The temple buildings are created with the spirit as the motive force.
Spiritual function refers to people's psychological function, which includes three aspects: aesthetics, cognition and worship. Sacrifice is the primary function of temple buildings.
it is said in the chapter of sacrifice: "every sacrifice has two meanings, one is to report merit, and the other is to practice first.". Reward your merits with hard work, repair first with respect for your kindness, and encourage your kindness to respect your merits and establish the affairs of the holy king. "
The sacrifice to the natural gods is out of the psychology of rewarding merit, and the sacrifice to the ancestors is to repay the gratitude first. The common people, on the other hand, are mainly out of the realistic needs of praying for disasters and the ambivalence of fear and dependence on natural forces.
The ancient people's ceremony of thanking God and praying is very vivid and full of romantic imagination. "Le Ya Shi Tian": "Spring Festival to the Temple; Summer festival; Autumn festival tastes; Winter sacrifice is called steaming.
offering sacrifices to heaven means burning firewood; Sacrifice to the ground and bury it; Sacrificing the mountain is a skill suspension; Sacrifice Sichuan to float and sink; Sacrifice stars and cloth; Sacrifice the wind. " Different symbolic techniques were adopted according to the different objects of worship.
Zheng Xuan notes in the Book of Rites: "The words and looks of the temple are also respected by the ancestors who lived in the temple." The earliest "respect for ancestors" may be the spiritual stone that marks reproductive worship, and the "stone" of the ancestral temple.
Shuo Wen says, "Stone is the master of the ancestral temple. Zhou Li has a stone chamber in the suburbs; One day, the big stone was played as the owner of the wood in the Han Dynasty, that is, the ancestral tablet of future generations.
in response to the demand of sacrificial function, the architecture of the shrine is also produced. With the development of building technology such as residence and palace, shrine buildings have also entered the covered temples from graves, altars and stones in the wild, and have evolved into a combined group of sleeping halls, offering halls or incense pavilions because of the specialization of the division of labor in sacrificial ceremonies and the ancient concept of people dying like things.
the psychology of praying for disaster —— the way of offering sacrifices —— graves, altars, temples. A group of shrine buildings in Jinci can be described as exerting the function of sacrifice to the extreme. Crossing Huixian Bridge westbound, it is an ancient lotus flower platform with a square platform, and an iron man is cast in each corner to protect the shrine and save water, so as to be powerful.
Crossing the Yuefang Square is the core group consisting of Xiandian, Yufu Feiliang and Notre Dame Hall. There are three offering halls and halls, resting on the top of the mountain, and there is no wall around them. Be careful to open doors in the front and back, and put forks on the thick sill wall in the other rooms, which is like a gazebo, dexterous and bold.
When you worship God, you burn a wick of incense, and the gas of the five grains will make people be surrounded by mysterious chlorine surrounded by long clouds and blue smoke, thus making people's minds involuntarily undergo some subtle changes, reaching the sky and the harmony between man and nature. The fishpond flying beam is between the Temple of Notre Dame and the Temple of Sacrifice. In ancient times, the round one was a pool, while the square one was a marsh. There were many fish in the marsh, so it was called "Fish Marsh". A cross-shaped bridge is erected on it. "If you build a virtual bridge, you can fly."
hence the saying: "flying beam". The east-west bridge deck is wide, which is the main road leading to Notre Dame Hall, while the north-south bridge deck is inclined like the wings of a bird and wants to fly; The edge is decorated with goulan, and the scenery is appreciated by the railing, which is beneficial to increase poetry and painting.
Mr. Liang Sicheng, an architect, said: "This type of stone pillar bridge is rare in ancient paintings, but the physical object is only an isolated case, which is precious." Furthermore, its function is more like a four-way altar.
Sacrifice is an important event among the people. Therefore, in order to seek rain in the spring drought, we must first choose an auspicious day, that is, the day when Renchen belongs to the water, and then build an eight-foot-square four-way altar in the east of the city to offer eight raw fish, mysterious wine and preserved meat as sacrifices. Make an eight-foot-long big dragon on the first and second days, put it in the center, and make seven four-foot-long small dragons, facing the east, eight feet apart from the conductor Chen.
Eight children and eight Tian Sifu were ordered to fast for three days, and Tsing Yi stood beside the dragon. At the beginning of the ceremony, the children danced wildly with Tian Si, and then a glib witch who was in a state of near-madness recited a sacrifice and danced and chewed for rain.
