The feeding management of ducklings is commonly known as brooding, which is a very important basic stage of raising ducks. Therefore, scientific management is needed to create suitable temperature, humidity, air, light, nutrition and clean and quiet environment for ducklings, so as to minimize the impact of bad stress.
1. Selection of ducklings
The brooding season should be carefully considered, especially the habitat mode of rice ducks, and the best brooding season should be selected to obtain the best production effect and economic benefit. The ducklings of rice ducks are mainly spring chicks and summer chicks, and autumn chicks and winter chicks are not selected.
① spring ducklings
refer to ducklings hatched from March to May. In spring, the climate gradually warms up and the sunshine is abundant, which is beneficial to the growth of ducklings, with high survival rate and strong rate. In the middle duck stage, due to the suitable temperature, the outdoor activities are long, the physique is good and the growth and weight gain are fast. Spring chicks should be selected for the ducklings where rice ducks live, and the end of brooding is just connected with rice planting. However, spring chicks should pay attention to heat preservation, and it is rainy and humid in spring, and the climate is changeable, and diseases are easy to invade. In the hot summer, they should do a good job of heatstroke prevention and shade, so the management must be careful and serious, and all aspects of work should be done fully and perfectly.
② Summer ducklings
refer to ducklings hatched from June to August. At this time, the temperature and humidity are high, the appetite of ducklings is poor, the growth and development are affected, the productivity of adult birds is low, and the workload of heatstroke prevention and humidity reduction is large. However, summer chicks generally don't need heating and insulation, so as long as the heatstroke prevention work is properly done when they are used as meat commercial ducks, the feeding cost will not be very high.
③ Autumn chicks and winter chicks
Autumn chicks refer to ducklings hatched from September to October. Winter ducklings refer to ducklings hatched in November-December. It is not suitable for rice planting in season.
2. brooding methods
according to the specific conditions of existing duck houses, various brooding methods can be adopted. According to the specific situation of raising ducks in rice fields, we should concentrate on raising chicks and then disperse them to the fields for grazing. Introduce several ways:
① brooding on the flat ground
that is, laying thick padding directly on the duck house floor, such as shavings, rough wood, dry grass, dry sand, etc., brooding on it, and cleaning and replacing the padding regularly to keep it clean and dry. This method is simple and easy, and the cost is not high, but it is not easy to control diseases and the brooding effect is average.
② Half-ground and half-net brooding
That is, 1/3 of the ground of the duck house is paved with off-ground net, and the ground is not paved with net, but only paved with materials. All the drinking water is placed on the net, so that the ground in the house is kept dry. Note that the slope of the inclined plane must be less than 25. This method is commonly used because of its moderate cost, favorable cleaning work and ideal effect.
③ carton brooding
The ducklings are raised in ordinary large cardboard boxes. This method does not need heat source for temperature supply in warm weather, and can raise chicks at self-temperature, which greatly reduces the cost of heat preservation, and is simple, easy to operate and low in investment. However, attention should be paid to keep it dry, sanitary and ventilated, and holes should be often drilled in the paper wall for ventilation, so it is necessary to transfer them in groups at the right time. As the ducklings grow up, some of them will be gradually moved out to other cartons or brood houses, so that their feeding density will be moderate and the temperature will gradually drop. Therefore, the method is greatly influenced by the weather, the work is complicated, and the number of chicks is limited, which is suitable for small-scale farming.
3. Drinking water and feed
① Drinking water
The ducklings must drink water within 24 hours after hatching. The general practice is to put the ducklings in a shallow basin with a depth of 1 cm for a few minutes, so that the ducklings can wet their feet and drink water, which is commonly called "water". The water quality must be fresh and clean, and the water temperature is close to room temperature. With the increase of age, the amount of drinking water for ducklings increases, and drinking utensils should be cleaned frequently and dirty drinking water should be replaced, and fresh water should be filled.
② Start eating
Within 24-28 hours after the ducklings are hatched, when all the ducklings drink water, let the ducklings start eating. No more than 36 hours at the latest. In the first few days after the ducklings start eating, the system of "feeding less and eating more" should be adopted, that is, feeding 7-8 times a day, with a small amount each time, but ensuring that the ducklings are full. In the future, the ducklings will be allowed to eat freely and drink freely, and there will be no artificial light at night.
③ Feed
The feed for ducklings should be fresh, clean, nutritious, with moderate particle size, good palatability and easy digestion. During 1-15 days, each duckling was fed with 5 grams of complete feed, and a small amount of rice was mixed during the feeding process. Then, rice is fed with cereal feed such as rice and broken corn until the weight is more than 75 grams, which can be put into the field.
4. General management
① Ventilation
At present, most open duck houses are ventilated by adjusting the temperature and humidity in the house, and the ventilation is controlled by the number of doors and windows and the length of opening and closing time. The window should be located in a high place, so that the wind can't reach the duck, and it is beneficial to eliminate the hot and light exhaust gas. At the same time, prevent the ducklings from catching cold and growing poorly caused by thief wind and temperature fluctuation.
