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The phonograph, also known as the record player, is a kind of playback device, and its sound is stored acoustically in an arc groove carved on the plane of a record (disc). The record is placed on the turntable and rotated under the stylus. The phonograph is one of Edison's many great inventions, because records can be easily copied in large quantities and played for longer than most cylindrical recording media.
The birth of the phonograph
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The phonograph was born in 1877. The man who invented the phonograph in the world is Thomas Alva Edison, a world-famous inventor.
According to the phenomenon that the diaphragm in the telephone transmitter vibrates with the sound, Thomas Alva Edison made an experiment with a short needle, from which he got great inspiration. Speech speed can make the short needle vibrate accordingly. Then, in turn, this vibration will certainly make the original sound. So he began to study the problem of sound reproduction.
1On August 5th, 877, Thomas Alva Edison asked his assistant Chrissy to make a strange machine consisting of a big cylinder, a crank, a receiver and a diaphragm according to the pattern. Thomas Alva Edison pointed to this strange machine and said to his assistant, "This is a talking machine." He took out a piece of tin foil and rolled it on a metal cylinder engraved with spiral grooves, so that one end of the needle gently rubbed the tin foil and the other end was connected to the receiver. Thomas Alva Edison shook the handle and sang "Mary has a little lamb, like a snowball …" to the receiver. After singing, put the needle back in place and gently shake the handle again. Then, the machine slowly turned round and round, singing "Mary has a little lamb …", just like Thomas Alva Edison sang. The assistant on the side was speechless with surprise when he saw the talking machine.
The news of the birth of "talking machine" caused a sensation all over the world. /kloc-from 0/877 to 65438+February, Thomas Alva Edison publicly performed the phonograph, which was immediately praised by the public as the "scientific Napoléon Bonaparte" and was one of the three most exciting inventions of19th century. The upcoming Paris World Expo will immediately put it on display as a new exhibit. Even so, US President Hayes walked around the phonograph for more than two hours.
10 years later, Thomas Alva Edison improved the large cylinder and small crank on the phonograph into a clockwork-like device, and the phonograph was widely popularized only when a thin wax disc was driven by a motor.
Edison's accident of inventing the phonograph
However, Edison's famous invention idea was promoted by happy accidents.
Once, Edison improved the telegraph with symbols printed on paper tape in a quiet laboratory alone. At this time, a monotonous voice in the telegram attracted him. When trying to make this sound, Edison accidentally discovered that it was the sound made by the paper tape under the pressure of the small shaft. When the pressure on the small axis changes, the pitch changes. This gave him the idea of recording and recovering sound by moving channels with different depths on the carrier.
Coincidentally, when Edison tried the telephone again, he found that the diaphragm in the microphone vibrated with the sound. He found a needle, stood it on the board, gently pressed the upper end with his hand, and then spoke to the membrane board. Experiments show that the higher the sound, the faster the vibration; Vibration is slow when the sound is low. This discovery laid the foundation for the determination to invent the phonograph.
A few days later, Edison drew a sketch and immediately began to work with his assistant. The main part of the phonograph is a metal cylinder with a spiral groove on its edge. Press it on a long shaft with a crank at one end. When you crank the crank, the cylinder will rotate accordingly. In addition, there are two small metal tubes. One end of the metal tube is equipped with a membrane plate, and the center of the membrane plate has a blunt needle tip. After numerous transformations, the world's first phonograph was born. Edison recalled: "I said a word loudly and the machine played my voice back." I have never been so surprised in my life. "
Edison changed the phonograph again and again at the beginning of his invention. Ten years later, he removed the phonograph from the dust on the shelf. In order to continue to improve it, he applied for more than 100 invention patents on the phonograph alone. He is deaf, and it is amazing that he can invent such a machine that can make sound. When we see today's phonograph, don't forget that it is permeated with Edison's countless painstaking efforts. In fact, for more than a century, the great wave of civilization and invention caused by the phonograph has far-reaching influence. The phonograph, tape recorder, tape recorder and laser audio-visual machine came out one after another. Are they all Edison's great inventions?
