Xuchang is a city under the jurisdiction of Henan Province, with two cities (Yuzhou and Changge), three counties (Xuchang, Yanling and Xiangcheng) and one district (Weidu), with an existing area of 4,996 square kilometers and a population of 4.47 million. Xuchang has been rated as "China Excellent Tourism City" and "National Excellent Garden City" in recent years. Xuchang is known as "Weidu", "Jundu" and "Huadu". Xuchang has a good location advantage and development prospect in the construction of Central Plains urban agglomeration.
1. Tracing the origin of the promised land
Xuchang is a famous historical and cultural city named by the People's Government of Henan Province. It is said that Xu You, a senior scholar in ancient times, lived in seclusion near Xuchang. Yao wanted to give way to him, but he insisted. Ask him to be the chief executive of Kyushu again, and Xu You will not only suffer, but also pollute his ears. That is, wash your ears by the Ying River to show Qingming. Xu You was buried in Xu Youzhai Village, Yanling County after his death, and the cemetery still exists. Ancient people praised the place where they lived as a promised land. In the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the capital of Xu State, and the Qin Dynasty implemented the county system, and the capital of Xu State was governed by Xu County. In 22 AD, Emperor Xiandi abdicated, and Cao Pi ascended the throne to establish the State of Wei; Because "Wei Jichang was in Xu", it was renamed Xuchang, which is still in use today.
Xuchang is located in the hinterland of the Central Plains, with profound historical and cultural accumulation and numerous ancient relics and sites. From Taihao Fuxi to Xuanyuan Huangdi, from Xu You, an ancient scholar, to Ge Tianshi, the ancestor of music, from Dayu's flood control to Xia Qi's capital, the development history of the Chinese nation has left many shining footprints in Xuchang. The mysterious symbols on Mount Juzi show the intelligence of human ancestors, and the concept of freedom is where Xuanyuan Huangdi asked. The lock dumpling well records Dayu's achievements in water control, and the ancient Juntai shows the glory of China's first capital. It's also a place where overseas Chinese people seek their roots and worship their ancestors ...
Xuchang, as the old capital of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and one of the five capitals of Wei State, was just as famous as Luoyang, the national capital, and Chang 'an, the old capital of Western Han Dynasty. Among the 12 chapters of the classic Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 51 chapters and 172 chapters involved Xuchang. In the first year of Jian 'an (196), Cao Cao, a politician, strategist and poet, welcomed the Han Dynasty to offer the emperor. Later, he gave orders in his name, successively flattened the separatist forces such as Lu Bu, and gradually unified northern China after the battle of Guandu broke the clan warlord Yuan Shao. Talking about the Three Kingdoms is inseparable from the Han and Wei Dynasties; Talking about the Han and Wei Dynasties is inseparable from Xuchang. Cao Cao has lived in Xuchang for 25 years, focusing on martial arts outside, promoting literature inside, managing the army and the people, cultivating fields and accumulating valleys, recruiting talents, exploring the east and the west, fighting against Wu and Shu, which laid a solid foundation for the ultimate realization of "three points belong to unity". The generous, sad, vigorous and heroic "Jian 'an style" created by "Three Caos and Seven Scholars" made "Jian 'an Literature" start a new chapter in the history of China literature, and made Xuchang the cultural center of China in the era of "Three Kingdoms".
Second, the scenic spots of the Three Kingdoms
There are not many authentic relics of the Three Kingdoms in other parts of China, but there are more than 8 famous ruins of the Three Kingdoms in Xuchang, which are related to historical facts of the Three Kingdoms, figures of the Three Kingdoms or rumors of the Three Kingdoms. Xuchang has left many famous stone tablets, such as the "Three Wonders Tablet" which records the changes of Han and Wei Dynasties, the original Yin Zhoubei by Cai Yong and the "Drawing the Horse and Holding the Wind" by Wu Daozi, the sage who painted a statue of Guan Yu. Xuchang has always been outstanding, and there are many virtuous ministers and celebrities. Around Cao Cao, there were more than 3 counsellors, scholars and experts, including Guo Jia, Xun You and Xun Yu. Mr. Guo Moruo once said, "When you hear about the Three Kingdoms, you want to go to Xuchang.".