② Density
Generally, 4-1 ducklings are suitable. When the ground is kept flat, there are about 2 ducklings per square meter in the first week, about 14 ducklings in the second week, and no more than 1 ducklings after the third week. The density can be higher when the net surface is flat and the net is combined with the ground, and it can be raised by 1/3 at most.
③ Temperature
The growth of ducklings must be at a suitable temperature, and the indoor temperature should be avoided from greatly rising and falling. 1-3 days old, the temperature is 28-3C? ; 4-6 days old, the temperature is 24-26C? ; 7-1 days old, temperature 2-23C? ; 11 days later and so on. When the indoor temperature is lower than 2C in the early stage? Infrared lamp or electric heating plate can be used for heating. Pay attention to prevent ducks from piling up and evacuate in time.
④ Humidity
The suitable relative humidity for filling chicks is 56-7%, which is close to the humidity in the machine when the ducklings are hatched, and it can prevent the ducklings from emitting a lot of water in the body due to breathing dry air and affecting the normal function of the body.
⑤ Illumination
After the ducklings start eating, the food intake is small and the food intake speed is slow. In order to ensure that the ducklings have enough time to eat and drink, 24-hour illumination is generally used in the first three days, that is, artificial illumination is added at night, and the light intensity is appropriate for the ducklings to see the feed and drink.
⑥ Immunization
The procedures and types of immunization are different in different regions, depending on the occurrence of local infectious diseases. It is best to investigate by poultry experts, make a good immunization plan and strictly implement it.
⑦ timely elimination
As duck breeding in rice fields is mainly carried out under natural and extensive conditions, ducks must be healthy. Ducks with poor health and poor growth should be eliminated in time.
(3) Management of releasing ducks in rice fields
1. Time to enter the fields
When raising ducks in rice fields, it is necessary to pay attention to the time to leave the fields. Ducks are hatched for 2 days and weigh more than 1 grams. Rice seedlings are thrown for 15 days and transplanted for more than 12 days, so they can be put into the fields. Adult ducks should be properly delayed for 2-3 days.
2. Preparation of field feeding facilities
① Prepare about 2.5 kilograms of high-quality nylon net for each paddy field, and more for irregular paddy fields and narrow paddy fields. Around the field, a three-finger nylon net is used to form an escape prevention circle, the fence is 6cm high, and a support rod is planted every 1.5-2 meters.
② build a duck house in a corner of the field according to the size of one square meter for every 1 ducks. The house should be covered to avoid the sun and rain, and it should be used as a file on three sides, but it must be ventilated and breathable. The bottom of the house should be paved with wooden boards or bamboo boards, and a water letter 5-6cm deep which is twice the size of the duck house should be dug under the house.
(3) A number of high-yield ditches with a width of 35cm and a depth of 3cm are dug between rice fields, and they are always filled with water for ducks to paddle in.
3. The stocking density of large ducks is about 15 ducks per mu, and the number of young ducks can be increased appropriately according to the situation.
4. Ducks don't have the habit of grazing during the brooding period, so they should be trained in feeding before going to the fields. Ducks are released in rice fields, mainly feeding on weeds, insects and aquatic animals in rice fields. After being trained to eat the ground millet, the millet is scattered in shallow water for the ducks to peck, and after many times, a conditioned reflex is formed. After that, it will take the initiative to find food when it is put into the rice field.
5. Every duck should be supplemented with 5-1g of rice, corn, forage and other feeds every day. Pay attention to the timing and fixed-point feeding, and pay attention to increasing or decreasing the feeding amount according to the situation, not too much or too little. Put an end to feeding with moldy and smelly feed and animal feed with smelly and maggots.
6. Reasonable arrangement of grazing time.
① determine grazing time according to air temperature and water temperature. Grazing in rice fields is not as ventilated as rivers and ponds. Because of shallow water, it is easy to get hot in the sun, and the temperature exceeds 3C? It is not advisable to put ducks in the fields. Especially in the hot summer, it should be done before 9 am and in the cool afternoon.
② appropriate rotation grazing. The same paddy field should not be grazed repeatedly, and it should be released after a few days of leisure. It is best to match rice fields in different growth and harvest periods.
③ After the rice is harvested, there are a lot of leftover grains in the field, so we can concentrate on grazing.
7. Rice ducks live in the hot summer for a long time. Therefore, on the basis of preventing mouse damage, the duck house should be kept ventilated, and a shade branch or a small shed should be set up. The high-yield ditch should be filled with water, so that ducks can swim more and play the role of heatstroke prevention and cooling.
8. release ducks in combination with pest control. First, find out the insect situation, such as when the insect pest is serious, reduce the feed, let the duck be in a state of semi-starvation, eat a lot of pests, and give full play to the purpose of pest control.
9. Before spraying rice, lure the ducks into the duck house.
1. Post-management.
① harvest the ducks at the milk stage of rice to prevent them from eating the ears of rice. In order to facilitate the collection of ducks, the habit of ducks gathering when they are usually fed is formed.
② The recovered ducks can be taken home or enclosed in a shed.
