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The division of the scope of Zhongguancun was complicated. Zhongguancun had a concept of scope in one period, and the construction was going on constantly, and the scope of Zhongguancun divided by stages was constantly changing.
Before p>1949, Zhongguancun was a small natural village with 7 households and 276 people. It was mainly engaged in agriculture, and the surrounding cemeteries accounted for more than 3% of the land. At that time, the old policeman of the police station used the address of "Zhongguancun" when doing household registration in the village. Let's take this small village as the first stage and call it the Zhongguancun natural village stage.
The scope of Zhongguancun Natural Village is not very large, and its eastern boundary starts from Baofu Temple in the south (on the front line of Institute of Zoology and Atomic Energy of China Academy of Sciences today) to the north side of the west gate of Lanqiying (at the pump house of Tsinghua University at the traffic light of Lanqiying West today); From the north of the west gate of Lanqiying, along the dry river and adjacent to Yuzhenzhou Orchard, to the south of Zhongguancun No.2 today, it is the northwest boundary of Zhongguancun Natural Village. South and East Courtyard (now South of the Fourth Ring Road) are adjacent to Baofu Temple, which is the southern boundary of Zhongguancun Natural Village.
Before p>1949, Zhongguancun Natural Village was under the jurisdiction of Shibabao, the 18th district of Beiping, which was located in Baofu Temple, and had jurisdiction over Baofu Temple Village, Zhongguancun Natural Village, Lanqiying Village and Sancaitang Village. The scope of this eighteen guarantees is a larger regional scope than Zhongguancun Natural Village. At that time, Zhongguancun Natural Village was the fifth and sixth place under the Eighteen Guarantees. After the land reform, Eighteen Guarantees was replaced by the administrative village of Baofu Temple, and Zhongguancun Natural Village was the fifth and sixth. Later, it was also called Baofu Temple Administrative Village as Baofu Temple Township. In 1956, Baofusi Township merged with Dazhongsi Township to form the new Dazhongsi Township.
In p>1952, China Academy of Sciences decided to take Zhongguancun as its site, and Zhongguancun was naturally included in the construction blueprint of China Academy of Sciences. As yenching university and Peking University merged to form a new Peking University, at the end of 1952, the land in the northern part of Zhongguancun Natural Village was set aside from the original blueprint of China Academy of Sciences, and the set aside part formed the Zhongguan Garden of Peking University. China Academy of Sciences requisitioned land for construction in the remaining area of Zhongguancun Natural Village and some land in Baofusi Village, Lanqiying Village and Sancaitang Village. By 1959, Zhongguancun Natural Village had been completely covered by several research institutes of China Academy of Sciences and dormitories in the North District. During this period, "Zhongguancun" and "Academy of Sciences" can be substituted for each other as a place name and a unit name. Zhongguancun, as the concept of place names in this area, has been accepted by all parties. This period is the initial construction stage of Zhongguancun.
By July 1959, the population of Zhongguancun Family Dormitory of China Academy of Sciences had grown to 1,971 families with 7,572 people. Because people live in a relatively concentrated area, they need to go to the Dazhongsi police station for moving their household registration, handling food and marriage registration, which is a long way and inconvenient for transportation. Therefore, China Academy of Sciences requires the establishment of offices and police stations. Haidian District decided not to set up an office, but only set up a resident workstation, the full name of which is "Zhongguancun Resident Workstation of Dongsheng People's Commune", and the specific work is still led by Dazhong Temple Brigade. At the same time, in order to take care of 666 households with 2,82 people in Lanqiying and Sancaitang (5 farmers with 217 people), the two natural villages were included in Zhongguancun. By this time, Zhongguancun was still under the jurisdiction of Dazhong Temple Brigade of Dongsheng Commune in Haidian District, and only a Zhongguancun resident workstation and a police station were set up. Under the urging of Beijing Municipal Government, Zhongguancun Street was approved by Haidian District at the end of 196, and Zhongguancun Street was formally established in 1961.
From this period, Zhongguancun began to be the basic administrative unit of Beijing. Zhongguancun has the dormitory of the Academy of Sciences, the research institutes of the Academy of Sciences in Zhongguancun, and natural villages such as Lanqiying, Baofu Temple and Sancaitang.
