Female:
2. Bauhinia 3. Ke 4. Ling Xi 5. Chen 6. Fen'er 7. Mei Xing 8. Tian Xiang 9. Feifei
10.Ke'er11.Jiaojiao12.Ruoran13.Mengling14.Yuan15.Raoran16.Qianqian
17.Xiao18.Qianqian19.Yiqing20.Wan'er21 .Meiyan 22. Si'er 23. Fang'er
24. Liangqing 25. Yi'er 26. Kemei 27. Chizhen 28. Xian Ni 29. Yao Qian 30. Jie
31. Meiyi 32. Ruoyao 33. Yao Ying 34. Ying'er 35. Jie Yin 36. Jing Jie 37. Yao Jiao 38. Wan'er 39. Shan'er 40. Tendon Rong 41. Ningsplash 42. Shuang'er 43. Lifen
Male:
2. Xiao Jiang 3. Xiaoyao 4. Li Ren 5. Ji 6. Xun Xiang 7. Kai 8. Cheng 9. Yao
10. Taili 11. Yuwei 12. Shi Ai 13. Jie 14. Shunqi 15. Jingshi 16. Junwu
17. Shuaiqi 18. Chen 19. Chen Jian 20 . Stable 21. Mu Rang 22. Xiao Ran 23. Jing Yi
24. Xun Ting 25. Wei Zheng 26. Xia 27. Fan Yi 28. Zhen Zin 29. Xie Re 30. Ting Cheese
31. Han Ren 32. Ming 33. Zhen Xi 34. Fan Ting 35. Xi Fan 36. Feng 37. Feng
38. Gang 39. Wei Jue 40. Zai[zi] Hao 41. Yujia 42. Lianli 43. Hao
The above are all given names and surnames, see below
Ancient Chinese surnames
Modern people talk about surnames and surnames , are often confused with each other. In fact, judging from the original meaning of the surnames, the original meanings of the two are quite different.
(1) What is a surname?
Nowadays, when an important conference issues a press release or a large collective book writes a list of representatives or authors, they often list them by surname. Strokes are in order. The surname here refers to the surname, because now there is no distinction between surnames and it has become a concept. In ancient times, surname and family name had two different meanings. When reading ancient books from the pre-Qin period, we must distinguish clearly.
Now let’s talk about “surname”. Surname is a family name that represents the same blood relationship. It is a mark of the clan. It marks the clan from which a person is born. "Shuowen Jieyu" says: "The surname is the person's birth." We see that the surname starts from "生" and "女", which shows the blood relationship at birth and clearly shows that people with the same surname are the descendants of a female ancestor. Descendants, this is a reflection of the ancient matrilineal social system. It can be seen that the surname originated from the matrilineal society.
There are many original surnames derived from women in ancient my country, such as Ji, Gui (gui), Si (si), Jiang, Ying, Gui, and Ji. These clans are all maternally related. When society developed into a patrilineal system, surnames also changed to be calculated based on patrilineal blood relations. The surname that appears at this time does not have the female character next to it. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor's twenty-five sons were born to four mothers and were divided into twelve surnames: Ji, Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Zhen, Xun, Ren, Xizhen, and Yi. Among these twelve surnames, except for Ji and Ji, which still have the female character, the other ten surnames do not have the female character. This shows that society has basically transitioned to a male-line system at this time.
Let’s talk about “surname” next. A surname is a branch derived from a surname. In ancient times, people with the same surname moved to various places due to population proliferation. In addition, due to changes in status and occupation, the descendants of the same ancestor , they gradually divided into some tribes, and each branch was marked with a special number, which was "Shi".
There is also "Gongshu Pan (Ban)". Gongshu is the word and Ban is the name. Because he is from the Lu state, he is also called Lu Ban. This means that the carpenter named "Ban" in the State of Lu did not have a surname. After the Han Dynasty, civilians could also be called by their own surnames. Therefore, the word "common people" refers to the nobility in Zhou and before Zhou. "Baixing" means "hundred officials". For example, in "Yao Dian", "The common people are the common people, and the common people are clear." Kong Chuan: "the common people, the hundred officials" (the surname of the Baiguan clan), Zheng's note: "the common people, the officials." Father, son, brother.” After the Han Dynasty, people only referred to ordinary people.
