Tao Xingzhi, "the teacher of all ages"
Tao Xingzhi's original name was Tao Wen. In January 1928, in his article "Practice is the Beginning of Knowledge", Tao Xingzhi proposed that "Practice is the Beginning of Knowledge". From the beginning, knowledge is achieved by doing." In 1934, he published the article "Xing Zhi Xing" and officially announced that it would be renamed "Xing Zhi".
When Tao Xingzhi founded Yucai School, it was difficult. Sometimes the teachers and students in the school could hardly cook. He had no choice but to stop physical exercise, eat two meals of gruel every day, and mobilized the teachers and students in the school to walk through the streets. , collecting donations from enthusiastic people from all walks of life, and all the money raised goes back to the public, and no one is allowed to embezzle a penny. It is said that there are two pockets sewn into his coat, one for public money and one for private money. Once he went to a distant place to collect donations. On the way home, he suddenly found that there was not a penny in the pocket where he kept his personal money. Even though he was exhausted and hungry, he still insisted on walking back to school from ten miles away. When teachers and students rushed to Tao Xingzhi's residence to express condolences, he told everyone a metaphor said by Han Feizi in "Yu Zhi": "A embankment of a thousand feet is broken by ant holes; a room of a hundred feet is broken by gaps." In real life, this is how Tao Xingzhi "teaches others by teaching himself" and leaves no gaps in "building the Great Wall of Personality".
Tao Xingzhi compared the new education to the water used for bathing. It should not be too cold or too hot, and should be just right for the needs of bathing. The new education he advocated was "renewed" rather than borrowed from other countries, used and then returned; moreover, this new education must be "always new" just like people take a bath every day; not only in form , and more importantly, spiritually, we must achieve a "new" consistency both internally and externally. Tao Xingzhi divided the educators at that time into three types: one was the politician educator who could only speak official Chinese, the other was the scholar educator who could only teach and make articles, and the other was the empirical educator who acted blindly. Tao Xingzhi believed that these three types of people were not qualified in education. In the eyes of Tao Xingzhi, a first-class educator must dare to explore new undiscovered theories, be unafraid of hard work and failure, and tirelessly carry forward the spirit of experimentation. At the same time, first-class educators must dare to explore unknown frontiers, find those people who have not received education in the country's uncivilized lands, and fulfill their educational responsibilities.
Tao Xingzhi has always been committed to rural education. He believes that in order to change the situation where 80% of farmers in China have limited education, it is necessary to set up normal schools in rural areas. When he first arrived at Xiaozhuang, he not only gave up his generous monthly salary, but also declined invitations to become presidents of other universities. In the school's enrollment advertisement, he issued a special statement: "Little celebrities, nerds, and diploma fans" should think twice, because Xiaozhuang Normal School is not for rich people or nerds, and it does not even issue diplomas. , which accepts people of insight who want to contribute to the transformation of rural education. He believed that no matter what kind of education there is, anyone can be educated, and anyone with experience or knowledge can become a teacher. There are no classes in Xiaozhuang Normal School, no reference books, and all courses are completed in practice. Tao Xingzhi tore down the wall between society and school, turning "school is society" into "society is school." Everyone is a teacher, everyone is a student, and everyone is a classmate. Tao Xingzhi advocated the use of both hands and brain. He built a library in his school and named it "Bookworms Don't Come to the Library" to avoid those who only use their brains and not their hands. Later, after Xiaozhuang Normal School closed down, the children in Xiaozhuang had no teachers, so they organized an "automatic school" by themselves, and the former students became principals and teachers. Tao Xingzhi wrote a poem to congratulate these children: "It's really strange to have a school: the older children teach the younger ones on their own initiative. All seventy-two lines are taught by teachers, and the teacher is not there to learn." The children wrote back to thank Tao Xingzhi, and Point out that there is a word in it that needs to be changed. The letter said: "Old children can teach children, and children can teach older children. It is not surprising that older children teach children." Tao Xingzhi immediately changed the second sentence to "Children teach children automatically" and appreciated the children very much. creativity. At the same time, Tao Xingzhi realized that children have incredible power and are fully capable of undertaking the task of popularizing education. The emergence of little teachers may make education as common as air.
