As the first and only fourth-generation supersonic fighter in the world, F-22 has become the de facto symbolic standard of the fourth-generation supersonic fighter with its "supersonic cruise, super maneuverability, stealth and maintainability". Radar reflector = two sheets of A4 paper. F-22 is a new generation fighter developed by Lockheed, Boeing and General Dynamics commissioned by the US Air Force. For the first time, the plan requires five characteristics to be concentrated on an aircraft, namely, low detectability, high maneuverability and agility (stealth), supersonic cruise (instead of short-term supersonic sprint), high payload and sufficient range. Let's take the F-22 as an example to see the "advanced" features of the fourth generation fighter. F-22 wingspan 13.56 meters; Fuselage length18.92m; The machine is 5 meters high; The wing area is 78.80 square meters. The F-22 adopts single-seat layout, double vertical tails and double engines. The vertical tail is tilted 27 degrees outward, just at the edge of the general stealth design. The air inlets on both sides are under the wing, and it has stealth design to suppress infrared radiation. The main wing and horizontal tail adopt the same sweep angle and trailing edge forward sweep angle, and the bubble-shaped canopy protrudes from the front upper part of the fuselage. The special shape and coating that can absorb radio waves make the effective radar reflection area of the fighter only 0? It's about 1 m2, which is equivalent to the area of two pieces of A4 paper. Two turbofan engines with afterburner (F119-PW-100) are used as power devices for supersonic cruise, quick attack and fast running. Maximum flying speed 1950 km/h, maximum flying speed near the ground 1480 km/h, actual maximum flying height 18000 m, and operational radius of about 1500 km. The F-22 can fly continuously for 30 minutes at the speed of 1.58 Mach (1 Mach is equivalent to 1 times the speed of sound) without developing engine afterburner. Fighters with supersonic cruise capability will have great advantages in combat. It can quickly approach the target, leave quickly after the attack, intercept enemy planes in farther airspace and carry out multiple attacks on the enemy. The F-22 also has high STOL capability and can take off and land on a 500-meter runway. This capability enables it to take off at a short runway mini airport, or take off on the remaining runways after the airport is destroyed. Over-the-horizon combat preemption In modern warfare, the position and role of over-the-horizon air combat is increasingly prominent, so the F-22' s over-the-horizon combat capability is highly valued at the design stage. The medium-range air-to-air missiles used by F-22 fighters are mainly AIM- 120C. This new generation of air-to-air missile, called "no matter after launch", has the ability of active radar homing and automatic guidance. It can strike accurately outside the line of sight, and cooperate with the stealth ability of the aircraft, so that the F-22 can find the target first, fire weapons first, and master the initiative in the battlefield. The F-22 has three internal weapon bays: two of them are arranged along the air inlet and can accommodate AIM-9 missiles; The other weapon bay is located in the lower part of the fuselage, which can accommodate six AIM- 120C medium-range air-to-air missiles. When carrying out the ground attack mission, the weapon cabin at the lower part of the fuselage can also carry two AIM- 120C missiles, two JDAM- 1000 guided bombs and an auxiliary fuel tank with a weight of 454kg. Of course, external weapons will greatly lose the stealth ability of flying. The F-2 is also equipped with a built-in cannon M6 1A2. Air-to-ground fighters are mostly used as "fourth generation fighters", and the F-22 is also a multi-role fighter, which can be used in air combat and has strong ground attack capability. Multi-purpose aircraft has the following advantages: first, it helps to shorten the development cycle; second, it can save development funds; third, it helps to improve operational flexibility and overall operational capability. JDAM- 1000, which can be mounted by F-22, is an advanced ground attack weapon. JDAM, also known as "Joint Direct Attack Ammunition", is an all-weather and self-searching conventional bomb guided by GPS. The missile tail is equipped with GPS global positioning system device, which can not be restricted by bad weather such as clouds and fog. The general attack error is within 13m, and the system reliability can reach 95%.