(3) How the surname was formed
The formation of the surname is a relatively complex issue, with many social and historical reasons. To sum up, there are the following situations:
1. Those who took the title of the country as their surname, such as: Qi - after Emperor Yan's surname Jiang, Taigong expected Jiang Ziya to help King Wu destroy the Shang Dynasty, so he was granted the title of Qi in Yingqiu, Shandong, and his descendants took Qi as their surname. .
Qin - After Zhuanxu Ying's surname, Sun Feizi, a descendant of Boyi, was famous for raising horses. King Zhou Xiao made Qin Valley (now southwest of Tianshui, Gansu) a vassal state. Later Qin Xianggong escorted King Zhou Ping to move eastward and was promoted to He was a prince until Qin Shihuang destroyed the six kingdoms and unified the world, but his second generation died, and his descendants took the country as their surname.
After Wu - the surname of Huangdi Ji, Taibo, the eldest son of King Tai of Zhou Dynasty, fled to the southeastern coastal area in order to make way for talents. The indigenous people supported him as the emperor and established the Kingdom of Wu. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, it became a powerful country and dominated the country. , was later destroyed by the Chu State, and their descendants took Wu as their surname.
Song Dynasty - originated from the surname Zi. After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, King Zhou's brother Wei Ziqi was granted a title in the Shangqiu area and established the Song Dynasty. More than 700 years later, it was destroyed by the Qi Kingdom. Song is the surname.
Chu—Vou (yu) Xiong after the surname Mi was once the teacher of King Wen of Zhou. King Zhou Cheng made Xiong Yi, the great-grandson of Wu Xiong, a prince, and established the Jing Kingdom with his capital in Danyang. Later, Xiong Tong proclaimed himself King Wu, and his son moved the capital to E (Jianling, Hubei) and changed the country's name to Chu. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States were one of the powerful states, but were later destroyed by Qin, and their descendants took Chu as their surname.
Lu - originated from the surname Ji. After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, his younger brother Zhou Gongdan was granted the title of Lu (in the Qufu area of ??Shandong Province). However, he wanted to stay in the capital to assist King Wu, so he sent his son Boqin. He went to govern it, but was later destroyed by the Chu State, and his descendants took Lu as their surname.
Jin - originated from the surname Ji. Uncle Yu, the third son of King Wu of Zhou Dynasty, was granted the title of Tang Dynasty. Because there was Jinshui in the territory, his uncle Yuzi Xie's father changed the name of the country to Jin. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Wen of Jin once dominated the princes. Later, the political power gradually fell into the hands of several ministers. After the three families of Han, Zhao, and Wei were divided into Jin, the Kingdom of Jin ceased to exist, and their descendants took Jin as their surname.
In addition, people like Yan, Zheng, Wei, Cao, Ren, Lu, Liang, Shen, Huo, Geng, etc. all take Guo as their surname, so I won’t go into details here.
2． The surname is named after the name of the place where it was entrusted, such as:
Liu——has several origins, one of which is derived from the surname Ji. In the Spring and Autumn Period, King Kuang of Zhou granted his youngest son Wang Ji to Liu Yi ( Now south of Yanshi County, Henan), his name was Liu Kanggong, and his descendants were called the Liu family.
Qu - Qu Yuan's ancestor Qu Xia was the son of Xiong Tong, King of Chu Wu. He was granted the title of Qu (now Jigui, Hubei), and later generations took Qu as their surname.
Qu - originated from the surname Ji. Marquis Mu of Jin appointed his young son as a teacher in Quwo, known as Uncle Huan of Quwo. His grandson Wugong annexed Jin and established himself as Jin Wugong. His descendants took Quwo as their surname. .
Cui - originated from the surname Jiang. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Ji Zi, the legitimate son of Duke Ding of Qi, let Guo Shuyi live in Cui Yi (now northwest of Zhangqiu County, Shandong), and his descendants took Cui as their surname.
Chang - originated from the surname Ji, a descendant of Uncle Kang of Wei State, who grew up in Chang (now east of Weishan County, Shandong Province), and his descendants took Chang as their surname.
