Zi" is a new title after "name". "Book of Rites·Tan ??Gong Shang": "Young name, crown word. "A person must be named after three months of life, and add a character when he is 20 years old. "On the Ceremony" has "A man is twenty, with a crown and a character", and "A woman is promised to marry, and a hairpin is used." That is to say, when a man is crowned, and a woman has a hairpin, it means When a person becomes an adult and is about to formally participate in social interactions, why should there be a word after his name? Kong Yingda of the Tang Dynasty wrote annotations for "Young Names, Crown Characters" in "Tan Gong Shang", "If you are born without a name, They can't be distinguished, so they were named after the first three months of the month, so it's called a young name. The person with the given name is twenty years old and has a way of being a father. Friends and the like cannot call him by his first name, so he is given a new name. "This means that when a person reaches adulthood, the "name" originally assigned by the elders and called by the elders over the years will no longer be called out in social situations, and another name must be chosen for the peers or juniors to call him. The new name is "Zi". "Name" is for the elders to call, and "Zi" is for the peers, juniors and oneself. Therefore, in ancient times, the peers or elders were called by their first names and "named". " is a kind of rude behavior that does not respect the other person. You can only address your peers or elders by their names, not their names. You can only use your names when you respect someone who is inferior or when you call yourself yourself. When we understand the custom of "a woman promises to marry, she wears her hair and uses a name" , you can understand why women who are betrothed or married are called "Ziren" for a long time, and girls who have not been betrothed are called "waizi guizhong" because at that time, "a woman who was about to marry at the age of fifteen was called a girl by hairpin ceremony". , coming of age, getting married, adding characters, and getting married are basically the same thing.
The ancients had names first, and characters came from names, so the ancients generally followed the "name-correspondence" rule. The principle is that there must be a certain relationship between the name and the character. "Baihu Tongyi·Name" says: "If you are famous, you will know the character, and if you hear the character, you will know the name. "From the perspective of the relationship and composition of names and characters, there are mainly the following types:
Synonyms and mutual training. For example, Zhuge Liang, whose courtesy name is Kongming; Zaiyu, whose courtesy name is Ziwo; Zhang Heng, whose courtesy name is Pingzi; Zeng Gong, whose name is Zigu; Qin Guan, whose name is Shaoyou. Here, Liang and Ming, Yu and I, Heng and Ping, Gong and Gu, Guan and You can have opposite meanings.
For example, Zhu Xi, whose courtesy name is Yuanhui; Zhao Meng, whose courtesy name is Ziang; Han Yu, whose courtesy name is Tuizhi; Jian Tong, whose courtesy name is different; and Huang Sun, whose courtesy name is Yizhi. Loss and benefit are opposites.
Lian Yi speculates that Guan Yu, whose name is Yunchang, took a sentence from Zhuangzi's "Xiaoyaoyou": "Its wings are like clouds hanging from the sky. "" is derived from "wings" to feathers, and then from "clouds hanging from the sky" to clouds. Zhao Jiaju's word Qianli is from a young horse to galloping thousands of miles. Bai Juyi's word is Lotte, so he can live in Yi because of Lotte. Su Shi's word is Zi. "Zhan" refers to "Zhan Wang" from "Yi Shi".
For example, Du Fu's word "Zimei" is associated with "Mei" from the good name for a man, and "Yin" is associated with "the twelve earthly branches". "Yin is compatible with tiger.
Likes are similar. For example, Kong Li's character is Bo Yu, and carp is a fish. Zheng Qiao's character is Yu Zhong, and the woodcutter often partners with the fisherman. Liang Hong's character is Bo Luan. Hong and Luan are both well-known birds. Ji and Heng are the two stars on the Big Dipper. /p>
Use the five elements of the stems and branches. For example, Zheng Shigui's character is Jia Fu, Qin Bing's character is Bai Yi, which is purely a combination of heavenly stems, Chu Gong Ziwu's character Zigeng, and Zheng Yingui's character Ziyou.
The shape is separated and combined, such as Song Mei's character Wenyu, You Dong's character Chunmu, and Yao Chun's character Zengsheng. The ancient sayings are vividly used. For example, Pan Yue's character is Anren, which is "the benevolent person loves mountains" in the Analects of Confucius. The word Mengde is from the sentence "Husband is called virtue" in "Xunzi". The word Lu Guimeng is Lu Wang, from the book "Poetry·Lusong·Gong" "Mount Tai is rocky, and Lu Bang is looking at it." There is a saying in Zhu Xi's "Collected Biography": "Gui Meng is the name of the second mountain." "The two mountains are the landmarks of the State of Lu. Dai Zhen's word is Dongyuan, which is the saying in "Yi·Shuo Gua" that "everything is out of shock, earthquake, the east is also". Qian Qianyi's word is "Shouzhi", which is the sentence "Qian benefited" in this book of "Book of Changes" .
Respect the ancients.