2-3 Su -37 fighters/Su -35 fighters
A single-seat dual-engine multi-role fighter developed by Sukhoi Company of Russia on the basis of Su -35. 1996 made its first flight in April. The aircraft adopts three-wing aerodynamic layout and thrust vector control technology, and is equipped with two AL-37UF thrust vector engines. The maximum afterburning thrust of a single engine is 180KN, and the thrust-to-weight ratio is 8.7. The captain is 22.2 meters, the aircraft height is 6.4 meters, the wingspan is 14.7 meters, the maximum takeoff weight is 34 tons, the maximum horizontal flight speed is Mach 2.35, the service ceiling is 18800 meters, the maximum range is 3300 kilometers (6500 kilometers for aerial refueling), and the operational radius is 1400 kilometers. The nose is equipped with N0 1 1M phased array fire control radar, with the maximum detection range of 150km, which can simultaneously track 15 targets and attack 6 of them. The tail is equipped with a rear-view radar, which can attack the chasing target. Airborne weapons include 1 30mm naval gun and 17 pylon, and can carry 14 air-to-air missiles, including R-73 short-range combat air-to-air missiles and R27/77 medium-range air-to-air missiles, and also KH/29/31414. Su -35 new air-to-air fighter is the direct successor of Su -27 fighter, which belongs to the same level as American F-22 and European EF2000. Simonov, chief designer of Sukhoi Design Bureau, said: Su -35 aircraft has the ability to compete with the next generation of advanced fighters in Europe and F-22A fighters in the United States. Su -35 aircraft is a modern three-wing layout (normal layout plus front wing), with a pair of small full-motion canard front wings, which adopts integrated aerodynamic layout of wing and body and relaxed static stability technology. The front wing of the aircraft adopts full fly-by-wire control system, and the deflection range is-15 to+10. The front wing can not only improve the stability and maneuverability of the aircraft at high angle of attack, but also reduce the aerodynamic load of the fuselage and wing root, which is helpful to make the stability overload reach 10g. The power plant of Su -35 is two L-35 turbofan engines, and the control thrust vector system is adopted to improve the maneuverability of the aircraft. A new type of airborne electronic equipment, equipped with multifunctional Doppler radar, has dual functions of air-to-air and air-to-ground and anti-interference ability. The detection range of Su -35 radar is 165 ~ 245 km for fighter, and 400 km for bomber, early warning aircraft or large transport aircraft. It can simultaneously track 15 air targets and attack 6 targets with missiles. Su -35 aircraft also adopted the rear-view fire control radar technology for the first time, which can guide the rear-launched short-range air-to-air missile specially developed by Russia. There is a rotary launcher under the wing of Su -35 fighter, which can rotate horizontally 180 degrees. It can rotate automatically or according to the pilot's instructions. In other words, the missile launched by Su -35 can be launched into the back hemisphere, which is often called "over-the-shoulder launch", which is the most unique design of Su -35. In addition to a 30mm cannon, Su -35 has 12 external points, which can carry 12 long-range and medium-range missiles and short-range combat air-to-air missiles (equipped with active, semi-active and passive radar homing heads and infrared homing heads). For example, the R-77 medium-range missile can destroy enemy planes 70 kilometers away. Another extended-range missile can destroy 1 100 km air targets. Air-to-ground weapons include tactical cruise missiles with a range of 150 km, anti-radar missiles, anti-ship missiles and laser or TV-guided bombs. Another feature of the Su -35 aircraft weapon system is that it can complete aerobatics such as "Tailfin", "Cobra" and "Super Cobra". Su -35 can perform Cobra and Super Cobra maneuvers in a short time, making the flight stand at 90 ~ 120 degrees. At this time, the radar and photoelectric aiming system can automatically intercept the target, and at the same time, the system issues instructions to launch two missiles. Su -35 aircraft can be used not only to seize the air superiority, but also to carry out long-distance, high-precision and effective strikes against ground and sea targets. The fly in the ointment is that the Su -35 aircraft has poor stealth ability and cannot fly at supersonic speed, which is a short board for the latest generation of fighters.