Jie - originated from the surname Ji. Uncle Yu Ziliang of the Tang Dynasty gathered food in Jie (now Jiezhou, southwest of Yuncheng, Shanxi), and his descendants took Jie as their surname.
Xiao - originated from the surname Zi, a descendant of Weizi in Song Dynasty. The descendants of the public clan were granted the title of Xiao Yi (now Xiao County, Anhui), and their descendants took Xiao as their surname.
3. Taking the names of the previous officials as their surnames
Shi - Yin Yi, the Taishi of the early Western Zhou Dynasty, was a role model for historians in his integrity. And because he was a Taishi for his whole life, his descendants took the official name of Shi as their surname.
Shi - In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the officials in charge of music in the court were called Shi. For example, in the reign of King Zhou, there was Shi Yan, in the Spring and Autumn Period, there was Shi Kuang in Jin, there was Shi Yi in Lu, and Shi Juan in Wei. Zheng Guoyou's Shi Kui (kui) and others were all famous musicians, and their descendants took their famous official teachers as their surnames.
Sikong - According to legend, Shaohao set up the official position of Sikong, specifically in charge of the construction of water conservancy and civil engineering projects in the world. The Zhou Dynasty renamed Dongguan as Da Sikong. It is said that during the Yao period, Dayu was appointed Sikong, and Yu's descendants became officials. The name is Sikong.
Sikou - According to legend, there was the official position of Sikou during the Xia and Shang Dynasties, in charge of public security and prisons. In the early Zhou Dynasty, a descendant of his own surname Su Ansheng served as the Sikou of the Zhou Dynasty, and some of his descendants took Sikou as their surname.
Situ - is also an ancient official name. It was established during the reign of Yao and Shun. It was responsible for educating the people and administrative matters. In the Zhou Dynasty, local officials were regarded as great Situ, which was equivalent to the prime minister. According to legend, Shun was a disciple of Yao, and his descendants took this as their surname.
Shangguan - originated from the surname Mi. During the Warring States Period, Jin Shang, a descendant of the Duke of Chu, was appointed as Shangguan official, and his descendants took Shangguan as their surname.
Lezheng - the official of Lezheng was established in the Zhou Dynasty, and his descendants took Lezheng as their surname.
4． The surname is based on the name, surname, and posthumous title of the ancestor.
Kong - originated from the surname of Zi, Weizi was granted the title of Song Dynasty, and descended from the fifth generation grandson of Xianggong of Song Dynasty. His name was Jia, and his surname was Kongfu. He served as Grand Sima of the Song Dynasty and was killed in the turmoil. His son Mu Jin's father fled to the State of Lu and took his father's character "Kong" as his surname.
Zhuang——According to the posthumous title law of the Zhou Dynasty, monarchs who liked to conquer were often given the posthumous title of "Zhuang" after their death. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were King Zhuang of Chu, Duke Zhuang of Zheng, Duke Zhuang of Song, etc. Their descendants took the posthumous name "Zhuang" as their surname.
Niu - originated from the surname Zi. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Niu's father, a senior official in the Song Dynasty, was appointed as a Sikou. During the reign of Duke Wu of the Song Dynasty, the nomadic Chang Geng people attacked the Song Dynasty. Niu's father led his army to resist, but unfortunately died in the battle. His descendants took his name as their surname.
Meng - derived from the surname Ji. Qingfu, son of Duke Huan of Lu and brother of Duke Zhuang, killed two monarchs in succession, arousing people's opposition and was later forced to commit suicide. His descendants should be called Zhongsun. , in order to avoid the crime of regicide, he was renamed Mengsun, and his descendants took Meng as their surname.
Shi - originated from the surname Ji. Wei Jingbo, the sixth grandson of Uncle Wei Kang, had a grandson named Gongsun Que (que), also known as Shi Que. With the help of the Chen State, the two villains Zhou Xu and Shi Hou of the Wei State were eliminated, and their descendants took Shi as their surname.
5. The surname is based on the occupation and skill, such as:
Witch - in ancient times, people who specialized in summoning gods and ghosts were called witches. There was Wu Peng in the Yellow Emperor's time, and Wu Xian in the Shang Dynasty. Their descendants took their profession of "witchcraft" as their surname.