3. Pre-epidemic of common duck diseases
Duck breeding in paddy field is open, which is easy to be infected and spread, so we should pay great attention to duck epidemic prevention.
1. Duck plague
A 7-day-old meat duck was injected with 1 million attenuated chicken embryo vaccine at .2-.5ml/ feather. Antibodies can be produced after 7 days, and meat ducks can be protected until they are put on the market.
2. Duck viral hepatitis immunization
Ducks: 1-3 days old, .5ml/ of chick embryo attenuated vaccine, injected subcutaneously in the neck, produced antibodies 2 days later, and reached a high level 5 days later.
3. duck cholera immunization program:
I am a Pasteurella vaccine, such as 731 attenuated vaccine, which is inoculated to ducks over 2 days old, and the immunization period lasts for three and a half months. Aluminum hydroxide vaccine of avian cholera is used for ducks over 2 months old. Each duck was injected with 2ml intramuscular injection, once every 1 days, and the immunization period was 3 months. The inactivated vaccine of avian cholera oil emulsion was used for ducks over 2 months, and 1ml was injected subcutaneously for each duck. The immune period is 6 months, and it is also reported that the vaccine made of Pasteurella anatipestifer A can produce immunity for 4-5 months by intramuscular injection of 2ml per duck.
IV. Precautions
1. It is suggested to use pesticides with low toxicity, high efficiency and low residue to control rice diseases and insect pests, and avoid using pesticides as much as possible.
2. When building duck houses in the field, we should consider preventing rodents from invading.
3. During the period of pesticide application in paddy field, ducks should be collected in time to leave the field, and then released into the field after a safe interval. During the safe interval of pesticide application in paddy field, duck drinking water should be separated from paddy field water to prevent duck poisoning and duck product pollution.
4. Ducks should not be kept in places where duck plague or infectious diseases have occurred, as well as in water surfaces and rice fields polluted by mineral oil. Ducks have poor adaptability to the natural environment and weak resistance, and are often infected with diseases such as cold, duckling viral hepatitis, coccidiosis, aspergillosis and dysentery, which affect the survival rate of ducklings. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and treatment of ducklings' diseases to ensure their healthy growth.
1. Catch a cold. It is often caused by cold and hot weather, wind chill or excessive humidity of grass mats, and the sick ducks have clear liquid running through their noses, resulting in dyspnea, cough and tears. To prevent ducklings from catching cold, we must pay attention to heat preservation, prevent sudden cold, keep the duck house dry and treat it in time. The methods are as follows: ① Take .2g of compound aspirin for each duck, mix it with feed and feed it twice a day for 3 days. ② Each duck was injected intramuscularly with .2-.5 ml of ankyrine. ③ Each duck was intramuscular injected with 1, units of penicillin or streptomycin for 3 days.
2. Duckling viral hepatitis. This disease mostly occurs in ducklings within 3 weeks of age, and the mortality rate is quite high. Its main feature is that the whole body cramps and the head turns to the back, so it is called "back neck disease", and the feet are convulsively kicked repeatedly, sometimes spinning on the ground. Acute patients often don't see obvious symptoms, and they die as soon as they have a back neck and feet. Prevention and control methods: In areas with frequent diseases, it is best to use the egg yolk homogenate of immunized female ducks for newborn ducklings and then inject it subcutaneously, with .25-1 ml for each duck, which can also reduce the mortality rate and control the epidemic.
3. Coccidiosis. The main symptom is diarrhea first and bloody stool. Coccidiosis has a high mortality rate and is more harmful to ducklings. Prevention and control methods: do a good job in environmental sanitation, try to avoid ducklings eating feed and drinking water contaminated by sick duck feces, and keep duck houses clean and dry. Once the disease occurs, it should be treated in time. Prevention and control methods: ① Sulfamethylpyrimidine can be mixed into feed at .1% for 3-5 days. (2) Mix .2% compound sulfamethoxazole for 3-5 days; (3) Mix .4% broad-leaved carbendazim for 5 days. (4) Mix .1% chlorfenapyr or shallot and feed for 6 days. ⑤ Mix .2% chlorobenzene guanidine and feed for 6 days.
4. Duck aspergillosis. The main symptoms are dyspnea, wheezing, and sometimes a "noisy" sound. After the death of the sick duck, it can be seen that there are gray nodules in the air sac and lungs, such as millet granules. This disease mostly occurs in rainy and humid areas in the south, and the mortality rate of ducklings can reach 1% in severe cases. Prevention and control methods: pay attention to moisture, keep the duck house dry, and never use moldy bedding grass and feed. There is no specific drug to treat duck aspergillosis at present. Generally, nystatin can be mixed into feed and fed twice a day, with 5 ml for each duck for 3 days; Or use griseofulvin 5 ml per duck, twice a day for 3 days, which has a certain curative effect.
5. The ducklings have diarrhea. Diarrhea of ducklings is a common disease. Dyspepsia and other diseases can cause diarrhea. Prevention and treatment methods: some diseases are treated with drugs. For common diarrhea symptoms, .3%-.4% oxytetracycline or .2%-.3% furazolidone can be mixed into the feed, which can get good curative effect.