For example, Gu Zuyu's courtesy name Jingfan expresses his admiration for the historian Fan Zuyu. Yan Zhi's nickname was Zijie, who was recommended by a famous scholar from the Jin Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period. Lu You, Ziwu Guan, admired Qin Guan, a great talent in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The "name" and "zi" of the ancients were also often used to express seniority in the family. Often adding Bo (Meng), Zhong, Shu and Ji before the first name and surname represented the eldest and younger brothers. There is a difference between "Bo" and "Meng". The son (daughter) born from the direct wife is called "Bo", and the son (daughter) born from the concubine is called "Meng". For example, Boyi and Shuqi, Bo is the elder brother and uncle is the younger brother; Confucius' courtesy name is Zhongni, and Zhong is the second child; Meng Jiangnu is the eldest daughter with the surname Jiang. Some words are followed by "father" (Fu) to indicate gender. Wang Yinzhi pointed out in "Explanation of Names in the Spring and Autumn Period" that when the ancients used consecutive names, they always put the word first and then the name. The title is "a certain father", such as Zhongnifu, Zhongshanfu, etc. After the Qin and Han dynasties, the given name was given first and then the given name, such as Zheng Youji, whose nickname was Uncle Zi. Here Youji is the given name and Uncle Zi is the character. After the Han Dynasty, the same character or radical in the "name" or "zi" gradually expressed the peer relationship. For example, the famous general Yan Gaoqing and his younger brothers Yan Yaoqing and Yan Chunqing in the Tang Dynasty used the character "Qing", and their cousin Yan Zhenqing, the great calligrapher of the same generation, also used the character "Qing". Brothers Su Shi and Su Che, writers of the Song Dynasty, used the radical "Che" to represent their peers. The sons of Ming Shenzong, Zhu Changluo and Zhu Changxun, used the second character "Chang" and the third character "氵" next to "氵"; Ming Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youjian and his brother Zhu Youxiao were hanged on Jingshan Mountain. (Xizong of the Ming Dynasty), cousins ??Zhu Youlang (Emperor Yongli of the Southern Ming Dynasty), Zhu Yousong (Emperor Hongguang of the Southern Ming Dynasty), etc. The second character is preceded by "you", and the third character is preceded by "木". In this case, the first character in the name is the family name used by the father and ancestors, and the second and half of the third character are the generational names used by the brothers. It depends on the individual. Only half a word left.
In addition to names and characters, some ancient people also had "numbers". "Hao" is a fixed alias, also known as an alias. The middle and upper class figures in feudal society, especially the literati, often named themselves based on their address and interests, including the name of their house, the name of their room, etc. For example, Li Bai's Qinglian layman in the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Su Shi's Dongpo layman in the Song Dynasty, Liuru layman by Tang Yin in the Ming Dynasty, and Banqiao by Zheng Xie in the Qing Dynasty are all well-known to future generations. Some aliases are even more used than their real names. Nicknames are given by the user himself, unlike names that are restricted by family and seniority. Therefore, they can express or flaunt certain sentiments of the user more freely. Common nicknames include "lay scholar" and "mountain man". The purpose of class is to express the user's disdain for Li Lu. In his later years in the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu was known as the "Six-Yi layman", which was based on "ten thousand volumes of books, a thousand volumes of ancient inscriptions, a piano, a game of chess, a jug of wine and himself as an old man", and created six " "One" name. The patriotic poet Lu You of the Southern Song Dynasty was concerned about the world and cynical. He was ridiculed by the powerful for not observing etiquette and law, so he called himself "Fang Weng" to express his contempt for them. Zheng Sixiao, a painter of the Southern Song Dynasty, called himself "Suonan" after the fall of the Song Dynasty, indicating that his heart was towards the south. The painter Zhu Da in the late Ming Dynasty was a descendant of Zhu Quan, King Ning of the Ming Dynasty. He became a monk after the fall of the Ming Dynasty. Because he admired the Eight Great Masters for enlightening the Sutra, he was nicknamed "Bada Shanren". "Bada" is written consecutively, which sounds like "crying" but not "crying". "Laugh" is not "laugh", it means "can't laugh or cry", to express one's sadness and indignation of missing the motherland. Of course, the various beautiful nicknames adopted by more bureaucratic gentry and feudal literati are just a cover for being arty and seeking fame.
There are also "nicknames", which are mostly recognized nicknames given by others. They are characterizations and descriptions of people. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Bailixi fell to the Chu State and was redeemed by Qin Mu Gong with five black ram skins. He was known as the "Five Doctors", which can be regarded as an ancient nickname. Li Yi, the treacherous Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty, was a traitor inside and outside the palace, and was known as the "Knife in the Smile". In the Song Dynasty, the king served as prime minister for more than ten years and did nothing else except "taking orders, receiving orders, and delivering orders". At that time, he was known as the "Prime Minister with Three Edicts". These two nicknames vividly outline the face of feudal bureaucrats. In "Water Margin", 108 people on Liangshan Mountain have nicknames, and most of them accurately describe the characters' personalities, specialties or physical characteristics. These nicknames are well-known as substitutes for names, such as "Black Whirlwind" Li Kui, "Zhi Duo Xing" Wu Yong, "Leopard Head" Lin Chong, "Green-faced Beast" Yang Zhi, "Beautiful Bearded Gong" Zhu Tong, "Mother" "Yaksha" Sun Erniang, "Flea on the Drum" Shi Qian, etc.
