Innocent III (1160-1216), Pope (1198-1216 in office).
He studied theology at the University of Paris and studied theological theory behind closed doors. He was elected Pope in 1 198.
During his reign, the power of the Holy See reached the peak of history. He actively participated in the political struggles of European countries and forced the kings of Britain, Denmark, Portugal and Switzerland to submit.
He launched the fourth Crusade, suppressed the heretical white religion, approved the establishment of the Catholic Dominicans and Franciscans, presided over the fourth Rutland Conference in 12 15, and promulgated the doctrine of Eucharist variation.
?
?
develop
12 10, he took advantage of the throne dispute between Hohenstaufen family and Welf family, provoked the German civil war, repelled the German forces in Italy, recovered the papal jurisdiction occupied by German and Italian feudal lords in the past, and consolidated the papal rule in the jurisdiction.
He used the young Frederick II of the family of King Hohenstaufen of Sicily as a guardian to rule the kingdom of Sicily. He intervened in the relationship between Britain and France, used the British Governor to oppose King John, forced John to submit to the Pope, and paid tribute every year.
Innocent III was also the initiator of many Crusades.
1207 organized crusades to suppress white religion, which initiated the Vatican to suppress heresy by force.
education administration
In church affairs, he established a system of appointment and dismissal of clergy monopolized by the Pope.
12 15, he presided over the fourth Rutland public meeting and promulgated the doctrine of Eucharist variation and a series of church reform rules.
With the support of Innocent, a poor beggar order appeared in Catholicism, and the main factions were Franciscans and Dominicans.
He also strengthened the heresy court and ordered Dominicans to preside over it.
The reign of Innocent III was the heyday of papal power, and the power of the Holy See played a decisive role in Europe at that time.
The influence of later generations
Since Pippin, a short man, gave the Pope a country in the 8th century, this papal country has become one of the checks and balances in Europe.
By the1000th year after the birth of Jesus, the power and influence of the papal state gradually reached its peak. Gregory VII made a series of efforts to improve the status of the Pope, forcing the German emperor Henry IV to kneel in the snow for three days and three nights. Urbon II provoked the first Crusade with his golden words, which became the spiritual core of the whole western Europe in this crazy era.
But it was Innocent III, known as the "Emperor of Kings", who pushed all this to the peak.