Scream contains fourteen novels by the author from 19 18 to 1922. 1923 was published by Beijing Xinchao Society in August, and originally included 15 articles, which was listed as one of the social literature series. 1924 When it was printed for the third time in May, it was published by Beijing Beixin Bookstore and listed as one of the "five-in-one series" compiled by the author. 13 in June, 930, the author deleted one of the articles "Not Zhoushan" (later renamed "Mending the Sky" and included in "New Stories"). The author published twenty-two editions before his death.
Lu Xun (1881.9.25 ~1936.10.19), originally named Zhou Zhangshou, later changed to Zhou Shuren,
Lu Xun
The word Yushan, Yuting, was later changed to Yucai. People from Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Writers, thinkers and revolutionaries. Lu Xun was the pseudonym when he published China's first vernacular novel Diary of a Madman in May. 19 18. Lu Xun 1898 went to Nanjing to study abroad, and 1902 went to Japan to study medicine. Later, he felt that it was more important to cure the numb national spirit than to cure the physical diseases, so he gave up medicine and went to literature. /kloc-returned to China in 0/909. 19 18 participated in editing New Youth and published the first vernacular novel Diary of a Madman in the history of modern literature in China. Later, he published famous novels such as Kong Yiji, Medicine and The True Story of Ah Q, and wrote a lot of essays. 1923, the first novel collection "Scream" was published, which became the cornerstone of China's new literature.
The League of Chinese Left-wing Writers was founded in 1930, with Lu Xun as one of the founders and leaders. He has successively edited important literary publications such as Germination, Sentinel and Crossroads.
Lu Xun published three collections of novels, two collections of essays, fifteen collections of letters and two works on literary history. He has also made outstanding achievements in sorting out China's ancient books and translating foreign literature. After all the translations, they were compiled by People's Literature Publishing House into Complete Works of Lu Xun, Translated Works of Lu Xun and Series of Ancient Books Collected by Lu Xun.
In the preface to Scream, Lu Xun talked about the process and purpose of his abandoning medicine and joining literature. 1898 graduated from Nanjing Jiangnan naval academy, and transferred to the mining and metallurgy school affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi academy in the second year. 1902 After graduation, he was sent by the Qing government to study in Japan. 1904 entered Sendai Medical College. 1906 stopped studying medicine and returned to Tokyo to prepare for the literary movement. It was an experience of looking at pictures in class that made him abandon medicine and join literature. He recalled: "On one occasion, I suddenly met many people from China who I hadn't seen for a long time in a photo. One was tied in the middle, and many stood around. They are all strong and show numbness. "
According to the explanation, this is a military detective who works for Russia and is about to be beheaded by the Japanese army, surrounded by people who come to enjoy this grand performance. He thinks that medicine is not an urgent matter. No matter how healthy and strong a stupid citizen is, he can only do meaningless propaganda materials and spectators. There is no need to think that he died unfortunately. Therefore, our first task is to change their spirit, and what is good at changing their spirit is that I thought it was natural to advocate literature and art at that time, so I wanted to advocate the literary movement.
After returning to China, he started a "new life" with several people. However, without encouragement or even criticism, Mr. Wang felt lonely and disheartened. Later, someone fled with money, and at this time, he returned to his hometown and picked up the ancient monument. Concentrate on research and escape from the real world. One day, Jin Xinyi (money) came. When he saw them holding their previous hopes and ambitions, he fought bravely.
Lu Xun also talked about how he contributed novels such as Diary of a Madman to New Youth. He once asked a friend who ran "New Youth": "If an iron room has absolutely no windows, it is extremely difficult to be destroyed, and there are many people sleeping in it, it will soon suffocate, but it will not feel the sadness of sleeping and dying. Now you are shouting, you have awakened several sober people, and you have made this unfortunate minority suffer irreparable dying pain. Do you think you deserve them? " The man replied, "However, since several people have come up, you can't say that there is no hope to destroy this iron house." So he wrote Diary of a Madman, and since then he has published more than ten other articles. Lu Xun hopes that his works can awaken people in the "iron house" and save the people. When talking about the name "Scream", he said: "In my own mind, I thought I was no longer an eager person who couldn't speak, but maybe I couldn't forget the loneliness and sadness of that day, so sometimes I couldn't help shouting to comfort the brave man who was running in loneliness and let him not be afraid of his predecessors. As for whether my cry is brave or sad, hateful or ridiculous, it doesn't matter so much; But since it's up to you to cry, of course, I often don't care to put a wreath at my son's grave with a curved pen, and don't tell her tomorrow that she didn't see her son's dream, because the Lord didn't advocate negativity at that time. As for myself, I don't want to infect young people who are dreaming like I was young. "
Lu Xun's novels are the foundation works and classics of China's modern vernacular novels. They have been popular for more than half a century with infinite charm and are still popular today. We are all familiar with these three collections of novels: Scream, Wandering and New Stories. The true story of Ah Q in the novella Scream is not only a masterpiece of China, but also a masterpiece of the world.