The story of the phonograph
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From 65438 to 0877, Edison established the Institute of Science and Technology in New Jersey, USA. This institute has gathered a large number of experts from all walks of life, thus ending the era when Edison made inventions in the laboratory alone.
Edison's first invention in this institute was to develop a carbon microphone. The telephone was invented by Bell in 1875. But Bell's phone has a fatal weakness: poor sensitivity, and both sides of the call have to make a hullabaloo about, which is quite laborious. Therefore, many people are skeptical about the future of Bell Telephone. In this case, Edison organized experts to study repeatedly and found that it was much better to replace sulfuric acid and carbon rods with carbon essence. So he invented the carbon microphone.
One day, when Edison was debugging the carbon microphone, he used a steel needle instead of the right ear to test the vibration of the diaphragm because his right ear was hard to hear. When he touched the diaphragm with a steel needle, the microphone gave out a regular vibrato, accompanied by the tone of his speech.
Edison had a brainwave and thought, "If you let the short needles vibrate in turn, can you restore the sound?" The idea excited Edison. He seems to have stumbled upon a road to a new world. You know, in those days, sound storage technology was a new field that no one dared to ask.
As a result, Edison, like a demon, forgot to eat and sleep to carry out research work. He knows: success is equal to 99 shares of sweat and 1 share of inspiration. No effort, no matter how good the idea is, no matter how good the idea is, it is meaningless.
After four days and four nights of hard work, the experiment finally made a breakthrough. Edison couldn't restrain his joy, and wrote in his notes: "I used a vibrating diaphragm with a needle. The tip of the needle was aimed at the rapidly rotating wax paper, and the vibration of the sound was clearly engraved on the wax paper." Experiments have proved that people's voices can be completely stored and released when needed. "
At this time, Edison knew very well that the "talking machine" was about to be born.
1877 On August 5th, Edison gave a mechanical design to his assistant Chris. According to Edison's design drawings, Chris made a machine consisting of a big cylinder, a crank, two small metal tubes and a template. He never believed that such a strange thing could talk.
Edison took out a piece of tin foil, wrapped it in a metal cylinder engraved with spiral grooves, shook the crank and sang a nursery rhyme to the small tube in front of the cylinder:
"Mary has a little lamb, as furry as a snowball. Wherever Mary goes, it always follows. "
After singing, Edison turned the cylinder back to its original place, put on another small tube and slowly turned it. At this time, everyone held their breath and the room was silent. Sure enough, after a while, this strange machine sang:
"Mary has a little lamb ..."
Although the voice is very small, a little vague and unpleasant, Edison, Kerry and others are extremely happy and think it is the most beautiful song in the world.
"Why does this strange machine talk?" Chris asked.
Edison pointed to the machine and told everyone: the metal cylinder of this machine is horizontally fixed on the bracket, and the surface is engraved with lines; It is connected with a small crank; Next to the metal tube is a thick metal tube with a needle in the center of its bottom film, which is facing the groove of the metal tube. There are grooves on the metal tube under the tin foil, so with the ups and downs of the song, the stylus carves grooves with different depths on the tin foil. When the stylus vibrates repeatedly along the ripple, it produces the original sound.
"So that's it!" Kerry nodded at West Point.
"By the way, I haven't named it yet." I wonder who said that.
"Just call the phonograph!" Edison thought for a moment and said.
The news that Edison invented the phonograph spread quickly. People praised it as "the miracle of19th century". 1878, the Royal Society held an exhibition of phonographs. The French government awarded an award for this invention. The president of the United States received him at the White House.
Edison became a news figure and became famous. However, Edison, who was only 3 1 year old, was not carried away by success and honor. He clearly saw that the phonograph that had just come out still had some unsatisfactory places, such as short recording time, low voice and insufficient clarity.
In order to improve these shortcomings, Edison devoted himself to research work non-stop. Finally developed the second generation phonograph. On the microphone of the second generation phonograph, a trumpet-shaped microphone is added as a speaker. Use wax tube instead of tin foil, so that the wax tube can be reused; A drive structure is installed in the case, which can automatically record and play every time you wind it up.