After p>1961, the dormitory in Zhongguancun South District has been formed. Before and after 198, Zhongguancun included natural villages such as Shijiafen, Daniwa and Huangzhuangdong in addition to Baofu Temple, Sancaitang and Lanqiying, and the scope was basically the jurisdiction of Zhongguancun Street in Haidian. This period is the mature stage of Zhongguancun street development.
To sum up, the concept of Zhongguancun scope can be summarized as the natural village period of Zhongguancun, the administrative village of Baofusi (Baofusi Township) when China Academy of Sciences decided Zhongguancun as the site, the construction period of Zhongguancun after China Academy of Sciences entered, the initial stage of Zhongguancun street management after 1961, and the mature stage of Zhongguancun street management before the establishment of Zhongguancun High-tech Industrial Demonstration Zone. With the regional scope of Zhongguancun in different periods, it is easier to make it clear when discussing Zhongguancun in the future.
Historical Review of Zhongguancun
1. From the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee to the establishment of the Beijing New Technology Industry Development Experimental Zone in 1988
In the spring of p>1978, Comrade Deng Xiaoping formally put forward the view that intellectuals are "part of the working class" at the National Science Conference. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to shift the work center of the Party and the country to economic construction, and made a great decision to implement reform and opening up, thus opening the prelude to China's modern reform. The tide of reform directly inspired Zhongguancun, the largest high-intelligence and knowledge-intensive area in China.
Chen Chunxian, a researcher of China Academy of Sciences, has made three visits to Highway 128 in the United States. With a sense of mission, he wants to establish a "technology diffusion zone" in Zhongguancun, and explore a way to spread new technologies to adapt to China's national conditions and quickly transform scientific research achievements into productive forces. On October 23, 198, he took the lead in setting up the advanced development technology service department of Beijing Plasma Society, the first private scientific and technological institution in Zhongguancun. Its basic principles are: scientific and technical personnel go out of the research institute, follow the law of scientific and technological transformation and the law of market economy, do not need state funding, do not occupy the state establishment, raise funds by themselves, be responsible for their own profits and losses, operate independently, and make independent decisions according to law.
Strictly speaking, "Advanced Technology Development Service Department" is not a high-tech enterprise, but only a prototype of a high-tech enterprise. However, it makes people see the possibility of developing high-tech enterprise clusters similar to the Silicon Valley in the United States or on both sides of Boston Highway 128 under the conditions of China, which has aroused widespread concern, and at the same time triggered questions about "what is the task of scientific researchers" and "whether the research institute should be an economic entity".
in October p>1982, the CPC central Committee and the State Council put forward the basic policy of socialist modernization, which is "economic construction depends on science and technology, and scientific and technological work must be oriented to economic construction", and solved the dispute about Zhongguancun theoretically. It is the need of socialist modernization and the general trend of reform and opening up that scientific and technological personnel turn to economy and set up high-tech enterprises.
In January, 1983, the relevant leading comrades of the Central Committee gave instructions on the dispute of Zhongguancun, affirming the active exploration of Zhongguancun's scientific and technological personnel on this new thing. Since then, with the bumpy course of China's reform and opening up, Zhongguancun's private high-tech enterprises have started a difficult entrepreneurial process from scratch with their unique vitality.
since then, private scientific and technological enterprises in Zhongguancun, such as Kehai (1983), Jinghai (1983), Sitong (1984) and Xintong (1984), have been established successively. By the end of 1986, there were nearly 1 development companies in Zhongguancun, and a well-known private scientific and technological enterprise group "Zhongguancun Electronic Street" was gradually formed. In 1985, the Central Committee's Decision on the Reform of Science and Technology System fully affirmed the new thing of this reform, and the pioneering work of China's scientific and technological intellectuals provided valuable experience for China's reform of science and technology system and economic system.
in December, 1986, people's daily reported the growth and development of Zhongguancun electronic street with the title of "a quiet change in Zhongguancun, Beijing, where China silicon valley is gestating". At the same time, more than 1 experts and scholars engaged in software science and management science in seven cities conducted "Research on China High-tech Development Zone" and "Investigation and Research on Establishing High-tech Development Zone in Zhongguancun, Beijing". After three years' efforts, they systematically, comprehensively and rationally studied the development law of high-tech development zones for the first time. These two topics not only affirmed the necessity and possibility of developing high-tech zones in China in theory, but also systematically studied the concept and mode of high-tech development zones.