These novels reflect the miserable life and fate of the oppressed in China around the May 4th Movement.
"Scream" illustrated by Chen Yuxian (2)
The following is the content of Scream. In the preface of Scream, the author reviews his own life experience, reflecting the process of the author's ideological development and his purpose and attitude in literary and artistic activities. At the same time, it also explains the origin and naming reasons of these novels. The author praised literature and art as a weapon to change the national spirit from learning Westernization, studying medicine and taking the road of saving the country scientifically, and showed the development of his patriotic thought and the mental process of seeking the road of saving the country and the people. This article is of great reference value for understanding the author's life, thoughts and the connotation and implication of this novel. In writing, this preface is fresh and refined, thorough and smooth, shocking and fascinating, which makes people want to stop. Its language style is full of Lu Xun's unique personality and has strong artistic charm.
Scream is Lu Xun's first collection of short stories, published by Beijing Xinchao Society in August, 1923, novel 14. Wandering is his second collection of novels, published in 1926, Novel 1 1. Lu Xun said that the purpose of his novels was enlightenment, that is, "for life", and he wanted to improve this life. However, due to the different writing years and the influence of the social environment and the trend of the times at that time, the creative mood, creative methods and expressive means of Lu Xun's two novels are different.
Most of the works in Scream were created during the climax of the May 4th Movement. It was named Shout to help improve the prestige of the New Culture Movement, which means that the author was inspired by the New Culture Movement. "Sometimes, I can't help but shout a few times to comfort this brave soldier who runs in loneliness, so that he is not afraid of his predecessors." The works in the anthology obviously retain the characteristics that the author stood up and shouted after a period of silence at the climax of the May 4th Movement. In art, it absorbs and draws lessons from the creative methods and expressive techniques of foreign novels. Therefore, the works in Scream are refreshing because of their "profound expression and special format".
Although Lu Xun learned from the artistic experience of foreign novels, he combined the experience of foreign novels with the tradition of ancient novels in China, which laid the foundation for the nationalization of modern novels in China. Lu Xun's novel marks the beginning and maturity of China's modern novel, mainly because it is new and mature in form and completely anti-feudal in ideological content, and it opens a new era of China's modern novel.
The Old Man and the Sea is a novella written by Hemingway in Cuba on 195 1 and published on 1952. This is one of Hemingway's most famous works. It tells the story of an old Cuban fisherman struggling with a giant marlin in the Gulf Stream off the coast. It established Hemingway's prominent position in world literature, and this novel won the Pulitzer Prize in the United States and the Nobel Prize in Literature of 1954.
The Old Man and the Sea is about the fishing experience of the old fisherman Santiago (there may be different versions because of different translations). After subduing the marlin, the old man struggled with the shark on his way back. The images in his works have strong symbolic significance. He used marin to symbolize the ideal of life and the inevitable desire of human beings as life itself, sharks to symbolize the tragic fate that cannot be shaken off, and the sea to symbolize the changeable human society. The lion is a symbol of courage and strength. It hates evil and can create miracles. Santiago is the representative of the "tough guy" who struggles with powerful forces in human beings. His unfortunate fishing experience symbolizes that human beings are always struggling with bad luck but unable to do anything. "A ship crosses the end of the world and sails for the unknown sea. On the bow, there is a flag, which is still gorgeous even after the storm. On the flag, the word Yunlong dances and shines-beyond the limit! " Author Hemingway commented on his work The Old Man and the Sea.
The expression of invincible tough guy spirit in the history of literature
Only the victory of the spirit can make us moved and shed tears for its tragic.
1952, Hemingway published his best work The Old Man and the Sea. This is a treasure in the treasure house of world literature, and it is also a treasure in all Hemingway's creations.
The old man and the sea is an idyllic poem, and the sea is the sea, not Byronic or Melville, just like Homer's handwriting: the writing is calm and moving, just like Homer's poem. A real artist is neither symbolic nor allegorical-Hemingway is a real artist-but any real work of art can exude symbolic and allegorical significance, and so can this short but not insignificant masterpiece.
Man can fail, but he can't be defeated. The external body can be tortured, but the internal will is sacred and inviolable. This is an argument repeatedly emphasized in The Old Man and the Sea. Real masters express the deepest truth in the simplest language, and real good works are based on the experience of life. "The Old Man and the Sea" depicts the best portrait of Hemingway's life. As Hemingway said, "I have read it more than 200 times, and every time I read it, I get more, as if my life's efforts have finally got what I want."