No matter how the form changes, black dragon has always been an enduring motif of our national culture. From the divinatory words of "flying dragons in the sky, benefiting adults" to the sacrifice of spiritual stars, from the silent mysterious divinatory images to the deafening drums, which one does not revolve around this motif? This motif has magical vitality. It didn't end with the sacrifice in the Han Dynasty, but it was firmly sprouted, blossomed and borne fruit among the people, and developed into an enduring folk cultural form, dragon dance and dragon play beads ... The dragon dance that was sacrificed in that year had already planted the prototype factors of dragon dance and large-scale dragon dance; The dancing boy is the leading dancer who holds the ball beads later, and the tough male miser is the dragon dancer later ... The water mirror platform is spectacular in scale, with a double eaves resting on the top of the mountain in the east, which is used as the back curtain when acting, and a roll shed resting on the top of the mountain in the west, facing the Notre Dame Palace, which is open on three sides. When acting, it is the front desk, and eight large urns are buried under the stage for sound reinforcement.
in the folk, no matter what kind of sacrificial activities to reward God, it is always necessary to perform all kinds of dance music to entertain God and people, which is true throughout the ages. Due to the hardships of ancient people, they worked hard all year round, only had a full meal and limited leisure. In order to adjust their lives, they often took the opportunity of sacrifice to inspire and celebrate.
This kind of folk ritual ceremony for meeting the gods is characterized by openness, propriety and entertainment. < Huainanzi Spiritual Training > says: "Today's poor and despicable societies are also knocking on pots and singing in harmony, enjoying themselves." "Dream of Tokyo" is planted in the grand occasion of the God's birthday outside Bianjing City in the Northern Song Dynasty: "Jiro's birthday in Xiguankou, Zhou, is the most prosperous.
The temple is a mile outside Wansheng Gate, which is a blessing to the gods. On the 23rd ... A music shed and a teaching workshop were set up on the terrace in front of the temple, which allowed people to have fun and dance with each other ... On the 24th, various departments and people from all walks of life presented a lot of gifts, and their social fires were presented on the terrace. "
In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, operas flourished. In order to meet the needs of the performance when welcoming the gods, on the basis of terraces and kiosks, the front and back scenes were divided, and the stage was open on one side. The venue is also viewed from all sides, and then a theater with a fixed direction is formed, which has generally appeared in various temples.
the psychology of entertaining the gods and people-the ceremony of welcoming the gods-terrace, stage and theater. Temple fair is also a large-scale public activity with comprehensive functions, which is produced with the celebration of offering sacrifices and welcoming the gods.
It also urges temples to have large-capacity courtyards. Some have also formed a square or street in front of the temple with comprehensive functions such as commerce, assembly, religion and social interaction.
People are ambivalent about both dependence and fear when offering sacrifices. They are like gods and entertaining people in welcoming the gods, and they also have the meaning of outing and hiking when making pilgrimages to the mountains. This makes the layout and shape of the temple buildings present a unique duality of religion and secularism.
Because the main body in the activity of worshipping the gods is a large number of villagers, it will inevitably reflect its public nature, and because the purpose of worshipping the gods is closely related to people's social life, it will also show its secularity. Expressed in the architectural form, it is a sleeping hall, an altar and a sacrifice for the gods. 2. Who has a composition about Jinci
At the foot of the hanging urn mountain, 25 kilometers southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, there is an ancient garden named Jinci. Here, the mountains are surrounded by water, and the ancient trees are towering. In the picturesque scenery, the working people have built nearly 1 temples, halls, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, platforms, bridges and pavilions. Under the shade of lush trees, crystal-clear springs meander through the temples and temples, and historical relics and natural scenery gather together, making tourists dazzled and reluctant to return. Jinci, as one of the national key cultural relics protection units and a famous tourist resort, receives thousands of tourists from home and abroad all the year round.
