anti-Qing forces and separatist activities come from all directions. The young emperor ruled at the age of 14, and at the age of 16, he got rid of Ao Bai, the assistant minister who was cronyism and bullying the young master. Weakened the power of the Eight Banners, and at the age of 2, he faced San Francisco headed by Wu Sangui. After eight years of fighting, he put down the war and safeguarded the unity. Kangxi is an outstanding politician and strategist. He is sober-minded, both civil and military, and he is diligent and cautious about learning from himself. It can better handle the relations between ethnic groups, thus creating a prosperous time for Kang and Gan, promoting the social and economic development in the early years of Qing Dynasty, and laying the territory of China's multi-ethnic unified country.
Kangxi was a great monarch and politician in the history of China for two thousand years since Qin Shihuang. Why did Kangxi make such great historical achievements? Kangxi, as an emperor, has been in power for 61 years. What is his magic weapon for being a monarch? What is the key that we want to unlock the mystery of the history of Kangxi Dynasty?
Among the numerous emperors in ancient China, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty was the only one who studied western scientific knowledge seriously. Through his study, he absorbed a lot of European knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, geography, physics and chemistry, and presided over several large-scale scientific activities. These real stories were not only recorded in the canon, but also left hundreds of instruments for his study and scientific activities in the Forbidden City where he lived.
diligent study is an important magic weapon for Kangxi to be a monarch. He is not only proficient in the traditional culture of the Han nationality, but also seriously studies western science and technology, and is worthy of being a learning emperor. In order to extend the Qing dynasty for ten thousand years, Kangxi took great pains to educate the prince and grandson. He personally selected teachers for the princes, let the princes and grandchildren receive school education, and regularly check their homework, which are clearly recorded in the Qing history books.
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(1)
Kangxi attached great importance to kindness to his subjects. For example, he was exempt from taxes. For example, he stipulated that "prosperous times breed people and never add them." Later, Yongzheng also stipulated that "the stalls should be buried in the ground." That is to say, the poll tax in China for thousands of years has been abolished by this time. Kangxi's kindness to his subjects was manifested in many aspects, one of which was to punish corrupt officials and commend honest officials.
Kangxi set an example through honest officials, and let them show benevolence and love, because they were in direct contact with their subjects. I would like to give an example of an upright official commended by Kangxi, that is, Yu Chenglong. In the Qing Dynasty, there were two Yu Chenglong with the same name and surname. This Yu Chenglong was a native of Shanxi, Yu Chenglong, and the Yu Chenglong who ruled the river mentioned in the last episode was Yu Chenglong in Zhili. After Yu Chenglong won the Jinshi, he was assigned to be the magistrate of a county in Luocheng County, Guangxi. After the war in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the people in Luocheng County, Guangxi were poor and desolate. To what extent? It's the yamen of the county, just three straw houses. How many families are there in this county? There are only six families. When Yu Chenglong was a magistrate of a county, he and the common people, according to records, said "as family, as close as father and son".
He encouraged the people to reclaim land for farming, recruit refugees, and those who fled the land outside, and return to their hometowns to live and work in peace. After seven years of hard work, the situation in this county has greatly improved. Because Yu Chenglong has made very important achievements, he was recommended by some people. When he was recommended to the court, he was promoted to a magistrate. When Yu Chenglong left office, the county people cried and stopped the horse from letting him go. He said, the court appointed me to go, but I still have to go. He took a step forward and the people kneeling on the roadside cried. It can be said that a county official is really honest and upright.
At this time, a blind man didn't go, just following Yu Chenglong. Yu Chenglong said, Why don't you go? Follow me for a trip. The blind man said, when you left Luocheng County to take office, you had no money. What should you do if you didn't have money for meals halfway? He said, I'm blind, and I can't help you, but I can tell fortune. When you don't have food, I'll tell people fortune, so we can solve the problem of food money. Yu Chenglong was very moved, and said, Then you can follow me.
Sure enough, on the way, Yu Chenglong has no money for meals. The blind man gave fortune-telling to others and got this fortune-telling money to solve the problem of eating on the way.
Yu Chenglong made great achievements in knowing the state, and was commended by Kangxi. He was promoted to the position of knowing the state, but he was still not greedy for a penny. Later, the official was promoted to the governor of Liangjiang, that is, the governor of Jiangxi in the south of the Yangtze River, a government official. At that time, Yu Chenglong had a nickname "Yu Qingcai". What do you mean? It was Yu Chenglong who became such a big official, wearing plain clothes and eating vegetarian food. After years, he didn't know what meat was and ate green vegetables. Not for two days a day, nor for two meals a day, he eats coarse rice and vegetables all the year round, so the local people call him "Yu Qingcai". Visiting the poor and asking questions in person, punishing corrupt officials, and being exhausted in official positions.