With the release of the State Council's decision to further promote the reform of science and technology system, and due to the correct leadership of governments at all levels and the strong support of research institutions, the development of Zhongguancun Electronic Street has emerged with great vitality. In the past two years, there have been more than 4 high-tech enterprises in Zhongguancun, which have matured in practice and gradually formed a unique development model of technology, industry and trade integration. At the beginning of 1988, the General Office of the Central Committee organized a joint investigation team to conduct a comprehensive investigation and summary of Electronic Street according to the productivity standards put forward by the Thirteenth National Congress, affirmed the direction of high-tech enterprises in Zhongguancun, and put forward suggestions for setting up a new technology development pilot zone in Zhongguancun. In May of the same year, the State Council officially approved the promulgation of the Provisional Regulations on Beijing New Technology Industry Development Experimental Zone, which formally established China's first national high-tech industrial development zone, which marked that Zhongguancun high-tech enterprises entered a normal development stage that was not only reasonable but also legal.
second, from 1988 to 1998: the development period of Beijing experimental area.
On May 1th, 1988, the State Council promulgated the Provisional Regulations of Beijing New Technology Industry Development Experimental Zone (Article 18), which greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of scientific and technical personnel to establish new technology enterprises. A large number of scientific and technological personnel from the Academy of Sciences, universities and research institutes of various ministries and commissions have come to the experimental area in succession, and the number of new technology enterprises has shown a rapid growth trend since the establishment of the experimental area.
in the following two years, despite the national economic adjustment and weak market, the experimental area still maintained extraordinary growth under the extremely unfavorable macroeconomic environment. From the end of 1987 to the end of 1991, the number of enterprises in the experimental area increased sharply from 148 to more than 1,3, the total annual income of technology, industry and trade increased from 7 million yuan to 3.7 billion yuan, the annual industrial output value increased from 48 million yuan (in 1988) to 1.2 billion yuan, the tax paid increased from 25 million yuan to 15 million yuan, and the annual foreign exchange earned from exports increased from 3 million dollars to 45 million dollars. The last four indicators were on average.
In p>1992, Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech and the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the goal of establishing a new socialist market economy system, which set off another climax of ideological emancipation and modern construction in the history of China's reform, injected new vitality into the prosperity of Zhongguancun, and made the development of high-tech enterprises more active. In June 1993, the State Science and Technology Commission and the State Commission for Economic Restructuring issued the Decision on Several Issues Concerning Vigorously Developing Private Sci-tech Enterprises. Under the impetus of this new situation, the sci-tech entrepreneurs in Zhongguancun made serious thinking, profoundly summarized the experience and challenges of starting a business, and took the lead in putting forward the strategy of "starting a second business", namely, "capitalization, industrial scale, technological innovation, diversified financing, scientific management and economic internationalization" This is a new stage in the development of high-tech industrialization with institutional innovation as the core during the period of clearly establishing a new economic system.
in may p>1995, the central government made the decision on accelerating scientific progress, and put forward the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education". the decision clearly pointed out that "private scientific and technological enterprises are an important part of the scientific and technological progress system of the whole society and an effective force in developing China's high-tech industries, and we should continue to encourage and guide the healthy development of * * *". It caused great repercussions throughout the country. The Beijing Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government decided to re-study Beijing's economic development strategy, establish a new technology industry development experimental zone in Beijing with a pattern of one area and multiple parks, including Haidian Experimental Zone, Fengtai Park and Changping Park, and establish a corresponding municipal management institution: the Municipal Experimental Zone Management Committee, which puts the development of high-tech industries in a prominent position.
in p>1998, the Beijing municipal government promulgated several provisions on encouraging the development of private scientific and technological enterprises (new article 18). At the beginning of 1999, several policies of Beijing Municipality on further promoting the development of high-tech industries (namely "33 articles") were promulgated.
On June 5th, 1999, the State Council officially replied to the Request for Instructions of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Beijing Municipal Government on Accelerating the Construction of Zhongguancun Science Park by Implementing the Strategy of Rejuvenating the Country through Science and Education, and agreed in principle to the planning of Zhongguancun Science Park. Subsequently, "Beijing New Technology Industry Development Experimental Zone" was officially renamed as "Zhongguancun Science Park".