1887, emile berliner made a new type of phonograph. It is characterized in that a disc-shaped record is used instead of a big singing drum, and the record is driven by two hand wheels. Compared with the phonograph, this kind of phonograph has obviously improved its performance and is the embryonic form of modern record player.
Edison was also constantly improving the performance of the phonograph. 1888, he connected the phonograph to the power supply, started it with a battery, and then listened to it with headphones connected with a hose. The sound of the improved phonograph is clear and realistic. Later, however, records replaced drums.
Development of phonograph
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1857, the French inventor Scott invented the acoustic vibrator, which is the earliest original tape recorder and the originator of the phonograph.
1877, Edison made the first phonograph in human history and began to store media. In the past 100 years, it has been constantly innovating. From the very beginning, drums were made of tin foil and punched with steel needles, which led to the disappearance of each drum after only a few strokes, to the DVD of modern laser audio-visual storage software, which has shown unparalleled audio-visual realm in 2 1 century.
Shellac record When Edison invented the phonograph, it was recorded on a tin foil drum. In the early days, only one drum could be recorded at a time, and each drum was worn out after listening to it five or six times. 1892, German technician Emily. Berlin uses gold-plated copper mold as the master mold, and then uses hard wax as the raw material (shellac, also known as foreign dry paint) to make a replica of the master mold. The next year, records began to be mass-produced like other commodities.
The phonograph was first introduced to Japan in 1879, and 1899 established the first record company, Sanguangtang. At that time, the technology of recording and making records was controlled by Europe and America, and Japanese records had to be produced in Europe and America. Therefore, the early Japanese records were all made by foreign technicians crossing the sea to Japan, taking their masters back to Europe and America to make records, and then exported to Japan for sale. The first company in Japan that prided itself on producing phonographs and records was Japan-America Phonograph Manufacturing Co., Ltd., which was established in 1907 through technical cooperation between the United States and Japan. In the same year, Japanese Tomomi Keigo developed the manufacturing technology of flat disc records, which broke through the technical monopoly in Europe and America. At this time, Japan was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, the national economy flourished, and people's consumption power increased. Therefore, Rimi music recorder manufacturing company began to produce domestic records from its factory in Kawasaki in April 1909.
19 10 Rimi Gramophone Manufacturing Co., Ltd. increased its capital and was reorganized into Japan Gramophone Chamber of Commerce (hereinafter referred to as "Rixu"). After the establishment of Japan Storage, in addition to producing records, phonographs began to be produced in large quantities, competing with imported goods from Europe and America. Subsequently, emerging record companies sprang up like mushrooms after rain. Japan Phonograph Chamber of Commerce was established in 19 10. At the same time, a joint-stock company, the Japanese Phonograph Chamber of Commerce, was established in Taipei City, Taiwan Province Province (now Hengyang Road, Taipei), and began to sell phonographs and records in Taiwan Province Province, and began to record Taiwanese music. According to the book Records-A History of Cultural Development written by Japanese Kamenosuke Yamaguchi, Japanese phonographs and records were introduced to Taiwan Province Province in 19 14, and it has been 95 years since then.
Recording materials range from foreign dry paint to DVD with PC components, recording techniques range from single track recording to multi-track recording, and playing media range from bulky phonograph to thin DVD player.
Records and records
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1 and 1857, the Frenchman [Leon Scott] made a machine called Phonoautograph according to the phenomenon that the human eardrum vibrates with sound waves. A piece of film connected to the smaller end of the horn microphone can imitate the eardrum vibrating with sound waves. A bristle stuck on it can engrave a vibrating pattern on a piece of paper blackened with candles. This device only records the shape of sound waves, and there is no reproducing device.
2. 1877, the Frenchman [Charles Cross] proposed a plan to the Paris Academy of Sciences to improve Scott's design, engraving the sound wave vibration on the blackened glass plate and reproducing the sound from the ripples on the recording glass plate. Unfortunately, this plan was not passed and aborted.