It's a long story about Jinci Temple. According to the records in Shi Ji Jin Shi Jia, Zhou Wuwang's son Cheng Ji Wang named his mother and brother Shu Yu in Tang Dynasty as Tang Shuyu. Shu Yu's son Xie changed his country name to Jin because there was water in Jin. In order to pay homage to Uncle Yu, later generations set up a shrine in the source of Jinshui, which is called Tang Shuyu Temple, also known as Jinci Temple. It is still difficult to determine the founding age of Jinci. The earliest records are found in Li Daoyuan (AD 466 or 472? -In 527), the book wrote: "There is a Tang Shuyu Temple on the international mountain, a cool hall on the water side, and a flying beam on the water." When sitting, the scenic cultural relics are already considerable, and the temples, halls and flying beams are all ready. It can be seen that the history of Jinci, even from the Northern Wei Dynasty, has been around for hundreds of years.
In the long years, Jinci Temple has been built and expanded many times, and its appearance has been constantly changed. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Wen Xuandi Gaoyang overthrew the Eastern Wei Dynasty, established the Northern Qi Dynasty, designated Jinyang as the other capital, and expanded the Jinci Temple during the Tianbao period (AD 55-559), "building a large house and building a pond". During the reign of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (581-6 AD), a relic pagoda was built in the southwest of the temple area. In the 2th year of Tang Dynasty (AD 646), Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, went to Jinci, wrote the inscription "The Inscription of Jinci" and expanded it again. During the reign of Taiping and Xingguo in Song Taizong (976-983 AD), Zhao Guangyi built a large-scale building in Jinci, and when the renovation was completed, he also engraved inscriptions. Zhao Zhen, Song Renzong, made Tang Shuyu the king of Fendong during the reign of Tiansheng (123-132), and built a large-scale Notre Dame Hall for Yijiang, the mother of Tang Shuyu.
The famous Tang tablet in Jinci stands in the pavilion of "Zhenguan Baohan". The inscription on this tablet was written by Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, in the 2th year of Zhenguan (A.D. 646), and it is called "The Inscription of Jinci". The whole monument is 1,23 words, aiming at promoting the literary martial arts of the Tang Dynasty and consolidating one's political power by praising Zongzhou politics and Tang Shuyu's policy of founding the country. Li Shimin loves Wang Xizhi's Mo Bao very much, and he also has high attainments in the art of calligraphy. The calligraphy of the preface to the inscription of Jinci Temple is free and easy, with magnificent bone and vigorous brushwork. The engraver fully shows the charm of the original calligraphy with the knife method of washing and refining. "Tang tablet" is the earliest existing calligraphy tablet in China, which is of great value to the study of Chinese calligraphy art.
There is Tang Shuyu Temple in the north of the temple area. According to Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics, "There is a Tang Shuyu Temple in the pillow water on the west side of the marsh." In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was described in the inscription of the Temple of Peace, Prosperity and Restoration of Jin that it was "in front of a winding marsh" and "behind a dangerous peak". The location of the old temple seems to be different from the present. The existing buildings are divided into front and rear houses, which are quite spacious. There are corridors around the front yard, three halls in the east and west of the backyard, and Tang Shuyu Hall in the north. The temple is five rooms wide and four rooms deep, with a statue of Tang Shuyu in the middle shrine. On both sides of the shrine, there are twelve statues moved from other places, mostly women, whose height is close to that of real people. She still plays flute, pipa, sanxian and cymbals, which seems to be a relatively complete band. The statues in the distance are about works of the Ming Dynasty, which are rare materials for studying the development of instrumental music and the history of musical system in China.
The relic Shengsheng Pagoda is located in Nanrui, the ancestral temple area. It was built during the reign of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, rebuilt in Song Dynasty and rebuilt in the 16th year of Qing Qianlong (1751). The tower is 38 meters high, with seven rooms and eight corners, glazed tile roof, and from a distance, the towering ancient pagoda reflects the blue sky and white clouds in the village, which is very spectacular.
The towering ancient trees in Jinci are also impressive, among which Zhou Bai and Sui Huai are famous. According to legend, Zhou Bai was planted in the Western Zhou Dynasty, located on the left side of the Notre Dame Hall. The tree body leans southward at an angle of about 4 degrees to the ground, and the branches and leaves cover the temple. Ouyang Xiu, a writer in the Song Dynasty, praised: "The vegetation of the earth is rich and lush, and the ancient cypress contains pale smoke." It was praised for its antiquity more than 9 years ago, and it is still vigorous and upright, and it is known as "the three wonders of Jinci" together with the ever-flowing Weilao spring water and the exquisite Song plastic maid statue. Sui Huai is in Guandi Temple, with old branches and intertwined roots. These ancient trees are so old that they are still full of vitality and shade. The combination of the gloomy old trees and the three springs of Jinshui makes the pavilions of the hall hidden in the shade and the still water rapids, and the scenery is extremely beautiful. 3. The composition of Jinci Park is 5 words.
