itself, which can be used as the main target layer for oil generation and storage, B, Γ, and Д are all target layers. If we confirm that the Wutu Formation coal system is equivalent to the Fangzi Coal System, then like the lower reaches of the Liaohe River, oil-generating rock systems such as the Fuxin Series, Fangzi Series, and Wutu Formation exist widely on the edges and extend toward the center of the plain. Laiyang, Qingshan and the loose and porous Wang's layer are all good target layers. It is particularly worth noting that the discovery of oil-bearing siltstone in Anqiu is a very valuable revelation.
(3) The bordered fold belt along the uplift zone has a good geotectonic location. As far as the data obtained from shallow drilling is concerned, the Shahejie and Huanghua depressions on the northern slope of Jiyang Depression Shallow layers exist in Kongdian and Yanshan on the south slope. The strata in these areas are mainly areas where the B layer and the Γ layer pinch out and lift up, which is conducive to oil and gas migration and storage. Therefore, the areas along the edge of the Jihuang Depression and the Wudi Uplift Zone, including areas east of Tianjin, south of Huanghua, and east of Guangrao, are the most promising areas, especially the areas near Huanghua, Kou Village, Fangzhuang, and Guangrao. Dongying is more prominent, and the gravity display and seismic data are basically consistent. These structures are located in the saddles of two gravity depressions (negative anomalies) and are most suitable for oil and gas migration and accumulation. They should be prioritized and broken through first.
(4) Considering the new subsidence, in the eastern part of Huanghua Depression, the Pliocene strata thicken, and drilling has also confirmed that the closer to the east and north, the lithology of layer A becomes The finer it is, the more sediment it represents in the deep water reducing environment, which is conducive to oil production. Therefore, the area east of Tianjin and the deep depression of the Bohai Sea are connected, which is particularly worthy of attention. The seismic profile from Tianjin to Tanggu shows that the A layer has a tendency to gradually thicken eastward, and the A layer itself may constitute conditions for oil and gas generation and storage.
(5) The Kaifeng Basin should be re-evaluated. The Jiyuan area of ??the Kaifeng Basin has indeed seen the distribution of New Triassic and Extension Series sandstones, which may serve as the main oil storage target layer. The Middle and Lower Jurassic in Jiyuan Basin are in good condition. The Mengxian borehole found that the Yantai sandstone may still be Jurassic and contain asphalt veins. According to electrical measurement results, there are several NW-trending uplifts in the Jiyuan Basin, which are likely to be extensions of several anticlines in the western mountains of the basin. To the east of the Wuqing uplift, not only were gravity second derivative anomalies found along the central part of the Kaifeng Depression, but an east-west seismic profile from Xingyang to Miaozhang also showed an uplift, and seismic reflections also showed that there was an uplift in Kaifeng. The Mesozoic realm exists in the depression. There may be oil generation and storage strata in the Kaifeng Basin, and there may also be oil storage structures or anomalies. In terms of sedimentary environment and properties, it is inseparable from the entire North China Plain. Therefore, the Kaifeng Basin should be given a higher evaluation. The survey and detailed survey work in geophysical prospecting should be re-strengthened.
(6) The Huangchuan Basin is not large in scope, but because there are hugely thick Mesozoic strata on its southern edge, and these strata are obviously related to the oil-bearing Mesozoic in Hefei, it must Consider carrying out geophysical prospecting and drilling surveys in the Huangchuan Basin in order to evaluate the prospects of Huangchuan itself and the Zhoukou Basin in the north.
(7) In the past, geological explanations suggested that the sediments along the western edge of the Boye Basin, especially in the Wuqing and Baoding sag, were marginal facies, but the basis was insufficient. Along the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains, there are huge Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments in the Xishan Basin and the Lingshan area, with good lithological conditions. Several sub-sag uplifts in the Boye Sag are also arranged in an orderly manner. Therefore, the Boye Sag cannot be ignored. The potential for oil in the Yehe Wuqing sag.
(8) In addition to Tianjin, mid-deep and shallow natural gas have been discovered in Shunyi and Zhuozhou in the suburbs of Beijing. It should be considered that their appearance is not accidental. Study the facies of North China (Pliocene A layer) The distribution of variable and B layers provides a basis for searching for Tertiary natural gas in the North China Plain. Therefore, the recent discovery of Quaternary natural gas in Shandong along the old Yellow River channel area with relatively abundant flow also indicates the possibility of discovering shallow natural gas reservoirs in the vast ancient Yellow River basin.