Divination - ancient people were superstitious and had to perform divination in everything. The Zhou Dynasty set up divination officials, and their subordinates were called divination people. According to legend, Taikang, the Queen of the Xia Dynasty, had a younger brother who was granted the title of divination in the State of Shen, and some of his descendants were divination people. People's descendants take divination as their surname.
Zhen - originally the name of the wheel used in pottery making. Later, the official in charge of pottery making was also called Zhen. Legend has it that Shun came to the east to help the locals improve their pottery making technology, and it soon developed into Zhen. The city is now the city of Juan (Juan) in Shandong (in ancient times, Juan and Zhen were common). Shun's descendants stayed to serve as pottery officials, and their descendants took Zhen as their surname.
Qian - originated from the surname Peng. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Peng Ping, a descendant of Peng Zu, was appointed as a sergeant in the Qian Mansion, and his descendants took Qian as their surname.
6. The surname is based on things, such as:
Dou - originated from Si's surname. After the Xia Dynasty, they encountered troubles from the Youqiong family. The son of the still family was Shaokang. When he grew up, he restored the Xia Dynasty. He had two sons. The eldest son Shu succeeded to the throne. The second son Long stayed in the still family. To commemorate his mother's escape from the cave, he named Dou as his surname.
Zhang - Legend has it that the fifth son of Xuanyuan (some say Shaohao) used a bow to draw birds in a net, so he was given the surname Zhang.
Che - During the reign of Emperor Zhao of the Western Han Dynasty, Prime Minister Tian Qianqiu was allowed to ride a small car out of the palace because of his old age. He was named Che Prime Minister at that time, and his descendants took Che as their surname.
Hong is a descendant of the surname Gong. Because his ancestor, Gong, was named the God of Water, in order to commemorate the name, the word "***" was added with the word "Hong" next to the word "water".
Dao - There is a Dao surname in Yangqu, Shanxi. The ancestors took refuge on the island, so the descendants took Dao as their surname.
7. The surname is based on the characteristics of the place where they live, such as:
Dongshan - the descendants of the Gaoluo family in Dongshan will be named Dongshan where their ancestors lived.
Dongguo - originated from the surname Jiang. In ancient times, the outer city was called Guo. The descendants of Duke Huan of Qi lived in the east gate area of ??Linzi outer city and were called Dongguo doctors. The descendants took Dongguo as their surname.
Ximen - originated from the surname Ji. A duke of Zheng State lived in Ximen, and later generations took Ximen as their surname.
Nangong - originated from the surname Ji, who was read by Nangong in the state of Lu. Because he lived in Nangong, descendants took Nangong as their surname.
Beiqiu - "Huainanzi" has the Donghai Beiqiu surname, because the ancestors lived in Donghai Beiqiu, and later generations took Beiqiu as their surname.
Baili - originated from the surname Ji. Bailixi of Yu State was originally a descendant of Yu Zhong. His surname was Ji and his given name was Xi. Because his family lived in Baili Township, he was known as Bailixi. When Qin became a great official, his descendants took Baili as their surname.
8. The surname was changed due to various reasons, such as:
He - after the destruction of Korea, the descendants were scattered all over the country. One branch lived in the Jianghuai area. The local people pronounced it "Han", so they called it "Han".
Xi - In the Spring and Autumn Period, the 13th-generation grandson Ji Huan of the Jin Dynasty's official status was Xiang Yu's vassal. Xiang Yu's name was Xiang Yu. In order to avoid the taboo of Xiang's status, the name Huan was changed to Xi.
He - Qingchun, a minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty, changed his surname to He to avoid the taboo of Emperor An of the Han Dynasty (named Qing).
Shuai - After Jin Wu Emperor Sima Yan proclaimed himself the emperor on behalf of the Wei Dynasty, he honored Sima Shi as Emperor Jing, which caused the world to avoid using the word "shi". Therefore, the surname "Shi" was changed to Shuai by reducing the strokes.
Zhu - During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cong (cong) Yanghou Zhuyan believed that the surname originated from two sages, Boyi and Shuqi, so he added two under Zhuxia and renamed it Zhu.
Tian - originated from the surname Gui. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Chen Wan, the son of Chen Guoligong, fled to Qi State for refuge and changed his surname to Tian. At that time, Chen and Tian had the same pronunciation.