The historical sites related to the culture of the Three Kingdoms in Xuchang are distributed in various counties (cities), and the main ones are: the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties: Gucheng Village, Zhangpan Town, Xuchang County, 18 kilometers away from Xuchang City. According to the Records of Xuchang County in the 22nd year of the Republic of China, "The ancient city of Xuchang (the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties) is 3 miles east of the city, with a circumference of nine miles and 129 steps. According to legend, it was built by Cao Cao, and the site exists today. " Up to now, the outline of the city wall is faintly discernible, the rammed soil layer is clearly visible, and Han bricks are everywhere. According to the examination, in addition to streets, houses and government offices, the famous buildings in the city at that time included Xuchang Palace, Jingfu Hall, Chengguang Hall, Yongshitai and Prime Minister's Office. Xu Chang Gong Fu written by wei ren Bian Lan and Jing Fu Dian Fu written by Wei Dan and He Yan in the Three Kingdoms have been handed down to this day.
in p>1986, the site was announced by the people's government of Henan province as a provincial cultural relics protection unit. Meditation platform: located in a complicated town 17 kilometers southwest of Xuchang city. In 22 AD, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty announced his willingness to step down at the request of officials from the civil and military departments. Cao Pi accepted Xian Di's abdication here, established Wei on behalf of Han Dynasty, changed his title to Huang Chu, and called Wei Wendi. Since then, the era of Wei, Shu and Wu in China has begun.
The meditation platform was originally a blue brick slope protection, with steps on both sides, stone railings around the top of the platform, a sunshade pavilion in the center of the platform, and a dragon pier throne on it. After more than a thousand years of wind and rain erosion, there is still a two-story convex abutment with a height of more than 2 meters and a width of more than 3 meters. Written by Wang Lang, an imperial historian of the Han Dynasty, written by Liang Huan, an official of the Ministry of Rites, and engraved by Zhong You, the marquis of Wuting in Dali Temple, The Table of Meditation and The Playing of the Honorable Horn by General Gong Qing recorded in detail the historical facts of Xian Di's abdication and Cao Pi's claim to the throne, commonly known as the Three Wonders Monument. Now it is a national first-class protected cultural relic. Spring and autumn building: according to the "Three Kingdoms"? Shu Shu records: "In the fifth year of Jian 'an (2 years), Cao Gong made an expedition to the east, and the first master went to Yuan Shao, and Cao Shuo's feather returned, and he was worshipped as a partial general. The ceremony was very thick." On the basis of this historical fact, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms made a detailed description with many attachments: In order to protect the safety of Gan Mi's second emperor's sister-in-law, Guan Yu joined Cao Cao after the "Three Covenants on Tushan". Cao Cao gave Guan Yu a mansion to live with his second wife. Guan Yu is divided into two houses. Huang Sao lives in the inner court, and Guan Yu is alone outside. There is a building in the courtyard, where Guan Yu reads the Spring and Autumn Period at night, that is, the Spring and Autumn Building.
The ancient buildings in Chunqiulou were built between the Yuan Dynasty and the first year, and have been repaired many times. In 1995, Xuchang Municipal People's Government invested 15 million yuan to build a large-scale cultural relics scenic spot in Chunqiulou, and also opened a new Chunqiulou Square. Chunqiulou is now a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit announced by the Henan Provincial People's Government.