After Yu Chenglong's death, the citizens went on strike and gathered along the street to cry in memory of Yu Chenglong. When managing the funeral, the general, the commander-in-chief, the prefect and all kinds of big officials went to Yu Chenglong's place to live, and there was nothing left at home. All the officials present were moved to tears. Kangxi commended that Yu Chenglong was the first upright official today. Yu Chenglong's loving spirit to the people is the embodiment of Kangxi's loving spirit, and Kangxi's commendation of Yu Chenglong is to preach that he should be kind to his subjects.
There was an honest official named Peng Peng, who was a clean official. Kangxi commended him and made him the prefect of Shuntianfu, equivalent to the mayor of Beijing. At this time, he found a problem, that is, when Shuntianfu took the rural examination, there was cheating. Who cheated? What should I do if the examiner and the assistant examiner collude with the strongmen to cheat? That's what he wrote. However, the examiner, the deputy examiner and the person who presided over the examination had a very close network. The court meeting discussed that there was no cheating in this matter and that Peng Peng had falsely accused.
Peng Peng wrote: If I talk nonsense, please chop my head, chop my head in half, and hang the other half in Shuntianfu Government School. At the court meeting, it was discussed again that it was disrespectful and disrespectful to say that it was Peng Peng. He wanted to remove his official and remove him. How did Kangxi decide at this time? Kangxi said, let the examiner, deputy examiner and related people retire and go home, and Peng Peng's official photo will do it. Why can Kangxi make such a decision?
Is it because Kangxi visited privately to understand the situation that he tried to protect Peng Peng? There is Kangxi's private visit in the TV series. According to the historical materials I have seen about Kangxi, Kangxi's memoirs and Kangxi's personal notes, Kangxi has never visited incognito. He can't visit incognito, because when Shengjia drives, it will inevitably disturb the place, it is impossible to visit incognito, and there is no need for him to visit incognito.
There are many channels for Kangxi to know people's feelings and officials' achievements. One of them is the memorial system, which is also called the secret folding system. Kangxi has a lot of people all over the country, who can write the memorial in secret, put it in a secret folding box and send it directly to Kangxi, so it can be said that Kangxi knows clearly whether this official is greedy, cheap, diligent or lazy.
In this case I just talked about, Kangxi was very clear about Peng Peng, the prefect of Shuntianfu. The examiner, together with them, cheated, and Kangxi had mastered the situation through the secret folding system and other systems. Therefore, Kangxi pushed through the crowd and made a decisive decision, dismissing the corrupt and cheating officials, commending the promotion and commending Peng Peng, an honest and prudent official. Honest officials are a mirror of Kangxi, which embodies his thought of caring for his subjects. Therefore, we commend him, and through their honest officials at all levels, we will promote his concept of caring from the officials at all levels of the governor, the governor, the prefecture and the magistrate to realize his political ambitions.
Kangxi once went out to inspect, and on the way to inspect, a man fell down on the roadside. Under normal circumstances, he blocked the holy driving, so we should deal with it severely. Kangxi said no, and asked what was going on. Wake up the man lying on the side of the road, his bodyguard. What's your name? He said my name is Wang Sihai. What's the matter with you? He said I was a domestic worker, and we talked about working today. On my way home, I fainted because of hunger and hunger and lay on the side of the road. Kangxi said don't scare him. You immediately fed him hot porridge to save him.
So I heated the porridge and fed it to this Wang Sihai. Wang Sihai woke up after drinking the hot porridge. Kangxi understood the situation, this person is really difficult, and his family is also very difficult. Kangxi said that he should be given money to go back to his hometown, thus sending this Wang Sihai away. From this little thing, we can see that Kangxi, as the emperor and the Lord of the world, really has a spirit of kindness.
(2)
Kangxi attached great importance to western learning. He had a tradition, that is, when his father was in Shunzhi, he began to absorb western learning. He attached great importance to his relationship with Jesuit Tang Ruowang, that is, Tang Ruowang participated in compiling the calendar, which was called Shi Xian Li, and Tang Ruowang was the supervisor of Qin Tianjian. There is also a man named Yang Guangxian, who is very special in Yang Guangxian. At the time of Chongzhen in the late Ming Dynasty, he went to Beijing, carried the coffin to the Que, impeached a university student at that time, and was called a "strange man".
Of course, he was punished and sent to western Liaoning. Soon the Ming Dynasty perished, and he returned to Jiangnan, where his family belonged. When he arrived in Shunzhi, he came to Beijing again. He said that he knew astronomical calendars, so he went to Qin Tianjian, where he wrote a letter to Tang Ruowang, saying that your "Shi Xian Li" was only compiled for twenty years, and the Qing Dynasty lasted for hundreds of millions of years. Didn't these two hundred years curse the short tussah of the Qing Dynasty? It is short-lived! This is infinite. When the court accepted it, it was necessary to discuss the "Shi Xian Li". At the court meeting, the university students and ministers discussed whether Tang Ruowang was right or Yang Guangxian was right.