After the "Journey to North China" was written, it aroused strong reactions among the main technical personnel in the three provinces. The conclusions and opinions proposed were highly theoretically summarized and pertinent, and were recognized as the focus of the evaluation of oil and gas exploration in North China. are particularly important, especially the following two major issues:
1. Select the correct breakthrough point in North China
North China covers a plain area of ??more than 400,000 square kilometers. After five years of comprehensive geological and geophysical research, After the investigation, constituency issues should be raised as soon as possible in order to narrow the circle of encirclement and find a breakthrough. Through on-the-spot investigation and data analysis, it was accurately proposed: "The areas east of Tianjin, south of Huanghua, and east of Guangrao are the most promising areas, most suitable for oil and gas accumulation, and should be prioritized for breakthroughs." This is The breakthrough progress made in early oil and gas exploration in North China from theory to practice is the key to unlocking the mystery of oil and gas in North China. It can be called a monument in the history of North China exploration.
2. Re-evaluate the Kaifeng Depression
Before 1960, the Ministry of Petroleum Industry had drilled Well Hua 2 in Nanshengang in the Kaifeng Depression, and in Linqing in the north Well Hua 3 (Fangerzhuang, Guan County, Shandong), Hua 4 (Tangyi, Liaocheng, Shandong), Hua 6 (south of Tangyi, Liaocheng), and Well Hua 5 (Tongxudige, Henan) in the Zhoukou Depression in the south have been drilled in the depression. No oil and gas shows have been found in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata. This has a great impact on the evaluation of the Kaifeng Depression, and is in sharp contrast to the evaluation of the former Soviet Union expert Liang Baixing, who has been the most vocal in the past. However, we have the same view as our comrades from the North China Petroleum Exploration Department, and we all believe that negative conclusions cannot be made when the level of exploration is extremely low.
Mr. Guan emphasized in the report: “There may be oil generation and storage strata in the Kaifeng Basin, and there may also be structural anomalies for oil storage, and in terms of sedimentary environment and properties, it is inseparable from the entire North China Plain. Therefore, Kaifeng Basin should be given The basin has a high evaluation and the survey and detailed survey work in terms of geophysical prospecting and drilling should be re-strengthened."
The "North China Journey" report was written by Mr. Guan in Qingdao. Qingdao is a beautiful seaside city with blue sea, blue sky, red tiles and green trees. It is known as the "Switzerland of the East". We stayed at the city government guest house near the pier. It was time to relax after the stressful and tiring travel life of the past few months, so we walked along the seaside. The waves aroused our appetite for seafood. Mr. Guan happily invited the guests to a restaurant and drank Tsingtao beer in the cup. The overflowing fragrant hops made everyone feel that it would be great if there would be hops in North China! At this time, Mr. Guan talked about the next step of exploration and deployment. He looked at the waves of Jiaozhou Bay and said that North China will drill around the Bohai Bay. He believes that Jiyang, Huanghua, Bohai and Xialiaohe Depressions all belong to the ancient Bohai Basin, so they should It is the sedimentary center of North China and has excellent oil and gas prospects.
As the sun sets in the west, the sea and sky reflect the shadows, and the scenery is charming. We are drunk and picking up shells on the beach. The auspicious bird seagulls seem to be blessing us!
Not long after the trip to North China ended, I learned that drilling in Well Hua 7 found a set of gray and gray-green mudstone interspersed with white siltstone, containing a large number of paleontological fossils and rich in organic matter, which was confirmed to be good biomass. oil layer. The seismic profile shows that this layer is widely distributed, indicating that the Jiyang Depression has very favorable oil-forming conditions and exploration prospects. This is a major achievement achieved by the North China Petroleum Exploration Office since the drilling of the Huaziha benchmark well. It basically confirms that the North China Basin will be a large oil and gas basin. Later, Shua Defu named this old Tertiary system the "Shahejie Formation" and it has been used to this day, making a contribution to the formal establishment of the Tertiary stratigraphic sequence in North China.
In December 1985, I mentioned the history of "Travel in North China" in "Early Petroleum Exploration Work in the North China Basin" published in Volume 6, Issue 4, of "Petroleum and Natural Gas Geology". However, for some reason, the report has never been published publicly, but it has already played a role in actual work. The detailed disclosure after 37 years can provide important and precious historical materials for the study of early oil and gas exploration and discovery in North China (" The original report of "Journey to North China" was printed on paper of extremely poor quality, and some of the handwriting was difficult to read. I later printed and copied it with a laser, and I finally saved this document.)