Baling Bridge: formerly known as Bali Bridge. Ming Jiajing's "Xu Zhou Zhi" records: "Bali Bridge is in Xibali (Xu Zhou), which is said to be the place where Cao Cao sent Guan Yu." After Guan Yu was captured in Xuchang, Cao Cao "observed his mind for a long time" and wanted to keep it. However, Guan Yu "did his best to thank him, took leave of the book and ran to Yuan Jun." Cao Jun wanted to chase him, but Cao Cao flatly stopped him, saying, "Each is his own master, so don't chase him." Beside the bridge, there is a stone tablet inscribed by Zuo Liangyu, a general in the late Ming Dynasty, "The place where Emperor Guan of Han Dynasty picked his robe". In order to admire Guan Yu's loyalty, righteousness and bravery, in the 28th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1689), the Guandi Temple was built in the west of Qiaoxi, and an statue was set up to worship him. Since 198s, Xuchang Municipal People's Government has allocated funds for the renovation of Baling Bridge and Guandi Temple scenic spots for many times. Now, Guandi Temple in Baling Bridge is a magnificent building with carved beams and paintings, and it is now a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province.
Yuxiutai: Located in the southwest corner of the old city of Han and Wei Dynasties, Yuxiutai was built in the third year of Jian 'an (198). It was built by Cao Cao as a sacrifice square for Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, with a height of about 15 meters, an area of 4, square meters and 99 steps. Every autumn equinox, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty leads hundreds of officials from the civil and military forces to worship heaven, praying for good weather, peace and prosperity. In the past, Yuxiutai was hidden in the tree-lined, green and high in the sky. There are dozens of luxurious palace-style ancient buildings under the stage. It is a temporary rest place before the sacrifice of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. Yuxiutai was built more than a thousand years earlier than the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, which is also a royal place to worship heaven.
Deer shooting platform: Deer shooting platform is located in the west of Xutian Village, Xuchang County, northeast of the city. According to legend, it is the place where Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and Cao Cao and Liu Bei hunted and shot deer. The current station is about 1 meters high and covers an area of about 4, square meters. Because the fields around Shelutai are mostly saline-alkali land, which looks like the first snow, it is called "Xutian Snow" by later generations and is one of the ten scenic spots in Xuchang.
Huatuo Tomb: Huatuo Tomb is located in Shizhai Village, Suqiao Township, Xuchang County, 15 kilometers away from Xuchang City. Hua Tuo, an outstanding physician in the Three Kingdoms period, was buried in the tomb of Hua Tuo. The tomb is about 5 meters high, surrounded by more than 3 meters, and covers an area of 5 square meters. There is a hexagonal flower wall around the tomb. In front of the tomb, there is a stone tablet of "the tomb of the imperial doctor Hua Gong" erected by Qing Qianlong in 17 years, which was erected by local medical practitioners. According to legend, because of his superb medical skills and his obsession with the sufferings of the common people, Hua Tuo did not want to serve Cao Cao alone, so he went back to his hometown on an excuse. Cao Cao sent someone to take Huatuo back to Xuchang, put him in prison and persecuted him to death. Hua tuo enjoys a high prestige among the masses, and his story of saving the wounded and dying is still circulating here, and incense has been burning in front of the tomb so far.
Zhanggong Temple: Zhanggong Temple, also known as Zhanggong Temple, is located in the northwest of Zhangpan Ancient City in Xuchang County, 18 kilometers away from Xuchang City. According to legend, when Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei came to visit Xian Di, Zhang Fei lived here, which was later called Zhanggong Temple or Zhanggong Village. "Records of Jiajing Xu Zhou" records: "Zhanggong Temple was built in Han and Wei Dynasties and rebuilt in Jiajing 7 years (1528)." The temple was built on an 8-meter high platform, covering an area of more than 2 mu from north to south. There are more than 5 original temples, halls, buildings, pavilions, terraces and temples, in which Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are worshipped. In front of the temple, there are three species: cypress, pine, cypress and juniper, which are like three brothers in Taoyuan. There is a bluestone, a rain stone, a westerly stone embedded in the east and west walls of the mountain gate, and the two stones have the function of predicting rain or shine. There are also relics such as Zhang Feijing and Sanyi Hall.