3. 1877 [Thomas Alva Edison] In the process of researching a simple automatic telegraph relay device for [Xidian], a machine called the phonograph was accidentally manufactured, and it was published and patented in1February that year, which was also the first phonograph in human history. The drum is made of tin foil and played with steel needles, but because of the great wear and tear, each drum can only be played two or three times.
4. 1887 [Alexander Graham bell] Edison's tin foil drum was replaced by a paper drum coated with wax, and the noise was reduced a lot, the number of repeated uses increased and the service life was prolonged. This improved machine is called Graphophone.
5. 1888, Edison refused to admit defeat, and immediately improved his machine, using all wax rollers and replacing the rotation of manual rollers with battery-driven motors. Thereby increasing the stability of the game. It was called the phonograph and went on sale that year.
6. 1888, Germany [emile berliner] introduced a machine called the phonograph, which used a flat and round waxed zinc plate as the medium for playing and recording, and made the original copy, greatly increasing the possibility of commercial mass production of records. This is the ancestor of today's round record.
Description: [1] The direction of early flat disc records moved from inside to outside, which is just the opposite of modern records moving from outside to inside. [2] Drum recording lines have ups and downs, ups and downs, and depths; On the other hand, a flat disc record is carved by shaking it left and right in parallel. This improvement keeps a certain needle pressure and increases the signal-to-noise ratio and stability.
7. 1893, mass production of flat discs began.
8. 19 19 years, electronic amplifiers have been applied to phonographs-J.P. Maxfield and H.C. Harrison of Bell Laboratories have successfully manufactured all-electronic phonographs.
9. Microphone appeared in 1925-a new recording method.
Stereo recording was invented in 10 and 1933.
1 1,1948 Gardmark of CBS Laboratory prolongs the playing time of records by shortening the groove spacing and slowing down the recording speed. LP[ Long Play] record was introduced, so the speed of the record changed from 78 to16,45, and now it is 33 1/3.
Note: After World War II, the material for making records was changed from insect lacquer to plastic, which was an important factor contributing to the production of dense-pattern records and LP.
Stereo records began to spread at 12 and 1955.
The four-channel stereo system was produced in 13, 197 1 year.
14, 198 1 year, even today's CD, CD, DVD and the infinite future.
Another version:
1857, the French inventor Scott invented the acoustic vibrator, which is the earliest original tape recorder and the originator of the phonograph.
1877 Edison invented the recording device. The sound wave can be converted into the vibration of the metal needle, and then the waveform is recorded on the tin foil of the cylindrical wax tube. When the stylus travels along the recorded track again, the left sound can be reproduced. This device recorded the lyrics of "Mary has a lamb" read by Edison: "Mary is holding the lamb, and its hair is as white as snow". * * * The total sound of 8 seconds became the first sound in the world recording history.
1878, Edison established a phonograph manufacturing company to produce commercial tin foil singing cones. This is the world's first sound carrier and the first commercial phonograph.
1885, American inventors chichester Bell and Charles Tont invented the phonograph, which recorded with wax-coated circular cardboard.
During the period of 1887, Berlin, a German living in the United States, obtained a patent for the phonograph, and successfully developed disc-shaped records (also known as butterfly records) and flat-panel phonographs.
1888 The world's first Zhang Die-shaped record and phonograph made by Berliners were exhibited in Philadelphia, USA.
189 1 year, Berliners successfully developed records made of shellac and invented the method of making records.
From 65438 to 0895, Edison established the national phonograph company, which produced and sold phonographs driven by clockwork.
1898 Berliners set up the British phonograph company in London, and the factory is located in Hanover.
1898 Poursin, a Danish engineer, invented a tape recorder (steel wire recorder) that can be used practically.
19 12 cylinder recording was rejected.
From 65438 to 0924, Maxfield and Harrison successfully designed the lettering head for electric recording, and Bell Laboratories successfully recorded electric recording, which greatly improved the recording technology.
1925 The world's first record player was born.
193 1 year, RCA was successfully trial-produced 33 1/3 rpm LP.