Guo——Liu Shu, the younger brother of King Wen, was granted the title of Guo. After the Guo Kingdom was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, the prince changed his surname to Guo.
Yuan - The Northern Wei Dynasty was a political power established by the Xianbei people. The surname was Tuoba. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, Tuoba was changed to Yuan, which means the first surname in the world.
9. The phenomenon of multiple surnames appearing in one family
Li——Originally, his surname was based on his official position. Ni Tao was the legendary leader of the Dongyi tribe, and his activities were located in the area of ??Qufu City, Shandong Province today. When Yao was the leader of the Yanhuang Yi Alliance, Neng Tao served as a Liguan and was in charge of criminal law. His descendants followed his official position and named their family Li clan. Neng Tao was known for his integrity. After Shun succeeded Yao to the throne, he continued to be used in important positions.
The descendant Li Zheng was an official in the Shang Dynasty. He dared to give direct advice, offended King Zhou of Shang, and was punished and died. His wife Qihe fled with her son Lizhen to Yihouzhixu (today's Yihe River Basin in western Henan), where she hid and survived by eating muzi (plum tree fruits). So starting from Li Zhen, the Li family name was changed to Li family name in order to commemorate Li Zi who preserved the Li family name.
Wang——is a surname with many origins and various clans. Specifically, there are kings with the surname Ji from the Zhou Dynasty, kings with the surname Gui from Yushun, and kings with the surname Zi from the Shang Dynasty. There are also kings, given surnames, and Wang surnames from ethnic minorities. The only thing they have in common is that most of them have Jue as their surname.
The descendants of Bi Gonggao, the 15th son of King Wen of Zhou Jichang, were originally from the royal family, so they took Wang as their surname. They mainly lived in Jingzhao (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi), Hejian (today's Hebei) and other places.
Ji Qinxin, King of Zhou Ling, reigned for twenty-seven years. His son Ji Jin once criticized and admonished him, but he was deposed as a commoner and lived in the area of ????Jiaonan County, Shandong Province today. Because the ancestor of Ji Jin and his descendants was the Emperor of Zhou, people called them the Wang family at that time, and they took Wang as their surname from then on.
In 225 BC, the Wei State was destroyed by the Qin State, and their descendants were scattered all over the country. Because they came from princes, the world called these people the Wang family.
One of the famous "Four Gentlemen of the Warring States Period" in history is Lord Xinling, the son of King Zhao of Wei. During the dynasty, the descendants of Lord Xinling were summoned to the dynasty to serve as palaces, and were granted the title of Marquis of Lanling. At that time, people thought that he was from a royal family, so they called him the Wang family and extended his surname to him. All of the above are from the Wang family with the surname Ji of the Zhou Dynasty.
In 386 BC, the monarchy of Qi State with the surname Jiang was seized by the Tian family, who was a descendant of the legendary emperor Shun and had the surname Gui.
The State of Qi was destroyed by the State of Qin in 221 BC. Since the ancestors of each branch of the Tian family were emperors and princes, they were called the Wang family. This comes from the Wang family with the surname Gui.
There is also the Wang family that comes from the surname Zi. Zi's ??surname is the surname of the Shang Dynasty. The last emperor, Zhou, was violent and promiscuous. His uncle Bigan tried to dissuade him many times. Zhou became angry and killed him, and performed a dissection to examine his heart. The surname Wang is after Bigan.
In ancient times, many tribal leaders of ethnic minorities and descendants of political kings also had the surname Wang. The reason is roughly the same as the above-mentioned Wang surname, which comes from the surnames of Ji, Gui and Zi. For example, Wang Shichong of the Sui Dynasty was originally a member of the Hu Zhi clan in the Western Regions. After entering the Central Plains, he assumed the surname of Wang. Wang Sengbian, a Liang general in the Southern Dynasties, was originally from the Wuwan clan and belonged to the Xianbei clan. Another example is Hanlile Khan, the chief of the Kele tribe in the Mongolian Plateau, who was named king by the Wanyan family in the Jin Dynasty and changed his name to Wang Han.