4 F- 18 fighters
F- 18 is a carrier-based fighter and A- 18 is a carrier-based attack aircraft. Because they are developed on the basis of the same prototype, that is, an airplane, with two models and identical airframes, but with some differences in weapons and equipment, they are collectively called F/A- 1b, nicknamed "Bumblebee", and 100000000605. When the prototype was developed, the US Navy also put forward the requirements for developing multi-role fighters. At that time, it was called VFAX Project, and later it was renamed Naval Air Combat Fighter Project. 1974 Northrop YF- 17 failed in the prototype competition of YF- 16. Fortunately, Northrop's work was not in vain. 1975, their YF- 17 was selected by the navy. This is the prototype of F/A- 18. 1976, the U.S navy signed a contract with McDonnell Douglas, and jointly developed F with Northrop, mainly McDonnell Douglas (now merged into Boeing, called Mai Bo). After further prototype flight test, manufacturing and flight test, the operational capability was initially formed in 1983 and 1. The US Navy and Marine Corps * * * ordered 1366, in addition, Canada ordered 138, Australia ordered 75 and Spain ordered 84, all of which have been partially delivered. There are six kinds: YF/A- 18A/B, F/A- 18A, RF- 18A, F/A- 18B, F/A- 18C, f/. F- 18A Hornet is 1 production type, which is mainly used for fleet air defense and ship protection of carrier-based attack aircraft, and some aircraft are also used for air-to-ground attack missions. The main fire control equipment includes AN/AVQ-28 head-up display, AN/AYK- 14 central task computer (2 sets), AN/APG-65 pulse Doppler radar, multi-function display, plug-in management device, AN/AWG-2 1 anti-radiation missile (AGM-78) controller, etc. There are some changes in the display in the cockpit of the aircraft carrying out air-to-ground attacks. It is equipped with forward-looking infrared (FLIR) and laser spot tracker (LST). F/A- 18E/F is the latest modification. Its main feature is that the voyage is increased, and each wing is added with 1 pylon, and the maximum mounting capacity of the pylon in the wing is increased to 2400kg, which increases the bomb load and improves the combat capability. About 90% of its electronic system is common with F/A- 18C/D, and An /APG-73 (the modification of An /APG-65) is selected as the radar. The weapon control system of F- 18A Hornet Fighter includes four main parts: attack display subsystem, data processing subsystem, parameter measurement (sensor) subsystem and external management/control subsystem. The attack display subsystem includes an /AVQ-28 head-up display and three identical cathode ray tube heads-up displays -MFD, main monitor display -MMD and horizontal situation display -HSD. The main monitoring display displays the alarm information and inquiry information of all aircraft systems. It is also a backup device for multi-function display, which can display forward-looking infrared information. The horizontal display is the main navigation display. The data processing subsystem includes more than 30 computers including AN/AYK- 14 central task computer (two computers work in parallel), radar signal processor, radar data processor, external management computer, display computer, flight control computer and air data computer. The total program is about 779K K. Table 3. 1 lists the CPU and storage capacity of several major programmable and ROM computers. Parameter measurement subsystem includes AN/APG-65 radar, AN/ASN- 130 inertial navigation device, AN/AAS-38 forward-looking infrared device, AN/ASQ- 173 laser irradiation/rangefinder and atmospheric data sensor. The store management and control subsystem includes AN/AYQ-9 store management system and AN/AWG-2 1 missile controller. In the Gulf War, F/A- 18 was the main combat aircraft of the American fleet. F/A- 1B adopts the general layout of single-seat double-engine swept wing and double vertical tail. The wing is a cantilever intermediate wing with a small sweep angle. The leading edge is equipped with full-span maneuvering flaps, and the trailing edge is equipped with flaps and auxiliary wings. When landing, the deflection of front and rear flaps is controlled by computer. The outer wing section can be folded (aileron is located at the trailing edge of the outer wing). The leading edge of the wing root is a pair of long strips extending forward to both sides of the cockpit, which is said to enable the aircraft to fly at an angle of attack of 60 degrees. The fuselage adopts semi-hard shell structure, and the lower part of the rear fuselage is equipped with a ship arresting hook. The tail also adopts cantilever structure, and both the horizontal tail and the vertical tail have sweep angles, and the horizontal tail is lower than the wing, which makes the aircraft have good longitudinal stability when flying at high angle of attack. Slightly outward inclined double vertical tails are located on both sides of the