"Come with a heart and leave without a blade of grass." This is Tao Xingzhi's motto. On July 16, 1946, Tao Xingzhi wrote a letter to the students of Yucai School, which was also the last text he left in the world. In his letter, he called on the students to follow the principles of "The benevolent do not worry, the wise do not be confused, and the brave Cultivate yourself with the spirit of "Don't be afraid, and the master will not fall in love". In the early morning of the 25th, Tao Xingzhi died of a sudden cerebral hemorrhage.
Tao Xingzhi's coffin was buried in Laoshan Cemetery. Although the normal school in Xiaozhuang next to Laoshan is no longer there, Tao Xingzhi returned to the place where his life and education began.
(Selected from the 9th issue of "Looking at History" in 2013, with deletions)
(1) For the following analysis and summary of the relevant content of the article, the two most appropriate ones are ( 5 points)
A. Tao Xingzhi put forward the view that "action is the beginning of knowledge, and knowledge is the completion of action." It was precisely because he valued the unity of practice and cognition and emphasized the combination of knowledge and action that he changed the name to "Xingzhi".
B． Tao Xingzhi has always been committed to rural education and started to found Yucai School and Xiaozhuang Normal School. Both schools can be called schools that value practice and have distinctive characteristics.
C. Tao Xingzhi used bath water as a metaphor for the new education, pointing out that the new education he proposed should be "new" and "constantly new" like a bath, and "new" in form and spirit, both internally and externally.
D. Xiaozhuang Normal School explicitly rejected three types of people: "little celebrities, nerds, and diploma aficionados." It adopted a unique way of running a school. Even though the school was no longer there, students could still continue Tao Xingzhi's practice of popularizing education.
E. By extracting some examples from Tao Xingzhi’s life and several educational concepts, this article portrays the image of an educator who loves education, devotes himself to the public, and devotes his whole life to China’s education.
(2) The second paragraph of the article writes about a small incident when Tao Xingzhi founded Yucai School to raise funds. What role does it play in the article? Please give a brief summary based on the content of the article. (6 points)
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(3) How did Tao Xingzhi embody "holding a heart" in his life journey? , "Go without even a blade of grass"? Please explain briefly.
(6 points)
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(4) The uniqueness of Tao Xingzhi’s educational philosophy Where? Please share your views based on the materials. (8 points)
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Reference answer
. (1) AE (3 points for answer E, 2 points will be given for answer A, 1 point for answer D; no points will be given for answers B and C)
(2) ① Show Tao Xingzhi’s difficulties when he founded the Yucai School. ② Reflect Tao Xingzhi’s valuable character and leave no gaps in the “Great Wall of Building Personality”. ③ Go out to raise funds in person, "teaching others to teach yourself", truly achieving the combination of knowledge and action. (2 points per point)?
(3) ① When establishing the Yucai School, he went out to raise donations in person and endured hunger without using any public funds. ② Go to rural areas to set up normal schools and turn down the lucrative monthly salary and other university principal positions. Committed to creating a school that combines practice with knowledge. ③At the last moment of his life, he still called on the students of Yucai School to cultivate themselves in the spirit of "the benevolent will not worry, the knowledgeable will not be confused, the brave will not be afraid, and the wise will not love". (2 points per point)?
(4) ① Promote a new education that is “renewed”, “constantly new” and “brand new”. ② Pay attention to rural education.
We encourage first-class educators to dare to explore unknown frontiers, find those people who have not received education in the country's uncivilized lands, and fulfill their educational responsibilities. ③ Pay attention to the combination of knowledge and practice, and advocate the use of both hands and brain. There are no classes in Xiaozhuang Normal School and no reference books. All courses are completed in practice. The library is named "The Library for Nerds" to keep away those who only use their brains and not their hands. ④ It breaks the traditional walls between society and school and the boundaries between teachers and students, advocating that everyone is a teacher, everyone is a student, and everyone is a classmate. (2 points per point)