Many people were given the surname Wang in history. In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the throne of the Liu Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty. He gave the descendants of Prince Dan of Yan during the Warring States period as kings. The Zhu Ming Dynasty gave many Mongolians in the Yuan Dynasty the surname Wang. This is the king who gave the surname. This has added new members to the already numerous and widely distributed Wang team.
Historically, the Wang family mainly developed and multiplied in the north in the early days. The Wang family moved to the south of the Yangtze River in the late Western Jin Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, Chen Zheng, Chen Yuanguang and his son were ordered to enter Fujian, and they were accompanied by three generals named Wang who settled there. During the reign of Emperor Xizong of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi from Gushi, Henan, entered Fujian, and some members of the Wang clan followed them. Starting from the late Ming Dynasty, people from the Wang family moved to Taiwan one after another. From the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people surnamed Wang began to immigrate overseas, spreading to famous places in Europe, America, and Southeast Asia.
Liu - takes Yi as his surname. According to expert research, there are more than 60 million people surnamed Liu in the world, which can be called "liu (Liu) everywhere". According to historical records, there are five origins.
After Emperor Yao Tao of the Tang clan (Yiqi clan, Yiqi clan), he was granted the title of Liu (now Tang County, Hebei Province), and his descendants took this surname. His grandson Liu Lei was able to tame dragons and served the Queen of Xia. He was given the title of Yulong Clan by Kong Jia, the thirteenth emperor of the Xia Dynasty. This is Liu with the surname Qi.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Cheng of Zhou granted the son of Wang Ji to Liu Yi (now southwest of Yanshi County, Henan Province), and his descendants took Yi as their surname. This is Liu with the surname Ji.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu tribe was strong. Liu Bang, the founder of the Han Dynasty, adopted a marriage policy and married the royal eldest daughter to the Xiongnu Chanyu Maodun (pronounced mo du Modu), whose surname was Luantang (pronounced luan diluan low). According to Xiongnu custom, nobles all take their mother's surname, so the descendants of the Luotang family are all surnamed Liu. Liu Yuan, the founder of the Han Dynasty during the "Five Husties", was a Xiongnu noble.
The Liu Han Dynasty once gave the Xiang family and the Lou family the Liu family name.
Ding - Many ethnic groups have the surname Ding. However, its family and surname origin are more complicated. According to relevant historical records, the surname Ding has at least five origins.
The first one can be found in "The Examination of Surnames", which says: "Tai Gong's Golden Chamber, King Wu attacked Zhou, Marquis Ding did not go to court, and the surname Ding came into being." When King Wu of Zhou conquered Zhou , there were princes named Ding. However, there are no more written records about the details of this prince named Ding.
The second surname of the Ding family comes from the Jiang Ziya clan. Jiang Ziya was a great hero of the Zhou Dynasty. After the death of his son Jiang Ji, he was also posthumously named Ding Gong by the King of Zhou. His descendants took Ding as their surname to commemorate their ancestors who once respected Ding Gong. The historical records are more detailed. "Ding's surname is Jiang. Qi Taigong was born in Gong, and his descendants take Ding as their surname." (See "General Chronicles. Clan Overview. Taking Ci as the surname") Since the advent of this branch with the surname Ding, it has the largest scattered area. The largest number of people. In other words, for thousands of years, most of the Chinese surnames Ding originated from this lineage. The main birthplace of this series is in Jiyang, Shandong Province today.
The third branch of the Ding family originated from the Three Kingdoms period. This is what "Three Kingdoms·Wu Zhi·Sun Kuang Biography" says: Sun Quan's clansman Sun Kuang caused a fire in the military grain warehouse due to his negligence, which delayed the war opportunity. Sun Quan was furious and did not allow Sun Kuang to be named Sun. Sun Kuang's descendants were also forced to adopt the surname Ding.
Since the Three Kingdoms period, among the Ding surnames, there have been three surname sources, which have multiplied and grown together and been passed down from generation to generation. Later, the fourth and fifth branches of the surname Ding appeared, with the surname Yuan. One group is a person from the Western Region who changed their surname to Ding, and the other group changed it from Ding's family name.
(4) How many surnames are there in our country?