fuselage between the full-motion horizontal tail and the fuselage. The landing gear is a front three-point type, and the front landing gear has a traction handle for ejection and take-off. The cockpit is airtight, air-conditioned, and Martin? Baker's ejection seat, windshield and canopy are opened forward and backward respectively. The F/A- 18 is equipped with two F404-OE-400 turbofan engines developed by General Electric Company, with a single afterburner thrust of 71.2kn.. The air inlets are located on both sides of the fuselage under the wing root. The aircraft can carry 4990 kilograms of fuel, and the upper right corner of the nose is also equipped with a retractable aerial refueling pipe. F/A- 18 is a supersonic multi-purpose combat/attack aircraft. Its main characteristics are good reliability and maintainability, strong survivability, good flight performance at high angle of attack and high weapon projection accuracy. It is reported that the aircraft body is designed according to the service life of 6,000 flight hours, the mean time between failure of airborne electrical equipment is 30 flight hours, and the mean time between failures of radar is 100 hours. Up to now, there are 9 types of F/A- 18 * * *. No. F/A- 18A is exported to Canada, F/A- 18A to Australia and EF- 1 to Spain. If it is an attack aircraft after changing some weapons, it can perform ground attack tasks. The wingspan11.43m, the captain17.07m, and the altitude of the plane is 4.66m.. Take-off weight 15740 kg (air combat), 22328 kg (ground attack); Maximum horizontal flight speed 19 10 km/h (high altitude), service ceiling 15240 m, operational radius of 740 km (air combat), 1065 km (ground attack) and transition range of 3700 km (no aerial refueling). The airborne equipment is an /AGP of Hughes company. It can track 10 targets and display 8 targets to pilots in air-to-air working condition. In addition, there are ALR-67 radar warning receiver, four redundancy flight control system, two AYK- 14 digital computers and Litton's inertial navigation system. Caesar's two multi-function displays and Freddy/Bendiks's central screen display and visual display. The main weapons are 1 20mm machine guns and 570 rounds of spare ammunition. * * * There are 9 external pylons, and two wingtip pylons can be connected to each other 1. AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missile; The two outer wing pylons can carry air-to-ground or air-to-air weapons, including AIM-7 sparrows and AIM-9 rattlesnakes. Two inner wing pylons can be equipped with auxiliary fuel tanks or air-to-ground weapons; The two pylons located under the nacelle can carry "sparrow" missiles or Martin? Marietta's An /ASQ- 173 laser tracker, attack effect camera and infrared detection system pod; The pylon located at the center line of the fuselage can be used as an auxiliary fuel tank or a weapon. F/A- 1BC and D models can also be equipped with advanced medium-range air-to-air missiles and Mavericks air-to-surface missiles. The latest modification is F/A- 18e/F "Super Hornet".
mirage 2000 fighter
Mirage 2000 is a distinctive third-generation fighter, and it is also the only third-generation fighter without a delta wing with front Il. It can be said that this is a unique third-generation machine. France's unique approach to fighter development is not only reflected in the Mirage 2000 aircraft, but also in the formation and development of the entire Mirage series aircraft. Judging from the economic strength and technical level of France, there is a considerable gap with the United States; Compared with some countries in western Europe, France has no advantage. It is precisely because of its spirit and independence of "weaving one tree" that France has made an important position in the field of fighter research. In the process of fighter development, France's independence is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, it adheres to the development thought suitable for the national conditions. As a second world country, France lags behind the United States in economy and technology, so it cannot emphasize "completely new design" and the development of single-purpose fighters like the United States, but insists on "gradual development" and pays attention to "multiple types of one aircraft" and "multiple uses of one aircraft". The main fighters of the French Air Force, from Mirage III and Mirage 2000 series to rafale fighter under development, all adhere to the road of "gradual change". The advantages of this development method are short development cycle and cost saving, which can not only inherit the advantages of previous stage design, but also make a major breakthrough in one or two key performances. Judging from the development progress and application results of Mirage series aircraft, this method is successful. One aircraft, multiple types and multiple functions are the "heirloom" of Mirage aircraft, and Mirage 2000 aircraft is no exception. Its