In addition, there are the first place of Cao Cao's hair cutting generation, Zhang Liao City, Yongshitai, Emperor Yu's Mausoleum, Fu Empress's Tomb, Dong Guiren's Tomb, Zhang and Pan Erfei's Tomb, Eight Dragon Tomb, Wangyun's Tomb's Tomb, Mateng's Tomb's Tomb, Cao Zhang's Tomb, Chi Lv's Tomb, Xu Huang's Tomb, Xiahou Yuan's Tomb, Xia Houdun's Tomb, Mao Jie's Tomb, Giffin's Tomb, Xu Shu's Mother's Tomb, and In addition to the ancient buildings, sites, tombs and bridges on the ground, a large number of cultural relics such as Han bricks and tiles, Han bronzes and coins have been unearthed in Xuchang counties (cities). In the vicinity of the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, exquisitely-made tiles with bird pattern and rope pattern, portrait bricks with fish pattern, moire pattern and mosaic pattern, blue bricks and tiles with the words "Qianqiu" and "Long live", and hollow ceramic columns decorated with dragon and phoenix chariots have been unearthed. Also unearthed are bronze dings, spears, horse bits, car ornaments, arrow clusters, coins, rice cookers, stone mills and plowshares made by large-scale marchers in Cao Wei period. In 1985, a deep-embossed four-god column foundation with carved images of Qinglong, White Tiger, Suzaku and Xuanwu was unearthed in the ruins of the ancient city palace. It was proved to be a building component of Xudu Palace and a national first-class cultural relic. Some village names in the Three Kingdoms period have been used to this day, such as "Malan" village in Yanling County, which is said to be Cao Cao's grazing grassland in that year. Malan contains: "Cao Cao stationed troops and herded horses here at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty." For example, the "Yitai" village in Yanling County is said to be the place where Cao Cao gathered his ministers for deliberation. The "Records of Yanling County" contains: "Yitai was built by Cao Cao from generation to generation. Try to gather bureaucratic discussions here. " For example, the "crying" village in Xuchang County has been renamed as "crying". According to legend, after Hua Tuo's death, his wife found her husband thousands of miles away and cried so hard that she couldn't move on, so she got this name. Another example is the "Nianshang" village in Weidu District. According to legend, it was the concentrated venue for Cao Jun's rice milling when he made a promise to open a wasteland. In addition, there are still "Grain River" and "Gun Rod Liu" that have been passed down to this day.
As an intangible cultural heritage, the legends of the Three Kingdoms are folk stories and legends related to people, events, things and scenery in the Three Kingdoms, which have been circulating among Xuchang people for thousands of years. These stories and legends are not only numerous, but also of high quality. Some widely circulated stories and legends coexist in various versions, each with its own strong points and wonderful features. Modao Rain In Pohu, changge city, it always rains on the 13th day of the fifth lunar month. Legend has it that this has something to do with Guan Gong. While Liu, Guan and Zhang were in Xuchang, one day, Liu Bei and Guan Gong visited Lu Zhi. During the conversation, Lu Zhi said that the local drought lasted for years, crops were not harvested, and people's lives were very bitter. Liu Bei asked why, and Lu Zhi said, "Legend has it that there is a snake spirit here. The rain from the sky was drunk by the snake spirit before it fell to the ground, so it couldn't rain." After listening to it, Guan Gong said with a laugh, "What snake spirit is doing trouble? Let me go to see it for a while!" Although Guan Gong wanted to get rid of the snake essence, no one knew where it was hidden. On this day, Liu Bei and Lu Zhi talked about military affairs. Guan Yu felt bored in the room, so he went out for fun. He came to a desert beach, and saw a small pit in the desert beach with a red stone beside it, so Guan Yu rubbed his dragon crescent moon blade on the stone with water. I didn't know that this stone was the head of the snake spirit. The snake spirit thought it was Guan Gong who came to settle accounts with it, and he was too scared to move. Guan Yu grinded it again and again until red water was ground on the stone, and then he went back to the house with a knife. Strange to say, in a short time, dark clouds rolled, thunder and lightning