Although it is sultry in summer, it is colorful. As long as you feel it with your heart, you will find it very charming.
summer is red. Yang Wanli, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem: "After all, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that of the four seasons in June; The lotus leaves are infinitely blue in the next day, and the lotus flowers are different in color. " You see, those pink lotus flowers are like fairies in veils bathing in the lake. Shy and eager to talk, ying ying is about to drip, and the fragrance wafts with the wind, which is refreshing. Some buds are budding; Some are in bud, and the flowers and bones are sticking out like torches; Some compete to open, revealing delicate little lotus. 35 composition network
Summer is green. If you walk into our school, you will find that the campus is covered with green: big trees and small trees are green, and the grass is green. The banyan tree is tall and straight. Looking up, a bright green leaf is shining in the sun, showing endless vitality. The French phoenix tree is as tall as the banyan tree, and it is also a green tree. On the branches that extend around them, palm-like green leaves are dense, leaving a piece of shade for the campus. If the banyan tree is a mighty guardian on campus, then the buttonwood tree is a big green umbrella. There are many other trees, all of which have faded away the yellow left by winter, showing the green of a tree.
summer is white. Su Dongpo, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, once wrote in "Red Cliff Nostalgia": "Rocks go through the air, stormy waves beat the shore, and thousands of piles of snow are rolled up." The waves in the sea are just like a large cotton field that has just cracked peaches, and the glistening is endless. Some naughty children, regardless of the willy-nilly, threw off their shoes, grabbed the lifebuoy from their mother, and jumped into the arms of the sea cheering barefoot. 35 composition network
Summer is yellow. The rice fields are golden, which looks like a golden carpet from a distance. The rice grains were so full that the stalks bent down. Suddenly, a breeze blew, and the ears of rice seemed to nod. Needless to say, this year's early rice is definitely another bumper year.
summer is blue. After the thunderstorm, the rain is flowing quietly. I looked up, and the blue sky was like washing. The sky blue was fascinating, and the blue reminded me of the hard training scene of the little marines in the juvenile military academy.
I think I have become a little painter, with a palette in my hand, and I am painting the summer scenery: red is hope; White is pure; Blue is broad; Yellow is brilliant; Green is health ... 4. Explanatory text: Jinci
Jinci is located at the foot of Mount Xuanweng, 25 kilometers southwest of Taiyuan, where Jinshui originates. During the Tiansheng period of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhuifeng Tang Shu Yu became the king of Fen, and built a large-scale Notre Dame Temple for Dame Yi Jiang. There are 43 painted sculptures of the Song Dynasty in the temple, which are only seen in China. The two sides of the temple are difficult for the old, the good and the Er Quan, and the main source of Jinshui flows out from it all the year round. The water temperature is 17℃ and it is crystal clear. There are "Imperial Monument" and "The Inscription of Jinci Continues" written by Emperor Taizong in Zhenguan Baohan Hall. There are also famous Zhou Bai and Tang Huai in Jinci. Zhou Bai is located on the left side of Notre Dame Hall, and Tang Huai is in Guandi Temple. They are full of old branches and branches, so far they are full of vitality and gloomy. They are praised as "the three wonders of Jinci" in the ever-flowing difficult old spring, the exquisite 42-song maid statue and the Madonna statue. Jinci Temple, originally named Tang Shuyu Temple, was built to commemorate Tang Shuyu, the founding emperor of Jin State. Shu Yu made great efforts to harness the Jin River, build irrigation and water conservancy projects, and vigorously develop agriculture, so that the people of the Tang Dynasty lived and worked in peace and contentment, and lived a prosperous life, resulting in favorable weather conditions for the next 8 years, such as E68A 84E8A2AD 31333333333333333, the country was prosperous and the people were safe.
after Shu Yu's death, in order to commemorate him, later generations chose this beautiful place near the mountains and rivers within their fief to build a ancestral temple to worship him, and named it "Tang Shuyu Temple". After Shu Yu's son Xie's father succeeded to the throne, the name of the country was changed from "Tang" to "Tang" because of the water flowing in the territory.