1945, Decca Company of England expanded the range of high-frequency recording through pre-emphasis, and recorded a rough recording (SP) at 78 RPM.
1948, American Columbia Company began to mass-produce a new generation of microchannels with 33 1/3 rpm, which became an epoch-making event in the history of record development. RCA also launched another system of its own-45 RPM EP (Extended Play) to compete with it.
1935 the general electric company in Berlin, Germany, has successfully developed a tape recorder using plastic tapes.
1963 Dutch tape. The golden age of records is fading away.
Magazine "phonograph"
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British gramophone magazine is an information media that promotes the knowledge of world classic music and sound, with a long history. It is published once a month with a CD. The phonograph belongs to Haymarket, the largest media group in Britain, and is the most authoritative classical music publication in the world today.
The phonograph belongs to Haymarket, the largest media group in Britain, and it is one of the most authoritative classical music publications in the world today. Founded in 1923, it is at the beginning of the booming world record industry. In the more than 80 years since its establishment, the phonograph has witnessed and promoted the whole process of the development of the world recording industry, and is recognized as the top media in the global classical music and recording industry. In addition, the annual "Gramophone Award" is a great event in the classical music field, and it has become an important industry award alongside "Oscar" and "Grammy".
The phonograph has several classic columns: collection, which deeply introduces the appreciation and collection of classic works of famous composers in history; Classic, every month the phonograph will produce a classic record in the history of records, which will be evaluated by the editor-in-chief of magazines and famous music critics in Europe and America. Events, reviewing the premieres or musical memorabilia that influenced the history of classical music; Fame (illustrious) explains the distinguished musical life of a master musician.
The phonograph focuses on the latest release of world-famous record brands, the most classic recordings in the recording history, the news of international classical music, the greatest musicians and historical events of music, and comprehensively reports the international classical music scene. Among them, the evaluation (tasting), the most important one, is the authority in the industry. Each issue includes hundreds of records, DVDs, audio equipment and book reviews, all written by senior music critics in Europe and America.
On June 5438+ 10, 2006, the British classical music magazine "Gramophone", which enjoys a high reputation in the international music world, will officially launch the Chinese version of "People's Music Gramophone". 1mid-October, 10, the trial issue number of the magazine was published, priced in 30 yuan, and included two records. So far, many fans have expressed their initial impressions.
The people's music phonograph is a brand-new creation of its core periodical People's Music, which is jointly created by the famous domestic classical music brand "Pro Art" and the China Musicians Association.
The content of people's music phonograph is synchronized with that of Britain. At the same time, the classic columns, wonderful contents and authoritative evaluations of the British phonograph are selected, so that readers and fans can simultaneously obtain the latest developments of world classical music and record information. The People's Music Gramophone will be released in the same month as the British Gramophone, and the best articles will be selected from the recent 1000 issues of the Gramophone in 1982 for readers. Sharing the music essence of the phonograph for nearly a hundred years and revisiting the music classics in the history of recording will become the noble enjoyment of people's phonograph readers. Combining the needs of domestic readers and fans, People's Music Phonograph invites senior translators and authoritative music critics at home and abroad to translate or write content that conforms to China people's reading interests and habits, including the latest information and comprehensive, in-depth and timely reports collected by reporters in the editorial department of this magazine, closely surrounding the major events and hot spots in today's recording, recording and the whole music industry. Each issue of People's Music Gramophone will present two exquisite classical music CDs. CD 1 "Best Classical Record of the Month" will be selected by the British Gramophone to promote the latest records of internationally renowned record companies in the world for domestic readers to listen to in sync with the international music scene. CD2 "Introduction to Classic Edition" is evaluated by People's Music Phonograph, which introduces the classic editions of classic records of major international record companies and guides readers' music collection.
Half translation and half originality.
The people's music phonograph is a cooperation between the domestic classical music brand "Pro Art" and the periodical "People's Music" of China Musicians Association. Starting from next year 1 month, people's music, which has a history of 55 years, will publish two magazines every month, one of which is the China version of the phonograph: people's music phonograph.