flashed, and it began to rain cats and dogs. When Guan Gong sharpened his knife, the red water flowing from the stone was actually the blood of snake essence. Because Guan Gong sharpened his knife on May 13th, it must rain here every May 13th. Because the snake spirit is afraid that Guan Gong will sharpen his knife on his head again, he spits out the water in his stomach on this day every year. From then on, the people here called the rain on May 13th as Guan Gong's sharpening rain. According to legend, during the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao's troops were stationed in Xutian, east of Xuchang City. Cao Cao told the people to farm well, and also told the soldiers to help the people farm. In a few years, the people made a lot of food. One day, Cao Cao came to a small village in the northeast of Xutian and saw that more than a dozen granaries at the head of the village were full of millet, but they couldn't grind rice without grinding it. He gave an order that the people in the village should make ten large mills within three days, and all the millet in the granary should be ground into millet within half a month, and offenders would be beheaded. Military orders are like a mountain. In a small village with more than 2 people, some people go out and some people exchange money, working day and night. In four days, ten plates were finally ground, and all the millet was ground into millet within half a month. Cao Cao was very happy. He led the troops back from the war and passed by the small village. The people came out to meet him. Cao Cao smiled and said, "This is the village where Cao Cao built ten large mills in three days. I, Cao Cao, thank my fellow villagers!" " In order to commemorate this event, the villagers renamed the village "Cao Niantou". Poems and Bamboo Paintings There is a magnificent ancient building in Xuchang City called the Spring and Autumn Building, which was named after Guan Yu, a famous star of the Three Kingdoms, who once read Spring and Autumn Annals at night here. There is a poem and bamboo painting in the spring and autumn building, which is said to be made by Guan Yu, hence the name "Guan Yu's poem and bamboo painting". Looking at the painting carefully, bamboo leaves actually formed a poem: "Don't thank Dong Junyi, Dan Qing is an independent name." Don't be too lonely and pale, and never wither. " Guan Yu, Liu Bei and Zhang Fei * * * set out together to occupy Xuzhou and Xiapi and compete with Cao Cao. In the fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao recruited Liu Bei eastward. After Liu Bei was defeated, he went to Yuan Shao, and Guan Yu became a prisoner. Cao Cao loved Guan Yu's wisdom and courage. First, he worshipped Guan Yu as a partial general, and then named him the Pavilion Hou of Hanshou. He gave him a house to live in, gave him gold and silver treasures, and rewarded him with a red hare chasing the wind and catching the moon, a small feast on three days and a big feast on five days. But Guan Yu didn't move his heart and his ambition. It is in this state of mind that Guan Yu's Poems and Bamboo Paintings is made by him, which is the expression of his true feelings. "Don't thank Dong Junyi" means that although Cao Cao treats me well, I won't stay here; "Dan Qing's independent name" means that I have my own ideals and beliefs; "Don't be too lonely, never wither" means that although I am in adversity, I will never change my faith. Shortly after Guan Yu painted poems and bamboos, he put a seal on gold, wrote a book and resigned himself to Cao Cao, and rode a thousand miles alone to Liu Bei. Sword wax In the bazaar of Xuchang, one of the candles sold by businessmen is flat, which is called sword wax. The production of sword wax is related to Guan Yu.
in the fifth year of Jian' an, Cao Cao marched eastward to Xuzhou and pacified Lu Bu. Then Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei incorporated the defeated soldiers of Lu Bu, hoping to get rid of Cao Cao and become independent on their own. However, Cao Cao accepted Xun Yu's suggestion and pursued them. Zhang Fei was separated from Mangdang Mountain (now Dangshan Mountain, Anhui Province), and Liu Bei was desperate and went to Yuan Shao. Guan Yu was besieged and taken prisoner by Cao Cao for protecting Liu Bei's second wife, Gan and Mi. Cao Cao put Guan Yu and his two sisters-in-law in one room and gave them only a candle.