How many surnames are there in our country? This is a very difficult question to answer accurately. Because surnames are constantly evolving with the development of society. There were not many surnames in the early days of the Chinese nation. According to the records of Gu Yanwu's "Rizhilu", there were no more than 50 surnames in the Spring and Autumn Period. There were 130 surnames listed in "Jijiupian" of Shiyou in the Western Han Dynasty. The "Surname Chapter" lists 500 ancient surnames. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Wen Yanbo to assign 193 surnames. The "Hundred Family Surnames" compiled in the Northern Song Dynasty included 438 surnames. Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi" counted 1,745 surnames at that time. The Yuan Dynasty There are 3,736 surnames in Ma Duanlin's "Wenwen Tongkao". There are 4,657 surnames in the "Sustained Wenxu Tongkao" compiled by Wang Qi (qi) of the Ming Dynasty. Zhang Shu of the Qing Dynasty researched and compiled "The Origin of Surnames" and found 5,129 surnames.
It is difficult to say that the above records are accurate, but we can clearly see that the number of surnames is constantly increasing. With the development of society and the growth of population, there are more and more people. Of course, there are also some surnames that have disappeared in history, such as tiger, dog, dolphin, snake, chicken, sheep, etc. These surnames are formed from primitive totem worship objects. They existed in ancient times, but it is difficult to see them now. The number of compound surnames of ethnic minorities has also decreased a lot. According to research by Du Ruofu and Yuan Yida of the Institute of Genetics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, more than 300 compound and multi-character surnames of ethnic minorities appeared in documents from the Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, but less than 20 are used so far, such as Murong, Huyan, Yuchi, Helian, Yuwen, Tuoba, Bigan, Daye, Helan, Hulv, Huli, Changsun, Keying, Pugu, Qutu, Shiyun, Xiner, Yinho, etc. Most of them have been changed to Han surnames.
The increase of Han surnames in ancient times was mainly the increase of "family name", as shown in the eight aspects we introduced above. Many new surnames have appeared in modern times. Most of them are due to intermarriage or adoption between two families. The purpose is to inherit the incense of the two families. Therefore, when children are born, they have the surname of both parents, such as Lu Fei in Zhejiang, Qian Wang in Fujian, and Qian Wang in Taiwan. Zhang Jian and Fan Jiang, Liu Hu from Guangdong, etc. These new surnames will be on the rise with the country's one-child policy.
After liberation, the country organized and conducted four censuses. As a result, we know more about our country’s surnames than before. As of 1984, there were 5,652 surnames found in literature, including 3,484 single surnames, 2,032 compound surnames, and 146 three-character surnames. This does not include the four-character surnames, the surnames translated from Mongols and Manchus who immigrated to the Central Plains during the Yuan and Qing dynasties, and the surnames of ethnic minorities in the border areas.
In 1983, Murong Yi compiled and published the "Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Chinese Surnames". In the preface, he mentioned that there are more than 6,300 ancient and modern surnames in the Chinese nation.
Among the many surnames mentioned above, which surname has the largest population? There are several materials that give different opinions. As the saying goes, "King Zhang, Li Zhao and Liu everywhere". One source states that people with the surname Zhang have the largest population, at least 75 million people, accounting for 9.7% of the total population; another report by Xinhua News Agency on May 2, 1987, by Du Ruofu, Institute of Genetics, Academy of Sciences. After years of research, Yuan Yida believes that among the Han surnames in the country, the surname Li is the most common, accounting for about 7.9% of the Han population, more than 8.77 million people; the surname Wang accounts for 7.4%, accounting for more than 8,000) people; the surname Zhang accounts for 7.1 %, more than 78 million people, Liu surname accounts for 5.4%, more than 60 million people, Chen surname accounts for 4.5%, more than 50 million people. The total population of the above five major surnames is 350 million.
There is another material provided by the "Social Science News" on September 26, 1991. According to a study by He Guangyue of the Hunan Academy of Social Sciences, Chen is the largest surname in China, with 70 million people in the country, accounting for 6.8% of the country's population. Over thousands of years, 39 surnames branched out from the Chen surname, such as Yuan, Lu, Tian, ??Sun, Hu, etc. Many of them have descendants of the clan with the surname Chen. After adding them up and counting, the Chinese surnames The first one should be Chen. The family surnamed Chen constitutes the main body of the Han nation and the Chinese nation.