In addition to the above-mentioned characters and numbers, there are several other situations that have been commonly used to replace personal names in history:
1. Place of birth (including place of birth, residence, and place of employment, etc.) . For example, Kong Rong in the Eastern Han Dynasty was called Kong Beihai, Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty was called Han Changli, Liu Zongyuan was called Liu Hedong, Meng Haoran was called Meng Xiangyang, Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty was called Wang Lin'an, etc. In the feudal era, naming people by place names showed respect, which was called "diwang". But at the end of the Qing Dynasty, someone made a couplet: "The Prime Minister Hefei is thin and the world is thin, and the agriculture minister is often familiar with the world's famine." The first couplet refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei) who was appointed as the Beiyang Minister (Prime Minister), and the second couplet refers to Weng who was appointed as the Minister of Household Affairs (Sinong). Same (from Changshu). Here, the pun meaning of "地看" is used to satirize the greed and luxury of the feudal bureaucrats.
2. Official title (including title, title, etc.). For example, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Yuan, who made the bold statement "When you are poor, you will be strong, when you are old, you will be strong", he was called Ma Fubo (formerly General Fubo); Ban Chao, who joined the army, was called Ban Dingyuan (formerly named Marquis of Dingyuan); Cai Yong was called He was Cai Zhonglang (formerly General Zuo Zhonglang).
3. An honorific title respected by disciples or descendants. For example, Zhou Dunyi in the Song Dynasty called him Mr. Lianxi, Lu Benzhong called him Mr. Donglai, youguang in the Ming Dynasty called him Mr. Zhenchuan, and Wang Euzhi called him Mr. Chuanshan.
4. Posthumous title. That is, the title given to a person after his death based on his deeds during his lifetime. Generally, the posthumous title of the emperor is decided by the ceremonial officials, and the posthumous title of the ministers is given by the court. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were also private posthumous titles. The characters used as posthumous titles can be roughly divided into three categories: one with a positive meaning, such as "文, 武, 仁, Zhao, Jing, Hui, Mu", etc.; the other with a derogatory meaning, such as "Miao, Ling, Li". ", You, Yang" etc.; the third one expresses sympathy, such as "sorrow, mourning, cherishment, sympathy, mourning" etc. For example, Duke Mu of Qin, King Zhao of Zhou, and Emperor Ai of Han, Bao Zheng in the Song Dynasty was called Bao Xiaosu, Yue Fei was called Yue Wumu, and Qin Hui was called Qin Mu Chou (originally named "Zhongxian" by Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, but changed by Emperor Ningzong of the Song Dynasty). Ji Yun called Ji Wenda and others. Private posthumous titles include Huang Tingjian's disciples in the Song Dynasty who posthumously named him Mr. Wen Jie.
5. Add an adjective before the surname to refer to a specific person with the same surname. For example, Da Dai and Xiao Dai refer to Han Dynasty scholars Dai De and Dai Sheng's uncle and nephew respectively. The "Book of Rites" compiled by them is also called "Da Dai Li" and "Xiao Dai Li" respectively. The uncles and nephews Ruan Ji and Ruan Xian, writers of the Jin Dynasty, were also called Da Ruan and Xiao Ruan respectively. Xie Lingyun and his cousin Xie Huilian in the Southern Dynasties were both poets, and were called Da Xie and Xiao Xie; Da Xie and Xiao Xie also referred to Xie Lingyun and Xie. Among the poets of the Tang Dynasty, Lao Du or Da Du refers specifically to Du Fu, while Xiao Du refers to Du Mu. In the Song Dynasty, the names Lao Su, Da Su, and Xiao Su referred to Su Xun, Su Shi, and Su Che.
6. Call specific people by several surnames. For example, "Ban Ma" refers to the historians Ban Gu and Sima Qian; "Li Du" refers to the Tang Dynasty poets Li Bai and Du Fu (or Li Shangyin and Du Mu); "Yuan Bai" refers to the Tang Dynasty poets Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi; "Han Liu" refers to the Tang Dynasty poets Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi; Tang Dynasty writers Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan; "Er Cheng" refers to the brothers Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, acting scholars of the Song Dynasty; "Three Su" refers to Su Xun and his sons Su Shi and Su Che.
7. Address people by their first name and last name. Li Bai was called Li Twelve, Han Yu was called Han Shiba, Liu Zongyuan was called Liu Ba, Yuan Zhen was called Yuan Jiu, Bai Juyi was called Bai Twenty-two, Qin Guan was called Qin Qi, Ouyang Xiu was called Ou Jiu, Huang Tingjian was called Huang Jiu and so on.
The development of human surnames and given names is part of human spiritual civilization and material civilization. Originally, the name of anything has little to do with the essence of the thing. A good name does not necessarily have a good essence. In the same way, a bad name does not necessarily have a bad essence. But once this name is related to politics, economy, The connection between culture and nation has the significance of culture, politics, sociology and ethnology. Therefore, by studying this, we can gain a deeper understanding of a nation’s culture and history. This also has reference significance for today’s socialist modernization construction