basic type is the air superiority fighter 2000C, which can perform all-weather, all-altitude/omni-directional, long-range interception tasks; Soon after, 2000B two-seat coach type and 2000N ground attack type were developed, and recently, 2000-5 type with significantly improved air combat capability was developed. In addition, some other improved machines have been developed. For a country with weak economic strength and low requirements for equipment quantity, this "multi-purpose" aircraft is still practical, and it is also conducive to exporting and competing for foreign users. The second is to adhere to its own technical characteristics. The aerodynamic layout of tailless delta wing is an important technical feature of phantom aircraft. This layout has some inherent shortcomings, so Dassault developed the Phantom F. 1 fighter with medium swept wing layout in the late 1960s. However, the application results were not satisfactory, especially after the Netherlands and other four countries decided to purchase F- 16 instead of F. 1, Dassault felt that it was unwise to give up the delta wing scheme. They see that only by giving full play to their strengths can they gain an advantage. Therefore, Mirage 2000 aircraft re-used the delta wing layout. At the same time, relying on Dassault's insistence on pre-research, using fly-by-wire control, active control technology, new power plant and composite materials, the Mirage 2000 fighter with greatly improved operational efficiency was finally developed. The performance level of M53 engine is not very high, and the thrust-to-weight ratio is almost one grade worse than that of Fl00 engine used in F- 16, which is the biggest shortcoming of Mirage 200O aircraft. However, Dassault made up for this deficiency by taking other measures to make its overall performance meet the requirements. In addition, because of its simple structure, high reliability and convenient maintenance, M53 engine has become one of the most important features to attract users from third world countries. Third, adhere to the road of independent development. France has been facing many difficulties in developing fighter planes: limited economic strength, weak basic industries and technology, and some key technical levels are obviously behind the United States. It should be said that it is quite difficult for France to develop its own fighters, but France has long adhered to the road of "taking me as the mainstay" to independently develop fighters. It has never bought an American A-7 aircraft and developed its own "super flag"; Mirage 2000 did not buy an efficient F- 16 aircraft, but developed it by itself. When we jointly developed the next generation fighter with Britain and other countries, because it was difficult to gain a dominant position in some key projects, we resolutely withdrew from the cooperation and developed the Rafale fighter by ourselves. Based on the analysis of technical level, operational efficiency and economy, it is not necessary for France to develop Gust aircraft, because the new modification of F- 16 aircraft is likely to replace Gust aircraft. The key reason why France insists on developing "gust" is to adhere to the independent road of aviation industry and fighter development and maintain its leading position in Western Europe. For France, this policy is correct and effective.
Six European fighter typhoons
The birth of "Typhoon" experienced many twists and turns. In the mid-1980s, several European powers, such as Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Spain, were planning to jointly develop a "future European fighter" to replace the previous generation fighters, such as Gale, which was expected to serve in the mid-1990s. Due to differences in aircraft design, France quit halfway and independently developed the "Gust" fighter. The plan of "Future Eurofighter" has been delayed again and again, and its name has been changed several times. First it was renamed Eurofighter 2000, then Eurofighter and finally Typhoon. "Typhoon" captain14.96m, wingspan10.95m and height of 5.28m.. The power plant consists of two turbofan engines, with the maximum lift of about 2 1 ton and the maximum speed of 2125 km/h. It belongs to a medium-sized fighter with air combat and air superiority and has the ability to attack the ground and the sea. "Typhoon", as a new generation fighter jointly developed by several developed countries, is of course the best of all countries. Every part of the plane is developed by each country, using the most advanced technology as much as possible. If a large number of advanced materials and production processes are used, the weight of the fuselage will be greatly reduced, the radar reflection cross section will be reduced and the development cycle will be shortened. The engine EJ2O0, the power plant of the typhoon, has large thrust and high thrust-to-weight ratio, and can cruise retrograde at supersonic speed, thus ensuring the high