I can't decide. In front of the meridian gate, these ministers got together for a test. The results of the test were not understood by the ministers, and neither did Kangxi. Later, they went to the ancient observatory, which is now outside Jianguomen, and continued to observe there. These ministers still didn't understand, but they made a decision, that is, they put Tang Ruowang in prison. Tang Ruowang was old and sick at that time, wearing eight chains and holding a telescope trembling and shaking, and he didn't have the strength to argue. It's settled in this case. At that time, Kangxi did not lead the government, and Ao Bai, the minister of Fuzheng, presided over this matter.
Later, there was an earthquake in Beijing. Another Jesuit named ferdinand verbiest said that the earthquake was caused by the existence of ghosts. He wanted to reopen the case and rehabilitate Tang Ruowang after reopening the case. At this time, Tang Ruowang was already dead. Kangxi asked ferdinand verbiest to be the supervisor of Qin Tian, and Yang Guangxian was dealt with. Some ministers said they would behead him, but Kangxi said no, so send him back to his hometown. Later, Yang Guangxian died on his way home.
Kangxi appointed ferdinand verbiest as the supervisor of the Imperial Palace and assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry. This was the beginning of westerners becoming an official in the China court. Since then, Kangxi has attached importance to natural science. Just then, a group of French missionaries, Bai Jin and Zhang Cheng, came to see Kangxi in the palace and brought thirty books and instruments of science and technology. Kangxi left Bai Jin and Zhang Cheng to serve in the palace and put his favorite instruments in his own court.
Kangxi studied mathematics with them, astronomy, law of academic qualifications, and Euclid's plane geometry in mathematics. Jesuits learned Manchu and Manchu, taught geometry to Kangxi in Manchu, and they also brought some scientific instruments. Kangxi did the problems and did the math problems.
Not long ago, an exhibition of Emperor Kangxi was held at the Palace of Versailles in Paris, France, in which some instruments from the Kangxi period were displayed. After such a long time, it is still flexible and glorious. Among them, there is a hand-cranked computer that can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root operations. Now there are ten hand-cranked computers in the Kangxi era in the Forbidden City in Beijing, which is very interesting.
There are also dozens of scales made of nanmu, which are plated with copper and gold, and can be used to calculate the square root. There are also geometric models, plane geometry, solid geometry, cones and polyhedrons, which are all made of nanmu and made very finely. This is the teaching model used by Kangxi when he studied geometry. There are some other instruments.
Kangxi not only studied, but also practiced. When he inspected Yongding River, he took several of his princes and asked them to personally pile piles and measure them with instruments. When Kangxi personally marched in galdan, he left the Crown Prince, the Emperor's Fourth Son and others in Beijing. It happened that there was a solar eclipse at that time, and the princes observed the solar eclipse in Beijing. He was at the front line, and then he reported the results of the observation urgently.
Kangxi did not reject the west and western science and technology, but accepted it, which showed his broad mind and desire as an emperor. Despite this, Kangxi was only a personal court behavior, and did not form a policy to absorb western science and technology, nor did it form a system. After Kangxi's death, people died, and his descendants, the emperors, were not interested in western science and technology one by one. They only liked the bell and the Dashui method as appreciation and playthings, but they were not used to revitalize and develop China's science and technology. This is a fly in the ointment.
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Kangxi's education for descendants is very special among emperors in China. Kangxi Yi * * * has 35 sons and 2 daughters, and his grandchildren have 97, which is a big family. So how did Kangxi educate his descendants? Of course, Kangxi's education for his children and grandchildren is ambitious. He taught them in many ways, by example and example, and asked his children and grandchildren to hunt with him, patrol with him, and even take them with him when fighting, that is, to carry out training and education in practice. However, there is a very important method, which is school education.
The place where the prince and grandson study is called "going to the study room". At this time, Kangxi went to the study room and had no leisure in Changchun Garden, that is, to prevent his descendants from playing, having no leisure, being idle, having fun and being greedy for pleasure. "Kangxi Ju Zhu" and other books record the specific situation of the prince's grandson going to school. I want to give an example one day to see how the prince's grandson studied.
On this day, Yinshi is from 3: to 5: in the morning, and Yinshi is at 4: in the morning. The princes will go to Wuyizhai to review the lessons of the first day. It takes an hour, and it takes two hours. The Crown Prince is only 13 years old at this time, and he will go to Wuyizhai's study at 3: in the morning. Of course, he will get up earlier. This is Yinshi.
At Maoshi, that is, from five to seven o'clock, the teacher came to the classroom, and Dahata, the master of Manchu, and Tang Bin, the master of Chinese, went to the study room. When they arrived, they first bowed down to the Crown Prince, and then checked the lessons of the princes, so that the princes could recite them. Every word was correct. Then the Chinese master draws the following paragraph for him and then recites the following paragraph.
At the bottom is the morning, that is, from 7: to 9: in the morning. At this time, it has been four hours since the students took classes. When Kangxi got off the court, he came to Wuyizhai. The princes greeted Kangxi at the bottom of the steps outside the Zhai. When Kangxi came, he took a seat and said that he wanted to endorse, so he asked his son to endorse. Kangxi took out a book and ordered a paragraph at random. After he finished reciting it, he was sure to have a good word. Kangxi said that when I was a child, I wanted books.