In mid-June, 5438+ 10 launched the trial issue number, which included the 2005 British phonograph magazine record award and the just-concluded eighth Beijing Music Festival musician interview. Besides, it also includes classic columns of British magazines such as "Events", "Reputation-Ions", "Classics" and "Collections", and it also specially created a column of "China People".
Tang Ruofu, assistant editor-in-chief of the magazine, said that the trial issue number selected the selected contents of the phonograph magazine from June to August this year. Like the planning of future magazines, the current column will be seen in the official inaugural issue of next year 1 month. The news information of people's music phonograph will be synchronized with the world, and the content and evaluation of phonograph will be selected in the same period of each issue, and excellent articles will be selected from the recent 1982 issues of phonograph for publication. In addition, the People's Music Gramophone has a special issue of "Gramophone Award" every year, so there will be 13 issues of the magazine every year.
"People's Music Phonograph" is printed in four colors with 16 on the inside of coated paper. Each issue of People's Music Phonograph will present two exquisite classical music CDs. CD 1 "Best Classical Record of the Month" was selected and recommended by JamesJolly, editor-in-chief of the British phonograph, and the track was the latest recording by the world famous record company of the month. CD2 is a classic edition recommended by Liu Xuefeng, editor-in-chief of the Chinese edition of the phonograph. It introduces the classic editions of classic records of major international record companies and guides readers to collect music. The readers of this magazine are mainly middle class and businessmen.
Guide the trend, not follow the fashion.
Wang Xiang, the producer of People's Music Phonograph, said that the purpose of introducing this magazine is to let domestic readers and fans get the latest trends and record information of world classical music simultaneously. Tang Ruofu said that it is necessary to become a magazine that guides the consumption of domestic records and audio equipment, rather than following the trend.
The editorial department of the Chinese edition of the phonograph believes that People's Music, which was founded by 1950, is the highest-level professional music publication in China-the core periodical of the China Musicians Association. China version of the phonograph is also an advantage. Tang Ruofu said that in addition to translation, journalists will also go overseas to collect information about today's recording, record and music industries and write original articles. In addition, British authors will be entrusted to write record reviews or interviews with musicians for magazines.
At the end of September, the reporter of People's Music Gramophone went to Britain to attend the award ceremony of the 2005 Gramophone Record Award. Tang Ruofu said that next, the magazine will interview this year's big winners-conductor Gadina and falsetto tenor Jacob.
Promote China people to introduce awards.
As an extension of the magazine, People's Music Phonograph will hold a classical music salon with musicians and a reception on the last weekend of each month. And the "Gramophone Centennial Records International Tour Exhibition" will also be launched one after another.
According to Tang Ruofu, the main focus of the salon is to "promote China musicians". Every month, China musicians and fans introduced in the current period will be invited to communicate, and the atmosphere will be more relaxed. In addition, "in view of the phonograph's strong recommendation for records", People's Music Phonograph also plans to hold a record release conference and a new audio-visual conference every month.
Tang Ruofu said that the introduction of Gramophone magazine also wanted to introduce management and sales methods, so it also wanted to introduce an annual reward system. There are two schemes: one is the "China International Gramophone Award of the Year" for the China music market, and the selection scope is locally produced records, which can include folk music, folk music and fever records. It is planned to be carried out in 2006 or 2007, when the magazine has established a solid market position. The other is to move the British "Gramophone Award" to China, tentatively in 2008. In addition, the People's Music Phonograph will hold roving exhibitions in major cities in China, and introduce the history, recording products and musicians of the international recording industry to domestic music fans by using the rich archives and collections of European and American classical music records of the British phonograph magazine.
The feedback from fans was good at first.
The trial release number of people's music phonograph was launched during the Eighth Beijing Music Festival, and it was arranged to be sold in theaters during performances such as The Ring of Nibelungen. So far, some fans who have read magazines have expressed their views through the Internet, and they have generally "met for the first time". Some people think that it is good to have translation and originality, which is better than Philharmonic. Some people also question whether the price in 30 yuan is too high. Although I included two CDs, I didn't choose them myself.