maneuverability of the typhoon. Airborne equipment is more advanced. Simply put, it is to reduce the burden on pilots as much as possible. For example, the audio control system allows the pilot to give instructions by voice to perform certain operations. Of course, the typhoon is not perfect. Compared with the American F-22 fighter, Typhoon is much inferior in stealth performance. Designers believe that the maneuverability of the aircraft cannot be sacrificed because of stealth. Even so, "Typhoon" has taken many stealth measures, and the radar reflection cross section can be reduced to at least 2-3 square meters. The main tasks of typhoons are air combat and air supremacy, as well as ground attack and tactical reconnaissance. The aircraft can be equipped with a variety of weapons according to air-to-air, air-to-ground and air-to-sea attacks, and can mount a variety of advanced conventional and guided weapons. Airborne equipment and weapons enable typhoons to conduct over-the-horizon air combat. The joint development of fighter planes by many countries has advantages and disadvantages. The disadvantage is that sometimes it is "difficult to adjust"; However, the advantages of taking risks, complementing each other's advantages, maximizing procurement, facilitating exports and leading the market have already appeared. Although it is not in service yet, several developed countries have ordered the 148 aircraft, and Britain is ready to buy another 232 aircraft. Recently, Greece also indicated that it will buy at least 60-80 "Typhoon" ships and invest in "Typhoon" projects. The European fighter consortium responsible for the production of Typhoon is more optimistic, and it is estimated that there will be at least 800 Typhoon aircraft in the future. With the increase of purchasing volume, the price of single machine will also drop, which is in sharp contrast with the high price of French "gust" and the pitiful purchasing volume. During the 30-40 years from 265438 to the beginning of the 20th century, typhoons will keep pace with the fourth-generation fighters such as the F-22 and dominate most of the main fighter markets in Europe.
7 F- 15 fighters
F- 15 is a heavy air-to-air fighter developed by mcdowell Company. It is mainly used to seize air superiority, and can also be used for ground attack. The US Air Force selected the design scheme of mcdowell Company in 1969, and made it develop 20 prototypes. /kloc-0 made its first flight in July, 972, and was delivered to the troops in June,1/. In addition to the United States, Israel, Japan and Saudi Arabia are also equipped with F- 15.
8 J- 10 fighters
歼-10, according to the western method of fighter division, belongs to the typical third generation fighter. 歼-10 will be the first third-generation fighter designed and equipped by our country, and also the first self-designed combat aircraft with dual air superiority/ground combat capability. Unfortunately, J-10 was officially launched on 1984, and it has not yet been officially put into service. J- 10 can be regarded as the most mysterious fighter in the history of China Air Force. Since the outside world first discovered its existence, various rumors about it have never stopped. Some say that the technology is advanced and unparalleled, while others say that it is difficult to develop. So, what kind of plane is it? If we want to say J- 10, we can't help but mention Israel's "Lion" fighter plan. As early as the 1980s, the Israeli Air Force put forward the development plan of the next generation fighter. The plan requires the development of a light single-seat single-engine fighter, which can be used in air combat and has strong ground attack capability to replace the old A-4 Skyhawk attack aircraft of the Israeli Air Force and cooperate with the F- 15 and F- 16 fighters purchased from the United States. This fighter was named "LAVI". Captain: 14.57m height: 4.78m wingspan: 8.78m maximum takeoff weight: 19, 277kg engine: 1 AL-3 1FN turbofan engine or turbofan-10A turbofan engine maximum thrust:
9 Indian LCA fighter
LCA is the smallest fighter in the world, weighing 5.5 tons, and 40% of its fuselage is made of composite materials. It has a double triangular tailless wing and a vertical horizontal tail. Generally speaking, the design of LCA is very simple. It is driven by Kaveri engine. The design of delta wing makes LCA very flexible and can provide it with excellent maneuverability. LCA is a fighter with quite modern design. Looks like French gusts and European joint fighters.
MiG-25 aircraft
MiG -25 frequently appeared in local battlefields in 1970s and 1980s, especially its reconnaissance type. 197 1 autumn, on the eve of the fourth middle east war, four Soviet MIG -25R reconnaissance planes were stationed in Egypt and went to Israel for reconnaissance from time to time. The Israeli Air Force sent the best fighter in the West at that time-the F-4 "Ghost" developed by the United States to intercept it.